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Berger L, Grimm A, Sütterlin M, Spaich S, Sperk E, Tuschy B, Berlit S. Major complications after intraoperative radiotherapy with low-energy x-rays in early breast cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2024; 200:276-286. [PMID: 37591980 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-023-02128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe and analyze major local complications after intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) with low-energy x‑rays during breast-conserving surgery (BCS) in early breast cancer. METHODS Ten women out of 408 who were treated with IORT between 2002 and 2017 and subsequently developed a severe local complication requiring surgical intervention were retrospectively identified and analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and surgical parameters as well as complication characteristics and treatment methods were evaluated. RESULTS At initial presentation, eight patients (80%) showed redness, six (60%) seroma, six (60%) wound infection, six (60%) suture dehiscence, and four (40%) induration of the former surgical area. Hematoma and necrosis were observed in one case (10%) each. Time interval until appearance of the first symptoms ranged from directly postoperative until 15 years postoperatively (median 3.1 months). Initial treatment modalities comprised antibiotic therapy (n = 8/80%) and transcutaneous aspiration of seroma (n = 3/30%). In the majority of patients, smaller surgical interventions (excision of a necrotic area/fistula [n = 6/60%] or secondary suture [n = 5/50%]) were sufficient to overcome the complication, yet larger interventions such as complex flap surgery and mastectomy were necessary in one patient each. CONCLUSION IORT is an efficient and safe treatment method as < 2.5% of all IORT patients experienced major local complications. However, it seems to pose the risk of causing severe local complications that may require lengthy and burdensome treatment. Thorough preoperative counseling, implementation of recommended intraoperative precautions, and high vigilance for first symptoms of complications during follow-up appointments are necessary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Berger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Anja Grimm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marc Sütterlin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Saskia Spaich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elena Sperk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Benjamin Tuschy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Berlit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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Pouyanrad Z, Shamsaei Zafarghandi M, Setayeshi S. A Novel Treatment Planning Design for Intraoperative Electron Radiation Therapy (IOERT) using an Electronic Board. J Biomed Phys Eng 2024; 14:119-128. [PMID: 38628890 PMCID: PMC11016823 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2109-1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Intraoperative Irradiation Therapy (IORT) refers to the delivery of radiation during surgery and needs the computed- thickness of the target as one of the most significant factors. Objective This paper aimed to compute target thickness and design a radiation pattern distributing the irradiation uniformly throughout the target. Material and Methods The Monte Carlo code was used to simulate the experimental setup in this simulation study. The electron flux variations on an electronic board's metallic layer were studied for different thicknesses of the target tissue and validated with experimental data of the electronic board. Results Based on the electron number for different Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) phantom thicknesses at various energies, 6 MeV electrons are suitable to determine the target thickness. Uniformity in radiation and corresponding time for each target were investigated. The iso-dose and percentage depth dose curves show that higher energies are suitable for treatment and distribute uniform radiation throughout the target. Increasing the phantom thickness leads to rising radiation time based on the radiation time corresponding to these energies. The tissue thickness of each section is determined, and the radiation time is managed by scanning the target. Conclusion Calculation of the thickness of the remaining tissue and irradiation time are needed after incomplete tumor removal in IORT for various remaining tissues. The patients should be protected from overexposure to uniform irradiation of tissues since the radiation dose is prescribed and checked by an oncologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Pouyanrad
- Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Setayeshi
- Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Moradi F, Jalili M, Saraee KRE, Abdi MR, Rashid HAA. Radiation shielding assessment for interventional radiology personnel: Geant4 dosimetry of lead-free compositions. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:025029. [PMID: 38320327 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad26d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The inherent biological hazards associated with ionizing radiation necessitate the implementation of effective shielding measures, particularly in medical applications. Interventional radiology, in particular, poses a unique challenge as it often exposes medical personnel to prolonged periods of high x-ray doses. Historically, lead and lead-based compounds have been the primary materials employed for shielding against photons. However, the drawbacks of lead, including its substantial weight causing personnel's inflexibility and its toxicity, have raised concerns regarding its long-term impact on both human health and the environment. Barium tantalate has emerged as a promising alternative, due to its unique attenuation properties against low-energy x-rays, specifically targeting the weak absorption area of lead. In the present study, we employ the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation tool to investigate various formulations of barium tantalate doped with rare earth elements. The aim is to identify the optimal composition for shielding x-rays in the context of interventional radiology. To achieve this, we employ a reference x-ray spectrum typical of interventional radiology procedures, with energies extending up to 90 keV, within a carefully designed simulation setup. Our primary performance indicator is the reduction in air kerma transmission. Furthermore, we assess the absorbed doses to critical organs at risk within a standard human body phantom protected by the shield. Our results demonstrate that specific concentrations of the examined rare earth impurities can enhance the shielding performance of barium tantalate. To mitigate x-ray exposure in interventional radiology, our analysis reveals that the most effective shielding performance is achieved when using barium tantalate compositions containing 15% Erbium or 10% Samarium by weight. These findings suggest the possibility of developing lead-free shielding solutions or apron for interventional radiology personnel, offering a remarkable reduction in weight (exceeding 30%) while maintaining shielding performance at levels comparable to traditional lead-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moradi
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - M Jalili
- Faculty of Physics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - M R Abdi
- Faculty of Physics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H A Abdul Rashid
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
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Chin M, Rowshanfarzad P, Neveri G, Ebert MA, Pfefferlé D. Dosimetric evaluation of an intraoperative radiotherapy system: a measurement-based and Monte-Carlo modelling investigation. Phys Eng Sci Med 2023; 46:687-701. [PMID: 36952208 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-023-01243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is a specialised subset of radiotherapy, where a high radiation dose is delivered to a surgically exposed tumour bed in order to eradicate any remaining cancer cells. The aim of this study was to examine the dose characteristics of the Zeiss Intrabeam IORT device which provides near-isotropic emission of up to 50 kV X-rays. The EGSnrc Monte Carlo (MC) code system was used to simulate the device and percentage depth dose (PDD) data measured with a soft X-ray parallel-plate ionisation chamber were used for model verification. The model provided energy spectra, isodose curves and mean photon energies. In addition, EBT3 Gafchromic film was used to verify the MC model by examining PDDs and 2D dose distributions for various applicators. The differences between MC model and ionisation chamber measurements were within 3% for most points, with a maximum deviation of ~ 9%. Most of the simulated PDD points were within 5% of the film-measured data, with a maximum deviation of ~ 10%. The mean energy of the bare probe was found to be 21.19 keV. The mean photon energy from applicators ranged from 29.00 to 30.85 keV. Results of this study may be useful for future work on creating a system for treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Chin
- School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Mailbag M013, CRAWLEY, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Pejman Rowshanfarzad
- School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Mailbag M013, CRAWLEY, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gabor Neveri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Martin A Ebert
- School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Mailbag M013, CRAWLEY, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - David Pfefferlé
- School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Mailbag M013, CRAWLEY, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Aghdam SRH, Aghamiri SMR, Siavashpour Z, Malekie S, Dashtipoor MR. Assessment of out-of-field radiation doses for high dose per pulse intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy using TLD-100. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023; 204:110652. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
