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Wang N, Yang S, Gao Q, Jin X. Immersive teaching using virtual reality technology to improve ophthalmic surgical skills for medical postgraduate students. Postgrad Med 2024. [PMID: 38819302 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2024.2363171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Medical education is primarily based on practical schooling and the accumulation of experience and skills, which is important for the growth and development of young ophthalmic surgeons. However, present learning and refresher methods are constrained by several factors. Nevertheless, virtual reality (VR) technology has considerably contributed to medical training worldwide, providing convenient and practical auxiliary value for the selection of students' sub-majors. Moreover, it offers previously inaccessible surgical step training, scenario simulations, and immersive evaluation exams. This paper outlines the current applications of VR immersive teaching methods for ophthalmic surgery interns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuming Jin
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Dahaghin A, Salimibani M, Boszczyk A, Jóźwik A, Skrok M, Grasa J, Siedlecki D. Investigation of crystalline lens overshooting: ex vivo experiment and optomechanical simulation results. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1348774. [PMID: 38655391 PMCID: PMC11035874 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1348774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Crystalline lens overshooting refers to a situation in which the lens momentarily shifts too much from its typical location immediately after stopping the rotational movement of the eye globe. This movement can be observed using an optical technique called Purkinje imaging. Methods: In this work, an experimental setup was designed to reproduce this effect ex vivo using a fresh porcine eye. The sample was rotated 90° around its centroid using a high-velocity rotation stage, and the Purkinje image sequences were recorded, allowing us to quantify the overshooting effect. The numerical part of the study consisted of developing a computational model of the eye, based on the finite element method, that allowed us to understand the biomechanical behavior of the different tissues in this dynamic scenario. A 2D fluid-structure interaction model of the porcine eye globe, considering both the solid parts and humors, was created to reproduce the experimental outcomes. Results: Outputs of the simulation were analyzed using an optical simulation software package to assess whether the mechanical model behaves optically like the real ex vivo eye. The simulation predicted the experimental results by carefully adjusting the mechanical properties of the zonular fibers and the damping factor. Conclusion: This study effectively demonstrates the importance of characterizing the dynamic mechanical properties of the eye tissues to properly comprehend and predict the overshooting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dahaghin
- Department of Optics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Milad Salimibani
- Department of Optics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Boszczyk
- Department of Optics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jóźwik
- Department of Optics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Skrok
- Department of Optics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jorge Grasa
- Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Damian Siedlecki
- Department of Optics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Sharma Y, Patel P, Kurmi BD. A Mini-review on New Developments in Nanocarriers and Polymers for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Strategies. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:488-508. [PMID: 37143264 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230504115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The eye is an important and vital organ of the human body consisting of two segments - anterior and posterior segments and these segments are associated with many diseases. This review elaborates upon the various eye-related diseases with their medications and carriers used to deliver them. Delivery strategies include drugs encapsulated into liposomes, polymeric micelles of drugs, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nano emulsions, and Nanosuspension used to improve penetrating properties, bioavailability, and residence time of the drugs as examples available in the literature. With regard to this, different forms of ocular drug delivery are classified and elaborated. Additionally, the possibility of addressing the physical and chemical complexities of ocular diseases and how they could be overcome with environmentally stable nanoformulations are briefly discussed. Enhanced drug delivery efficiency with various novel pharmaceuticals along with enhanced uptake by different routes/modes of drug administration. Current advancements in drug carrier systems, i.e., nanocarriers, have shown promise for improving the retention time, drug permeation and prolonging the duration of release of the drug in the ocular site. Bio-degradable polymers investigated for the preparation of nanocarriers for the entrapment of drugs and to enhance the efficacy through improved adherence of tissue in the eye, sustained release measures, enhanced bioavailability, lower toxicity, and targeted delivery is applicable. This review covers the introduction of various nanocarriers and polymers for ocular drug delivery with the purpose of enhancing the absorption, retention and bioavailability of medications in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, ISF College Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Preeti Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Balak Das Kurmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
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Rosa JGS, Disner GR, Pinto FJ, Lima C, Lopes-Ferreira M. Revisiting Retinal Degeneration Hallmarks: Insights from Molecular Markers and Therapy Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13079. [PMID: 37685886 PMCID: PMC10488251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual impairment and blindness are a growing public health problem as they reduce the life quality of millions of people. The management and treatment of these diseases represent scientific and therapeutic challenges because different cellular and molecular actors involved in the pathophysiology are still being identified. Visual system components, particularly retinal cells, are extremely sensitive to genetic or metabolic alterations, and immune responses activated by local insults contribute to biological events, culminating in vision loss and irreversible blindness. Several ocular diseases are linked to retinal cell loss, and some of them, such as retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, are characterized by pathophysiological hallmarks that represent possibilities to study and develop novel treatments for retinal cell degeneration. Here, we present a compilation of revisited information on retinal degeneration, including pathophysiological and molecular features and biochemical hallmarks, and possible research directions for novel treatments to assist as a guide for innovative research. The knowledge expansion upon the mechanistic bases of the pathobiology of eye diseases, including information on complex interactions of genetic predisposition, chronic inflammation, and environmental and aging-related factors, will prompt the identification of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503900, Brazil; (J.G.S.R.); (G.R.D.); (F.J.P.); (C.L.)
