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Yuan Y, Yang T, Chen X, Yu L, Hou X, Zhang G, Dong W, Lu Z, Li H, Reindl L, Luo W. Analysis of the acoustoelectric response of SAW gas sensors using a COM model. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:69. [PMID: 38799402 PMCID: PMC11126560 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensors based on the acoustoelectric effect exhibit wide application prospects for in situ gas detection. However, establishing accurate models for calculating the scattering parameters of SAW gas sensors remains a challenge. Here, we present a coupling of modes (COM) model that includes the acoustoelectric effect and specifically explains the nonmonotonic variation in the center frequency with respect to the sensing film's sheet conductivity. Several sensing parameters of the gas sensors, including the center frequency, insertion loss, and phase, were experimentally compared for accuracy and practicality. Finally, the frequency of the phase extremum (FPE) shift was determined to vary monotonically, and the range of selectable test points was wide, making the FPE an appropriate response parameter for leveraging in SAW gas sensors. The simulation results of the COM model were highly consistent with the experimental results. Our study is proposed to provide theoretical guidance for the future development of gas SAW sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linglang Yu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hou
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangzu Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Dong
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixiao Lu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglang Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leonhard Reindl
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Laboratory for Electrical Instrumentation and Embedded Systems, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, 518057 Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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Lama S, Choi HS, Ramesh S, Lee YJ, Kim JH. Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped-MWCNT@cobalt oxide for nerve agent simulant detection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11605. [PMID: 38773127 PMCID: PMC11109131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents are toxic compounds that disrupt neuromuscular transmission by inhibiting the neurotransmitter enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, leading to rapid death. A hybrid composite was synthesized using a hydrothermal process for the early detection of dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP), a simulant of the G-series nerve agent, sarin. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors were used as detectors. Nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-MWCNTs), cobalt oxide (Co3O4), and N-MWCNT@Co3O4 were compared to detect DMMP concentrations of 25-150 ppm. At 25 ppm, the differential frequencies (Δf) of the N-MWCNT, Co3O4, and N-MWCNT@Co3O4 sensors were 5.8, 2.3, and 99.5 Hz, respectively. The selectivity results revealed a preference for the DMMP rather than potential interference. The coefficients of determination (R2) of the N-MWCNT, Co3O4, and N-MWCNT@Co3O4 sensors for detecting 25-150 ppm DMMP were 0.983, 0.986, and 0.999, respectively. The response times of the N-MWCNT, Co3O4, and N-MWCNT@Co3O4 sensors for detecting 100 ppm DMMP were 25, 27, and 34 s, respectively, while the corresponding recovery times were 85, 105, and 181 s. The repeatability results revealed the reversible adsorption and desorption phenomena for the fixed DMMP concentration of 100 ppm. These unique findings show that synthesized materials can be used to detect organophosphorus nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Lama
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Seon Choi
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Sivalingam Ramesh
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
- Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Jun Lee
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
| | - Joo Hyung Kim
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
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Grabka M, Jasek K, Witkiewicz Z. Hydrogen-Bond Acidic Materials in Acoustic Wave Sensors for Nerve Chemical Warfare Agents' Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2477. [PMID: 38676093 PMCID: PMC11054250 DOI: 10.3390/s24082477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The latest trends in the field of the on-site detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) involve increasing the availability of point detectors to enhance the operational awareness of commanders and soldiers. Among the intensively developed concepts aimed at meeting these requirements, wearable detectors, gas analyzers as equipment for micro- and mini-class unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and distributed sensor networks can be mentioned. One of the analytical techniques well suited for use in this field is surface acoustic wave sensors, which can be utilized to construct lightweight, inexpensive, and undemanding gas analyzers for detecting CWAs. This review focuses on the intensively researched and developed variant of this technique, utilizing absorptive sensor layers dedicated for nerve CWAs' detection. The paper describes the mechanism of the specific interaction occurring between the target analyte and the sensing layer, which serves as the foundation for their selective detection. The main section of this paper includes a chronological review of individual achievements in the field, largely based on the peer-reviewed scientific literature dating back to the mid-1980s to the present day. The final section presents conclusions regarding the prospects for the development of this analytical technique in the targeted application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Grabka
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (K.J.); (Z.W.)