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Nasir Z, Probst L, Schneider F, Clausen S, Bürgy D, Glatting G, Nwankwo O. Organ absorbed doses in the IORT treatment of breast cancer with the INTRABEAM device: a Monte-Carlo study. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2023; 9. [PMID: 36745910 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/acb941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The current prescription and the assessment of the delivered absorbed dose in intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) with the INTRABEAM system rely mainly on depth-dose measurements in water. The accuracy of this approach is limited because tissue heterogeneity is ignored. It is also difficult to accurately determine the dose delivered to the patient experimentally as the steep dose gradient is highly sensitive to geometric errors. Our goal is to determine the dose to the target volume and the organs at risk of a clinical breast cancer patient from treatment with the system.Methods: A homogeneous water-equivalent CT dataset was derived from the preoperative CT scan of a patient by setting all materials in the patient volume as water-equivalent. This homogeneous CT data represents the current assumption of a homogenous patient, while the original CT data is considered the ground truth. An in-house Monte Carlo algorithm was used to simulate the delivered dose in both setups for a prescribed treatment dose of 20 Gy to the surface of the 3.5 cm diameter spherical applicator.Results: The doses received by 2% (D2%) of the target volume for the homogeneous and heterogeneous geometries are 16.26 Gy and 9.33 Gy, respectively. The D2% for the heart are 0.035 Gy and 0.119 Gy for the homogeneous and heterogeneous geometries, respectively. This trend is also observed for the other organs at risk.Conclusions: The assumption of a homogeneous patient overestimates the dose to the target volume and underestimates the doses to the organs at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfa Nasir
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University. Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Riau University, Bina Widya Campus, Pekanbaru, 28293, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Luis Probst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University. Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank Schneider
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University. Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Clausen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University. Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Bürgy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University. Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gerhard Glatting
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Obioma Nwankwo
- Strahlentherapie Rhein/Pfalz, Praxis für Strahlentherapie Neustadt, Stiftstraße 15, 67434 Neustadt, Germany
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Aghdam SRH, Aghamiri SMR, Siavashpour Z, Malekie S, Dashtipoor MR. Assessment of out-of-field radiation doses for high dose per pulse intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy using TLD-100. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tegaw EM, Geraily G, Gholami S, Shojaei M, Tadesse GF. Gold-nanoparticle-enriched breast tissue in breast cancer treatment using the INTRABEAM® system: a Monte Carlo study. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:119-131. [PMID: 34860272 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using a 50-kV INTRABEAM® system after breast-conserving surgery, breast skin injury and long treatment time remain the challenging problems when large-size spherical applicators are used. This study has aimed to address these problems using gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs). For this, surface and isotropic doses were measured using a Gafchromic EBT3 film and a water phantom. The particle propagation code EGSnrc/Epp was used to score the corresponding doses using a geometry similar to that used in the measurements. The simulation was validated using a gamma index of 2%/2 mm acceptance criterion in the gamma analysis. After validation Au-NP-enriched breast tissue was simulated to quantify any breast skin dose reduction and shortening of treatment time. It turned out that the gamma value deduced for validation of the simulation was in an acceptable range (i.e., less than one). For 20 mg-Au/g-breast tissue, the calculated Dose Enhancement Ratio (DER) of the breast skin was 0.412 and 0.414 using applicators with diameters of 1.5 cm and 5 cm, respectively. The corresponding treatment times were shortened by 72.22% and 72.30% at 20 mg-Au/g-breast tissue concentration, respectively. It is concluded that Au-NP-enriched breast tissue shows significant advantages, such as reducing the radiation dose received by the breast skin as well as shortening the treatment time. Additionally, the DERs were not significantly dependent on the size of the applicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyachew Misganew Tegaw
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Ghazale Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Gholami
- Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shojaei
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Getu Ferenji Tadesse
- Department of Physics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Aksum University, Axum, Ethiopia
