Antiviral application of colloidal and immobilized silver nanoparticles

Harnessing the potential of bimetallic nanoparticles: Exploring a novel approach to address antimicrobial resistance

The growing global importance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in public health has prompted the creation of innovative approaches to combating the issue. In this study, the promising potential of bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) was investigated as a novel weapon against AMR. This research begins by elaborating on the gravity of the AMR problem, outlining its scope in terms of the effects on healthcare systems, and stressing the urgent need for novel solutions. Because of their unusual features and wide range of potential uses, bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs), which are tiny particles consisting of two different metal elements, have attracted a lot of interest in numerous fields. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the composition, structural characteristics, and several synthesis processes employed in the production of BMNPs. Additionally, it delves into the unique properties and synergistic effects that set BMNPs apart from other materials. This review also focuses on the various antimicrobial activities shown by bimetallic nanoparticles, such as the rupturing of microbial cell membranes, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the regulation of biofilm formation. An extensive review of in vitro studies confirms the remarkable antibacterial activity of BMNPs against a variety of pathogens and sheds light on the dose-response relationship. The efficacy and safety of BMNPs in practical applications are assessed in this study. It also delves into the synergistic effects of BMNPs with traditional antimicrobial drugs and their ability to overcome multidrug resistance, providing mechanistic insight into these phenomena. Wound healing, infection prevention, and antimicrobial coatings on medical equipment are only some of the clinical applications of BMNPs that are examined, along with the difficulties and possible rewards of clinical translation. This review covers nanoparticle-based antibacterial regulation and emerging uses. The essay concludes with prospects for hybrid systems, site-specific targeting, and nanoparticle-mediated gene and drug delivery. In summary, bimetallic nanoparticles have surfaced as a potential solution, offering the public a more promising and healthier future.

An Overview of Diverse Strategies To Inactivate Enterobacteriaceae-Targeting Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and thus threaten industrial processes relying on the production executed by bacterial cells. Industries bear huge economic losses due to such recurring and resilient infections. Depending on the specificity of the process, there is a need for appropriate methods of bacteriophage inactivation, with an emphasis on being inexpensive and high efficiency. In this review, we summarize the reports on antiphagents, i.e., antibacteriophage agents on inactivation of bacteriophages. We focused on bacteriophages targeting the representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family, as its representative, Escherichia coli, is most commonly used in the bio-industry. The review is divided into sections dealing with bacteriophage inactivation by physical factors, chemical factors, and nanotechnology-based solutions.

Biosynthesis, characterization, and antifungal activity of plant-mediated silver nanoparticles using Cnidium monnieri fruit extract

The present study describes a novel method for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cnidium monnieri (CM-AgNPs). Cnidium monnieri fruit is an excellent anti tinea drug that can be used externally to treat superficial fungal infections in the human body. The aqueous ethanolic extract of Cnidium monnieri fruit was prepared and employed in the synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles via biological reduction method. The synthesis conditions of CM-AgNPs was systematically optimized using Box-Behnken design. CM-AgNPs were well characterized by UV-spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and it was confirmed that the synthesized particles were AgNPs. The possible functional groups required for the reduction and stabilization of CM-AgNPs in the extract were identified through FTIR spectrum. The size of CM-AgNPs structure was confirmed to be approximately 44.6 nm in polydisperse spherical shape through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and laser dynamic light scattering (DLS). Further, the minimum inhibitory concentration 90% (MIC90) ratios values of Cm-AgNPs against Trichophyton rubrum (7 d), T. mentagrophytes (7 d) and Candida albicans (24 h) were 3.125, 3.125, and 0.78125 μg/mL, respectively, determined by the broth micro dilution method. Finally, the result was concluded that the synthesized AgNPs could be further evaluated in large scale as a potential human topical antifungal agent.

Silver Nanoparticles: Review of Antiviral Properties, Mechanism of Action and Applications

New antiviral drugs and new preventive antiviral strategies are a target of intense scientific interest. Thanks to their peculiar properties, nanomaterials play an important role in this field, and, in particular, among metallic materials, silver nanoparticles were demonstrated to be effective against a wide range of viruses, in addition to having a strong antibacterial effect. Although the mechanism of antiviral action is not completely clarified, silver nanoparticles can directly act on viruses, and on their first steps of interaction with the host cell, depending on several factors, such as size, shape, functionalization and concentration. This review provides an overview of the antiviral properties of silver nanoparticles, along with their demonstrated mechanisms of action and factors mainly influencing their properties. In addition, the fields of potential application are analyzed, demonstrating the versatility of silver nanoparticles, which can be involved in several devices and applications, including biomedical applications, considering both human and animal health, environmental applications, such as air filtration and water treatment, and for food and textile industry purposes. For each application, the study level of the device is indicated, if it is either a laboratory study or a commercial product.