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Wang X, Liu J, Li R, Yu J, Liu Q, Zhu J, Liu P. Hierarchical Nanoheterostructure of HFIP-Grafted α-Fe 2O 3@Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes as High-Performance Chemiresistive Sensors for Nerve Agents. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:305. [PMID: 38334576 PMCID: PMC10857011 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
New and efficient sensors of nerve agents are urgently demanded to prevent them from causing mass casualties in war or terrorist attacks. So, in this work, a novel hierarchical nanoheterostructure was synthesized via the direct growth of α-Fe2O3 nanorods onto multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) backbones. Then, the composites were functionalized with hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and successfully applied to detect dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP)-sarin simulant gas. The observations show that the HFIP-α-Fe2O3@MWCNT hybrids exhibit outstanding DMMP-sensing performance, including low operating temperature (220 °C), high response (6.0 to 0.1 ppm DMMP), short response/recovery time (8.7 s/11.9 s), as well as low detection limit (63.92 ppb). The analysis of the sensing mechanism demonstrates that the perfect sensing performance is mainly due to the synergistic effect of the chemical interaction of DMMP with the heterostructure and the physical adsorption of DMMP by hydrogen bonds with HFIP that are grafted on the α-Fe2O3@MWCNTs composite. The huge specific surface area of HFIP-α-Fe2O3@MWCNTs composite is also one of the reasons for this enhanced performance. This work not only offers a promising and effective method for synthesizing sensitive materials for high-performance gas sensors but also provides insight into the sensing mechanism of DMMP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; (X.W.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (Q.L.); (J.Z.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; (X.W.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (Q.L.); (J.Z.)
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Wang X, Li X, Wu Q, Yuan Y, Liu W, Han C, Wang X. A Nanoporous Polymer Modified with Hexafluoroisopropanol to Detect Dimethyl Methylphosphonate. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:89. [PMID: 38202543 PMCID: PMC10781009 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The increasing threat of nerve agents has prompted the need for gas sensors with fast response, high sensitivity, and good stability. In this work, the hexafluoroisopropanol functional group was modified on a porous aromatic framework material, which served as a sensitive material for detecting dimethyl methylphosphonate. A nerve agent sensor was made by coating sensitive materials on a surface acoustic wave device. Lots of pores in sensitive materials effectively increase the specific surface area and provide channels for diffusion of gas molecules. The introduction of hexafluoroisopropanols enables the sensor to specifically adsorb dimethyl methylphosphonate and improves the selectivity of the sensor. As a result, the developed gas sensor was able to detect dimethyl methylphosphonate at 0.8 ppm with response/recovery times of 29.8/43.8 s, and the detection limit of the gas sensor is about 0.11 ppm. The effects of temperature and humidity on the sensor were studied. The results show that the baseline of the sensor has a linear relationship with temperature and humidity, and the temperature and humidity have a significant effect on the response of the sensor. Furthermore, a device for real-time detection of nerve agent is reported. This work provides a new strategy for developing a gas sensor for detecting nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Wang
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yubin Yuan
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Chuanyu Han
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Wu Q, Yuan Y, Wang X, Bu X, Jiao M, Liu W, Han C, Hu L, Wang X, Li X. Highly Selective Ionic Gel-Based Gas Sensor for Halogenated Volatile Organic Compound Detection: Effect of Dipole-Dipole Interaction. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4566-4576. [PMID: 37989128 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated volatile organic compounds (abbreviated as X-VOCs) are a class of hazardous gas pollutants that are difficult to detect due to their thermal stability, chemical inertness, and poisoning effect on gas sensors at high temperatures. In this work, room-temperature detection of X-VOCs is achieved using a surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensor coated with a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsufonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI)-based ionic gel film. We experimentally verify that the high selectivity of the ionic gel-based SAW gas sensor for X-VOCs is due to the presence of halogen atoms in these gas molecules. Meanwhile, the sensor has very little response to common organic gases such as ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone, reflecting a low cross-sensitivity to nonhalogenated VOCs. This unique advantage shows potential applications in selective detection of X-VOCs and is validated by comparison with a commercial metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor. Furthermore, the internal sensing mechanism is explored by the density functional theory (DFT) method. The simulation results demonstrate that the X-VOC molecules are highly polarized by the inductive effect of halogen atom substitution, which is beneficial for being adsorbed by the EMIM-TFSI ionic liquid via dipole-dipole interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yubin Yuan
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiangrui Bu
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Menglong Jiao
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chuanyu Han
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Long Hu
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, China
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Wang X, Li X, Wu Q, Yuan Y, Liu W, Han C, Wang X. Detection of Dimethyl Methyl Phosphonate by Silica Molecularly Imprinted Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2871. [PMID: 37947716 PMCID: PMC10648664 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing severity of chemical warfare agent threats to public safety has led to a growing demand for gas sensors capable of detecting these compounds. However, gas sensors used for the detection of chemical warfare agents must overcome limitations in sensitivity, selectivity, and reaction speed. This paper presents a sensitive material and a surface acoustic gas sensor for detecting dimethyl methyl phosphonate. The results demonstrate that the sensor exhibits good selectivity and could detect 80 ppb of dimethyl methyl phosphonate within 1 min. As an integral component of the sensor, the microstructure and adsorption mechanism of silica molecular imprinting material were studied in detail. The results show that the template molecule could significantly affect the pore volume, specific surface area, and hydroxyl density of mesoporous materials. These properties further affect the performance of the sensor. This study provides a valuable case study for the design of sensitive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Wang
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (X.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (X.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (X.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Yubin Yuan
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (X.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (X.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Chuanyu Han
- Department of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (X.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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