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Zeller G, Díaz Barrero D, Wiesen P, Niemes S, Tuchscherer N, Aker M, Leonhardt AMW, Demand J, Valerius K, Bornschein B, Schlösser M, Telle HH. Demonstration of tritium adsorption on graphene. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:2838-2849. [PMID: 38817427 PMCID: PMC11134268 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report on studies of graphene exposed to tritium gas in a controlled environment. The single layer graphene on a SiO2/Si substrate was exposed to 400 mbar of T2, for a total time of ∼55 h. The resistivity of the graphene sample was measured in situ during tritium exposure using the van der Pauw method. We found that the sheet resistance increases by three orders of magnitude during the exposure, suggesting significant chemisorption of tritium. After exposure, the samples were characterised ex situ via spatio-chemical mapping with a confocal Raman microscope, to study the effect of tritium on the graphene structure (tritiation yielding T-graphene), as well as the homogeneity of modifications across the whole area of the graphene film. The Raman spectra after tritium exposure were comparable to previously observed results in hydrogen-loading experiments, carried out by other groups. By thermal annealing we also could demonstrate, using Raman spectral analysis, that the structural changes were largely reversible. Considering all observations, we conclude that the graphene film was at least partially tritiated during the tritium exposure, and that the graphene film by and large withstands the bombardment by electrons from the β-decay of tritium, as well as by energetic primary and secondary ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genrich Zeller
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Desedea Díaz Barrero
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Paul Wiesen
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Simon Niemes
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Nancy Tuchscherer
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Max Aker
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Artus M W Leonhardt
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Jannik Demand
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Kathrin Valerius
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Beate Bornschein
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Magnus Schlösser
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Helmut H Telle
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
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2
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Apponi A, Betti M, Borghesi M, Boyarsky A, Canci N, Cavoto G, Chang C, Cheianov V, Cheipesh Y, Chung W, Cocco A, Colijn A, D’Ambrosio N, de Groot N, Esposito A, Faverzani M, Ferella A, Ferri E, Ficcadenti L, Frederico T, Gariazzo S, Gatti F, Gentile C, Giachero A, Hochberg Y, Kahn Y, Lisanti M, Mangano G, Marcucci L, Mariani C, Marques M, Menichetti G, Messina M, Mikulenko O, Monticone E, Nucciotti A, Orlandi D, Pandolfi F, Parlati S, Pepe C, Pérez de los Heros C, Pisanti O, Polini M, Polosa A, Puiu A, Rago I, Raitses Y, Rajteri M, Rossi N, Rozwadowska K, Rucandio I, Ruocco A, Strid C, Tan A, Teles L, Tozzini V, Tully C, Viviani M, Zeitler U, Zhao F. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle in the PTOLEMY project: A theory update. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.106.053002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Betti MG, Blundo E, De Luca M, Felici M, Frisenda R, Ito Y, Jeong S, Marchiani D, Mariani C, Polimeni A, Sbroscia M, Trequattrini F, Trotta R. Homogeneous Spatial Distribution of Deuterium Chemisorbed on Free-Standing Graphene. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152613. [PMID: 35957041 PMCID: PMC9370689 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomic deuterium (D) adsorption on free-standing nanoporous graphene obtained by ultra-high vacuum D2 molecular cracking reveals a homogeneous distribution all over the nanoporous graphene sample, as deduced by ultra-high vacuum Raman spectroscopy combined with core-level photoemission spectroscopy. Raman microscopy unveils the presence of bonding distortion, from the signal associated to the planar sp2 configuration of graphene toward the sp3 tetrahedral structure of graphane. The establishment of D–C sp3 hybrid bonds is also clearly determined by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and spatially correlated to the Auger spectroscopy signal. This work shows that the low-energy molecular cracking of D2 in an ultra-high vacuum is an efficient strategy for obtaining high-quality semiconducting graphane with homogeneous uptake of deuterium atoms, as confirmed by this combined optical and electronic spectro-microscopy study wholly carried out in ultra-high vacuum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Betti
- INFN Sezione di Roma 1, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.B.); (R.F.); (C.M.); Tel.: +39-06-49914389 (M.G.B.); +39-06-49914281 (R.F.); +39-06-49914393 (C.M.)
| | - Elena Blundo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Marta De Luca
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Marco Felici
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Riccardo Frisenda
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.B.); (R.F.); (C.M.); Tel.: +39-06-49914389 (M.G.B.); +39-06-49914281 (R.F.); +39-06-49914393 (C.M.)