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Ayala Alvarez DS, Watson PGF, Popovic M, Heng VJ, Evans MDC, Seuntjens J. Monte Carlo calculation of the TG-43 dosimetry parameters for the INTRABEAM source with spherical applicators. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34663769 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac309f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relative TG-43 dosimetry parameters of the INTRABEAM (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) bare probe were recently reported by Ayala Alvarezet al(2020Phys. Med. Biol.65245041). The current study focuses on the dosimetry characterization of the INTRABEAM source with the eight available spherical applicators according to the TG-43 formalism using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. APPROACH This report includes the calculated dose-rate conversion coefficients that determine the absolute dose rate to water at a reference point of 10 mm from the applicator surface, based on calibration air-kerma rate measurements at 50 cm from the source on its transverse plane. Since the air-kerma rate measurements are not yet provided from a standards laboratory for the INTRABEAM, the values in the present study were calculated with MC. This approach is aligned with other works in the search for standardization of the dosimetry of electronic brachytherapy sources. As a validation of the MC model, depth dose calculations along the source axis were compared with calibration data from the source manufacturer. MAIN RESULTS The calculated dose-rate conversion coefficients were 434.0 for the bare probe, and 683.5, 548.3, 449.9, 376.5, 251.0, 225.6, 202.8, and 182.6 for the source with applicators of increasing diameter from 15 to 50 mm, respectively. The radial dose and the 2D anisotropy functions of the TG-43 formalism were also obtained and tabulated in this document. SIGNIFICANCE This work presents the data required by a treatment planning system for the characterization of the INTRABEAM system in the context of intraoperative radiotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter G F Watson
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marija Popovic
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Veng Jean Heng
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael D C Evans
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
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Jambhekar A, Wong A, Taback B, Rao R, Horowitz D, Connolly E, Wiechmann L. Complication Rates After IntraOperative Radiation Therapy: Do Applicator Size and Distance to Skin Matter? J Surg Res 2021; 268:440-444. [PMID: 34416416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) has gained popularity for early stage breast cancer treatment. Few studies have examined the relationship between complications and both demographic and technical factors. The objective of the current study was to determine if applicator size or distances to the skin were significant risk factors for complications. METHODS Data was prospectively collected on patients who underwent lumpectomy followed by IORT from November 1, 2013 to August 31, 2018. Exclusion criteria included any prior radiation exposure or personal history of breast cancer. Comorbid conditions such as body mass index, diabetes, and smoking as well as technical specifications such as applicator size and distances to the skin were included for investigation. Student's t-test, Fisher's exact test, and odds ratios were utilized for statistical analysis. RESULTS The study was comprised of 219 patients. None developed Clavien-Dindo grade 2 or above complications. Of 21.0% (n = 46) had minor complications. The most common complication was a palpable breast seroma (n = 37). Diabetes was the only comorbid condition with increased risk for complications (OR 3.2; 95% CI1.3-7.5; P = 0.008). The applicator sizes and average skin distances were similar between groups. Surprisingly, the closest skin distance was not a significant risk factor for post-operative complications (1.4 +/- 1.6 versus 1.4 +/- 1.9 cm; P = 1.0). CONCLUSION Neither applicator size nor the closest skin distance were associated with increased complications. Traditionally described risk factors such as BMI and smoking were not predictive. This data provides support for potentially expanding the utilization for IORT without increasing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Jambhekar
- Breast Surgery Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Abby Wong
- Breast Surgery Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Bret Taback
- Breast Surgery Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Roshni Rao
- Breast Surgery Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David Horowitz
- Breast Surgery Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Eileen Connolly
- Breast Surgery Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Wiechmann
- Breast Surgery Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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Skin dose assessment at diagnostic and therapeutic photon energies: A Monte Carlo study on TLDs. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wong JHD, Zaili Z, Abdul Malik R, Bustam AZ, Saad M, Jamaris S, Mosiun JA, Mohd Taib NA, Ung NM, See M. Evaluation of skin dose and skin toxicity in patients undergoing intraoperative radiotherapy for early breast cancer. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:139-147. [PMID: 34254425 PMCID: PMC8364274 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate in vivo skin dose delivered by intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) and determine the factors associated with an increased risk of radiation-induced skin toxicity. METHODOLOGY A total of 21 breast cancer patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery and IORT, either as IORT alone or IORT boost plus external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), were recruited in this prospective study. EBT3 film was calibrated in water and used to measure skin dose during IORT at concentric circles of 5 mm and 40 mm away from the applicator. For patients who also had EBRT, the maximum skin dose was estimated using the radiotherapy treatment planning system. Mid-term skin toxicities were evaluated at 3 and 6 months