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Wang N, Zhang Y, Wang W, Ye Z, Chen H, Hu G, Ouyang D. How can machine learning and multiscale modeling benefit ocular drug development? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114772. [PMID: 36906232 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The eyes possess sophisticated physiological structures, diverse disease targets, limited drug delivery space, distinctive barriers, and complicated biomechanical processes, requiring a more in-depth understanding of the interactions between drug delivery systems and biological systems for ocular formulation development. However, the tiny size of the eyes makes sampling difficult and invasive studies costly and ethically constrained. Developing ocular formulations following conventional trial-and-error formulation and manufacturing process screening procedures is inefficient. Along with the popularity of computational pharmaceutics, non-invasive in silico modeling & simulation offer new opportunities for the paradigm shift of ocular formulation development. The current work first systematically reviews the theoretical underpinnings, advanced applications, and unique advantages of data-driven machine learning and multiscale simulation approaches represented by molecular simulation, mathematical modeling, and pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling for ocular drug development. Following this, a new computer-driven framework for rational pharmaceutical formulation design is proposed, inspired by the potential of in silico explorations in understanding drug delivery details and facilitating drug formulation design. Lastly, to promote the paradigm shift, integrated in silico methodologies were highlighted, and discussions on data challenges, model practicality, personalized modeling, regulatory science, interdisciplinary collaboration, and talent training were conducted in detail with a view to achieving more efficient objective-oriented pharmaceutical formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yunsen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhuyifan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China; Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS), University of Macau, Macau, China.
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Tauber F, Desmulliez M, Piccin O, Stokes AA. Perspective for soft robotics: the field's past and future. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:035001. [PMID: 36764003 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acbb48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Since its beginnings in the 1960s, soft robotics has been a steadily growing field that has enjoyed recent growth with the advent of rapid prototyping and the provision of new flexible materials. These two innovations have enabled the development of fully flexible and untethered soft robotic systems. The integration of novel sensors enabled by new manufacturing processes and materials shows promise for enabling the production of soft systems with 'embodied intelligence'. Here, four experts present their perspectives for the future of the field of soft robotics based on these past innovations. Their focus is on finding answers to the questions of: how to manufacture soft robots, and on how soft robots can sense, move, and think. We highlight industrial production techniques, which are unused to date for manufacturing soft robots. They discuss how novel tactile sensors for soft robots could be created to enable better interaction of the soft robot with the environment. In conclusion this article highlights how embodied intelligence in soft robots could be used to make soft robots think and to make systems that can compute, autonomously, from sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Tauber
- Plant Biomechanics Group (PBG) Freiburg, Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Desmulliez
- Research Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems (ISSS), School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Piccin
- ICube-INSA Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adam A Stokes
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye JL, Nourrit V, Lahuec C. Design of a Multimodal Oculometric Sensor Contact Lens. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6731. [PMID: 36146080 PMCID: PMC9504896 DOI: 10.3390/s22186731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oculometric data, such as gaze direction, pupil size and accommodative change, play a key role nowadays in the analysis of cognitive load and attentional activities, in particular with the development of Integrated Visual Augmentation Systems in many application domains, such as health, defense and industry. Such measurements are most frequently obtained by different devices, most of them requiring steady eye and body positions and controlled lighting conditions. Recent advances in smart contact lens (SCL) technology have demonstrated the ability to achieve highly reliable and accurate measurements, preserving user mobility, for instance in measuring gaze direction. In this paper, we discuss how these three key functions can be implemented and combined in the same SCL, considering the limited volume and energy consumption constraints. Some technical options are discussed and compared in terms of their ability to be implemented, taking advantage of recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Nourrit
- Optics Department, Institut Mines-Télécom Atlantique, Technopôle Brest Iroise, CS 83818, CEDEX 03, 29238 Brest, Brittany, France
| | - Cyril Lahuec
- Optics Department, Institut Mines-Télécom Atlantique, Technopôle Brest Iroise, CS 83818, CEDEX 03, 29238 Brest, Brittany, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques de l’Information, de la Communication et de la Connaissance, CNRS UMR 6285, 29238 Brest, Brittany, France
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