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An Z, Yang L, Dang W, Wang Q, Li H, Li ZF. Construction of a 0D-2D-2D Sandwich-like Ag/g-C 3N 4/MoS 2 Photocatalyst with Bidirectional Electron Transfer Channels for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39690458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) production technology has sparked a boom in research aimed at alleviating environmental pollution and the pressure of nonrenewable energy sources. A key factor in this technology is the use of efficient photocatalysts. In this work, we successfully synthesized a 0D-2D-2D sandwich-like Ag/g-C3N4/MoS2 catalyst with bidirectional electron transfer channels via a calcination-hydrothermal method. The H2 evolution reaction of the Ag/g-C3N4/MoS2 catalyst under simulated solar light irradiation conditions revealed that it achieved a maximum H2 evolution rate of 1061.13 μmol·g-1·h-1, representing a 43.12-fold improvement over pristine g-C3N4. Based on systematic characterization with a combination of theoretical simulations, time-resolved photoluminescence, and electron spin resonance spectra, we demonstrate that the remarkable improvement in photocatalytic performance was ascribed to the bidirectional electron transport channels and 0D-2D-2D structure of the ternary catalyst. This unique structure, which was characterized by a large specific surface area, provided numerous active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Bidirectional electron transfer channels expedited the migration of photogenerated electrons reaching cocatalysts MoS2 and Ag from the conduction band of g-C3N4, consequently enhancing the photocatalytic activity. This study highlights the effectiveness of the bidirectional electron transfer channels in promoting charge carrier migration and suppressing charge carrier recombination for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and provides an efficient strategy for the actual application of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo An
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741000, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Gasu Province, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741001, PR China
| | - Lizhou Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741000, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Gasu Province, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741001, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Dang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741000, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741000, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Gasu Province, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741001, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741000, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Gasu Province, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Feng Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741000, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Gasu Province, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741001, PR China
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Yan Y, Meng Q, Tian L, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Engineering of g-C 3N 4 for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8842. [PMID: 39201528 PMCID: PMC11354686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts have garnered significant interest as a promising photocatalyst for hydrogen generation under visible light, to address energy and environmental challenges owing to their favorable electronic structure, affordability, and stability. In spite of that, issues such as high charge carrier recombination rates and low quantum efficiency impede its broader application. To overcome these limitations, structural and morphological modification of the g-C3N4-based photocatalysts is a novel frontline to improve the photocatalytic performance. Therefore, we briefly summarize the current preparation methods of g-C3N4. Importantly, this review highlights recent advancements in crafting high-performance g-C3N4-based photocatalysts, focusing on strategies like elemental doping, nanostructure design, bandgap engineering, and heterostructure construction. Notably, sophisticated doping techniques have propelled hydrogen production rates to a 104-fold increase. Ingenious nanostructure designs have expanded the surface area by a factor of 26, concurrently extending the fluorescence lifetime of charge carriers by 50%. Moreover, the strategic assembly of heterojunctions has not only elevated charge carrier separation efficiency but also preserved formidable redox properties, culminating in a dramatic hundredfold surge in hydrogen generation performance. This work provides a reliable and brief overview of the controlled modification engineering of g-C3N4-based photocatalyst systems, paving the way for more efficient hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.M.); (L.T.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qing Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.M.); (L.T.); (Y.C.)
| | - Long Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.M.); (L.T.); (Y.C.)
- Shunde Graduate School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528399, China
| | - Yulong Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.M.); (L.T.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.M.); (L.T.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yingzhi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.M.); (L.T.); (Y.C.)
- Shunde Graduate School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528399, China
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Lyons RJ, Sprick RS. Processing polymer photocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3764-3791. [PMID: 38895815 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00482e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated materials have emerged as competitive photocatalysts for the production of sustainable hydrogen from water over the last decade. Interest in these polymer photocatalysts stems from the relative ease to tune their electronic properties through molecular engineering, and their potentially low cost. However, most polymer photocatalysts have only been utilised in rudimentary suspension-based photocatalytic reactors, which are not scalable as these systems can suffer from significant optical losses and often require constant agitation to maintain the suspension. Here, we will explore research performed to utilise polymeric photocatalysts in more sophisticated systems, such as films or as nanoparticulate suspensions, which can enhance photocatalytic performance or act as a demonstration of how the polymer can be scaled for real-world applications. We will also discuss how the systems were prepared and consider both the benefits and drawbacks of each system before concluding with an outlook on the field of processable polymer photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jack Lyons
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, UK
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Kalantari Bolaghi Z, Rodriguez-Seco C, Yurtsever A, Ma D. Exploring the Remarkably High Photocatalytic Efficiency of Ultra-Thin Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:103. [PMID: 38202558 PMCID: PMC10781176 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free photocatalyst used for visible-driven hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, and organic pollutant degradation. In addition to the most attractive feature of visible photoactivity, its other benefits include thermal and photochemical stability, cost-effectiveness, and simple and easy-scale-up synthesis. However, its performance is still limited due to its low absorption at longer wavelengths in the visible range, and high charge recombination. In addition, the exfoliated nanosheets easily aggregate, causing the reduction in specific surface area, and thus its photoactivity. Herein, we propose the use of ultra-thin porous g-C3N4 nanosheets to overcome these limitations and improve its photocatalytic performance. Through the optimization of a novel multi-step synthetic protocol, based on an initial thermal treatment, the use of nitric acid (HNO3), and an ultrasonication step, we were able to obtain very thin and well-tuned material that yielded exceptional photodegradation performance of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation, without the need for any co-catalyst. About 96% of MO was degraded in as short as 30 min, achieving a normalized apparent reaction rate constant (k) of 1.1 × 10-2 min-1mg-1. This represents the highest k value ever reported using C3N4-based photocatalysts for MO degradation, based on our thorough literature search. Ultrasonication in acid not only prevents agglomeration of g-C3N4 nanosheets but also tunes pore size distribution and plays a key role in this achievement. We also studied their performance in a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), achieving a production of 1842 µmol h-1 g-1. Through a profound analysis of all the samples' structure, morphology, and optical properties, we provide physical insight into the improved performance of our optimized porous g-C3N4 sample for both photocatalytic reactions. This research may serve as a guide for improving the photocatalytic activity of porous two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Seco
- Centre Énergie Materiaux et Telécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada; (Z.K.B.); (A.Y.)
