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Haugg S, Makumi S, Velten S, Zierold R, Aksamija Z, Blick RH. Thermally Driven Field Emission from Zinc Oxide Wires on a Nanomembrane Used as a Detector for Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10602-10609. [PMID: 38463327 PMCID: PMC10918783 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a crucial technology in numerous applications, but it places stringent requirements on the detector to achieve high resolution across a broad spectrum of ion masses. Low-dimensional nanostructures offer opportunities to tailor properties and achieve performance not reachable in bulk materials. Here, an array of sharp zinc oxide wires was directly grown on a 30 nm thin, free-standing silicon nitride nanomembrane to enhance its field emission (FE). The nanomembrane was subsequently used as a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry detector. When ionized biomolecules impinge on the backside of the surface-modified nanomembrane, the current-emitted from the wires on the membrane's front side-is amplified by the supplied thermal energy, which allows for the detection of the ions. An extensive simulation framework was developed based on a combination of lateral heat diffusion in the nanomembrane, heat diffusion along the wires, and FE, including Schottky barrier lowering, to investigate the impact of wire length and diameter on the FE. Our theoretical model suggests a significant improvement in the overall FE response of the nanomembrane by growing wires on top. Specifically, long thin wires are ideal to enhance the magnitude of the FE signal and to shorten its duration for the fastest response simultaneously, which could facilitate the future application of detectors in mass spectrometry with properties improved by low-dimensional nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Haugg
- Center
for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität
Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sylvester Makumi
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, University
of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112 Utah, United States
| | - Sven Velten
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CUI, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zierold
- Center
for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität
Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zlatan Aksamija
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, University
of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112 Utah, United States
| | - Robert H. Blick
- Center
for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität
Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Materials
Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, 53706 Wisconsin, United States
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Tang M, Ma C, Liu L, Tan X, Li Y, Lee YJ, Wang G, Jeon DW, Park JH, Zhang Y, Yi X, Wang J, Li J. β-Ga 2O 3 Air-Channel Field-Emission Nanodiode with Ultrahigh Current Density and Low Turn-On Voltage. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1769-1775. [PMID: 38251648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Field-emission nanodiodes with air-gap channels based on single β-Ga2O3 nanowires have been investigated in this work. With a gap of ∼50 nm and an asymmetric device structure, the proposed nanodiode achieves good diode characteristics through field emission in air at room temperature. Measurement results show that the nanodiode exhibits an ultrahigh emission current density, a high enhancement factor of >2300, and a low turn-on voltage of 0.46 V. More impressively, the emission current almost keeps constant over a wide range (8 orders of magnitude) of air pressures below 1 atm. Meanwhile, the fluctuation in field-emission current is below 8.7% during long-time monitoring, which is better than the best reported field-emission device based on β-Ga2O3 nanostructures. All of these results indicate that β-Ga2O3 air-gapped nanodiodes are promising candidates for vacuum electronics that can also operate in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Tang
- Research and Development Center for Solid-State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan Province China
| | - Chicheng Ma
- Research and Development Center for Solid-State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lining Liu
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Tan
- Research and Development Center for Solid-State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan Province China
| | - Yan Li
- Research and Development Center for Solid-State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 15-5, Chungmugong-dong, Jinju-si, Gyeongsongnam-do 52851, Korea
| | - Guodong Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan Province China
| | - Dae-Woo Jeon
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 15-5, Chungmugong-dong, Jinju-si, Gyeongsongnam-do 52851, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Park
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 15-5, Chungmugong-dong, Jinju-si, Gyeongsongnam-do 52851, Korea
| | - Yiyun Zhang
- Research and Development Center for Solid-State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yi
- Research and Development Center for Solid-State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junxi Wang
- Research and Development Center for Solid-State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinmin Li
- Research and Development Center for Solid-State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Kleshch VI, Ismagilov RR, Mukhin VV, Orekhov AS, Filatyev AS, Obraztsov AN. Nano-graphite field-emission cathode for space electric propulsion systems. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:415201. [PMID: 35785757 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7def] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving the thruster efficiency is a crucial challenge for the development of space electric propulsion systems, especially advanced air-breathing thrusters utilizing the surrounding rarefied atmosphere as fuel. A significant reduction in thruster power consumption can be achieved by using field emission (FE) cathodes that do not require heating and have the highest energy efficiency. In this work, we study FE from nano-graphite thin films, consisting of carbon nanostructures with a high aspect ratio, and demonstrate their suitability for use in the space electric propulsion systems. The films shown appropriate FE characteristics in a wide range of gas pressures at high current loads in constant and pulsed operation modes. Based on the obtained experimental results, nano-graphite cathodes were employed for the design of an electron gun with increased reliability and minimized energy losses associated with electron extraction. The possibility of using such a gun in a specific air-breathing satellite operating in low Earth orbits is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anton S Orekhov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
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