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan; (Y.I.); (S.J.)
| | - Samuel Jeong
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan; (Y.I.); (S.J.)
| | - Dario Marchiani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Carlo Mariani
- INFN Sezione di Roma 1, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.G.B.); (R.F.); (C.M.); Tel.: +39-06-49914389 (M.G.B.); +39-06-49914281 (R.F.); +39-06-49914393 (C.M.)
| | - Antonio Polimeni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Marco Sbroscia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Francesco Trequattrini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Rinaldo Trotta
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
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4
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Betti MG, Placidi E, Izzo C, Blundo E, Polimeni A, Sbroscia M, Avila J, Dudin P, Hu K, Ito Y, Prezzi D, Bonacci M, Molinari E, Mariani C. Gap Opening in Double-Sided Highly Hydrogenated Free-Standing Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2971-2977. [PMID: 35294200 PMCID: PMC9011389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of free-standing graphene into pure graphane─where each C atom is sp3 bound to a hydrogen atom─has not been achieved so far, in spite of numerous experimental attempts. Here, we obtain an unprecedented level of hydrogenation (≈90% of sp3 bonds) by exposing fully free-standing nanoporous samples─constituted by a single to a few veils of smoothly rippled graphene─to atomic hydrogen in ultrahigh vacuum. Such a controlled hydrogenation of high-quality and high-specific-area samples converts the original conductive graphene into a wide gap semiconductor, with the valence band maximum (VBM) ∼ 3.5 eV below the Fermi level, as monitored by photoemission spectromicroscopy and confirmed by theoretical predictions. In fact, the calculated band structure unequivocally identifies the achievement of a stable, double-sided fully hydrogenated configuration, with gap opening and no trace of π states, in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Betti
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- . Phone: +39 06 49914389
| | - Ernesto Placidi
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Izzo
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Blundo
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Polimeni
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sbroscia
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - José Avila
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pavel Dudin
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Kailong Hu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of Materials Genome
& Big Data, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Deborah Prezzi
- S3,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
- .
Phone: +39 059 2055314
| | - Miki Bonacci
- S3,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Molinari
- S3,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Mariani
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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5
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Firdaus RM, Desforges A, Emo M, Mohamed AR, Vigolo B. Physical and Chemical Activation of Graphene-Derived Porous Nanomaterials for Post-Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092419. [PMID: 34578735 PMCID: PMC8466215 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation is commonly used to improve the surface and porosity of different kinds of carbon nanomaterials: activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon black. In this study, both physical and chemical activations are applied to graphene oxide by using CO2 and KOH-based approaches, respectively. The structural and the chemical properties of the prepared activated graphene are deeply characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and nitrogen adsorption. Temperature activation is shown to be a key parameter leading to enhanced CO2 adsorption capacity of the graphene oxide-based materials. The specific surface area is increased from 219.3 m2 g-1 for starting graphene oxide to 762.5 and 1060.5 m2 g-1 after physical and chemical activation, respectively. The performance of CO2 adsorption is gradually enhanced with the activation temperature for both approaches: for the best performances of a factor of 6.5 and 9 for physical and chemical activation, respectively. The measured CO2 capacities are of 27.2 mg g-1 and 38.9 mg g-1 for the physically and chemically activated graphene, respectively, at 25 °C and 1 bar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabita Mohd Firdaus
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai 14300, Penang, Malaysia;
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.D.); (M.E.)
| | | | - Mélanie Emo
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.D.); (M.E.)
| | - Abdul Rahman Mohamed
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai 14300, Penang, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (A.R.M.); (B.V.); Tel.: +604-599-6410 (A.R.M.); Tel.: +33-372-742594 (B.V.)
| | - Brigitte Vigolo
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.D.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.M.); (B.V.); Tel.: +604-599-6410 (A.R.M.); Tel.: +33-372-742594 (B.V.)
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6
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Deuterium Adsorption on Free-Standing Graphene. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010130. [PMID: 33429994 PMCID: PMC7827750 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A suitable way to modify the electronic properties of graphene—while maintaining the exceptional properties associated with its two-dimensional (2D) nature—is its functionalisation. In particular, the incorporation of hydrogen isotopes in graphene is expected to modify its electronic properties leading to an energy gap opening, thereby rendering graphene promising for a widespread of applications. Hence, deuterium (D) adsorption on free-standing graphene was obtained by high-energy electron ionisation of D2 and ion irradiation of a nanoporous graphene (NPG) sample. This method allows one to reach nearly 50 at.% D upload in graphene, higher than that obtained by other deposition methods so far, towards low-defect and free-standing D-graphane. That evidence was deduced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the C 1s core level, showing clear evidence of the D-C sp3 bond, and Raman spectroscopy, pointing to remarkably clean and low-defect production of graphane. Moreover, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy showed the opening of an energy gap in the valence band. Therefore, high-energy electron ionisation and ion irradiation is an outstanding method for obtaining low defect D-NPG with a high D upload, which is very promising for the fabrication of semiconducting graphane on large scale.
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