| | | | - Dongling Ma
- Centre Énergie Materiaux et Telécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada; (Z.K.B.); (A.Y.)
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Pecunia V, Occhipinti LG, Cloutier SG, Sun S, Grace AN, Leong WL. Editorial: Focus on green nanomaterials for a sustainable internet of things. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:040201. [PMID: 37848022 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
In the dynamic landscape of the Internet of Things (IoT), where smart devices are reshaping our world, nanomaterials can play a pivotal role in ensuring the IoT's sustainability. These materials are poised to redefine the development of smart devices, not only enabling cost-effective fabrication but also unlocking novel functionalities. As the IoT is set to encompass an astounding number of interconnected devices, the demand for environmentally friendly nanomaterials takes center stage. ThisFocus Issuespotlights cutting-edge research that explores the intersection of nanomaterials and sustainability. The collection delves deep into this critical nexus, encompassing a wide range of topics, from fundamental properties to applications in devices (e.g. sensors, optoelectronic synapses, energy harvesters, memory components, energy storage devices, and batteries), aspects concerning circularity and green synthesis, and an array of materials comprising organic semiconductors, perovskites, quantum dots, nanocellulose, graphene, and two-dimensional semiconductors. Authors not only showcase advancements but also delve into the sustainability profile of these materials, fostering a responsible endeavour toward a green IoT future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pecunia
- School of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 5118 - 10285 University Drive, Surrey V3T 0N1, BC, Canada
| | - Luigi G Occhipinti
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain G Cloutier
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre Dame Street West, Montreal H3C 1K3, QC, Canada
| | - Shuhui Sun
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes J3X 1P7, QC, Canada
| | - Andrews Nirmala Grace
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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Lu Q, Abdelgawad A, Li J, Eid K. Non-Metal-Doped Porous Carbon Nitride Nanostructures for Photocatalytic Green Hydrogen Production. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15129. [PMID: 36499453 PMCID: PMC9735614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic green hydrogen (H2) production through water electrolysis is deemed as green, efficient, and renewable fuel or energy carrier due to its great energy density and zero greenhouse emissions. However, developing efficient and low-cost noble-metal-free photocatalysts remains one of the daunting challenges in low-cost H2 production. Porous graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) nanostructures have drawn broad multidisciplinary attention as metal-free photocatalysts in the arena of H2 production and other environmental remediation. This is due to their impressive catalytic/photocatalytic properties (i.e., high surface area, narrow bandgap, and visible light absorption), unique physicochemical durability, tunable electronic properties, and feasibility to synthesize in high yield from inexpensive and earth-abundant resources. The physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of porous gCNs can be easily optimized via the integration of earth-abundant heteroatoms. Although there are various reviews on porous gCN-based photocatalysts for various applications, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reviews on heteroatom-doped porous gCN nanostructures for the photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction (HER). It is essential to provide timely updates in this research area to highlight the research related to fabrication of novel gCNs for large-scale applications and address the current barriers in this field. This review emphasizes a panorama of recent advances in the rational design of heteroatom (i.e., P, O, S, N, and B)-doped porous gCN nanostructures including mono, binary, and ternary dopants for photocatalytic HERs and their optimized parameters. This is in addition to H2 energy storage, non-metal configuration, HER fundamental, mechanism, and calculations. This review is expected to inspire a new research entryway to the fabrication of porous gCN-based photocatalysts with ameliorated activity and durability for practical H2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Lu
- Engineering & Technology Center of Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Ahmed Abdelgawad
- Gas Processing Center (GPC), College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Engineering & Technology Center of Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Kamel Eid
- Gas Processing Center (GPC), College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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