post-IORT. RESULTS The average skin dose at 5 mm and 40 mm away from the applicator was 3.07 ± 0.82 Gy and 0.99 ± 0.28 Gy, respectively. Patients treated with IORT boost plus EBRT received an additional skin dose of 41.07 ± 1.57 Gy from the EBRT component. At 3 months post-IORT, 86% of patients showed no evidence of skin toxicity. However, the number of patients suffering from skin toxicity increased from 15% to 38% at 6 months post-IORT. We found no association between the IORT alone or with the IORT boost plus EBRT and skin toxicity. Older age was associated with increased risk of skin toxicities. A mathematical model was derived to predict skin dose. CONCLUSION EBT3 film is a suitable dosimeter for in vivo skin dosimetry in IORT, providing patient-specific skin doses. Both IORT alone and IORT boost techniques resulted in similar skin toxicity rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong
- Department of Biomedical ImagingFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Zainor Zaili
- Department of Biomedical ImagingFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Rozita Abdul Malik
- Clinical Oncology UnitFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Anita Zarina Bustam
- Clinical Oncology UnitFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Marniza Saad
- Clinical Oncology UnitFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Suniza Jamaris
- Breast Surgery UnitDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Joanne Aisha Mosiun
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Nur Aishah Mohd Taib
- Breast Surgery UnitDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Ngie Min Ung
- Clinical Oncology UnitFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Mee‐Hoong See
- Breast Surgery UnitDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
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Borosilicate glass 60Co high dose rate brachytherapy thermoluminescence dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 176:109814. [PMID: 34175543 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Brachytherapy is commonly used in treatment of cervical, prostate, breast and skin cancers, also for oral cancers, typically via the application of sealed radioactive sources that are inserted within or alongside the area to be treated. A particular aim of the various brachytherapy techniques is to accurately transfer to the targeted tumour the largest possible dose, at the same time minimizing dose to the surrounding normal tissue, including organs at risk. The dose fall-off with distance from the sources is steep, the dose gradient representing a prime factor in determining the dose distribution, also representing a challenge to the conduct of measurements around sources. Amorphous borosilicate glass (B2O3) in the form of microscope cover slips is recognized to offer a practicable system for such thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD), providing for high-spatial resolution (down to < 1 mm), wide dynamic dose range, good reproducibility and reusability, minimal fading, resistance to water and low cost. Herein, investigation is made of the proposed dosimeter using a 1.25 MeV High Dose Rate (HDR) 60Co brachytherapy source, characterizing dose response, sensitivity, linearity index and fading. Analysis of the TL glow curves were obtained using the Tmax-Tstop method and first-order kinetics using GlowFit software, detailing the frequency factors and activation energy.
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Tegaw EM, Geraily G, Etesami SM, Ghanbari H, Gholami S, Shojaei M, Farzin M, Tadesse GF. Dosimetric effect of nanoparticles in the breast cancer treatment using INTRABEAM ®system with spherical applicators in the presence of tissue heterogeneities: A Monte Carlo study. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 7. [PMID: 33836513 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/abf6a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using the 50 kV INTRABEAM®IORT system after breast-conserving surgery: tumor recurrence and organs at risk (OARs), such as the lung and heart, long-term complications remain the challenging problems for breast cancer patients. So, the objective of this study was to address these two problems with the help of high atomic number nanoparticles (NPs). A Monte Carlo (MC) Simulation type EGSnrc C++ class library (egspp) with its Easy particle propagation (Epp) user code was used. The simulation was validated against the measured depth dose data found in our previous study (Tegaw,et al2020 Dosimetric characteristics of the INTRABEAM®system with spherical applicators in the presence of air gaps and tissue heterogeneities,Radiat. Environ. Biophys. (10.1007/s00411-020-00835-0)) using the gamma index and passed 2%/2 mm acceptance criteria in the gamma analysis. Gold (Au) NPs were selected after comparing Dose Enhancement Ratios (DERs) of bismuth (Bi), Au, and platinum (Pt) NPs which were calculated from the simulated results. As a result, 0.02, 0.2, 2, 10, and 20 mg-Au/g-breast tissue were used throughout this study. These particles were not distributed in discrete but in a uniform concentration. For 20 mg-Au/g-breast tissue, the DERs were 3.6, 0.420, and 0.323 for breast tissue, lung, heart, respectively, using the 1.5 cm-diameter applicator (AP) and 3.61, 0.428, and 0.335 forbreast tissue, lung, and heart using the 5 cm-diameter applicator, respectively. DER increased with the decrease in the depth of tissues and increase in the effective atomic number (Zeff) and concentration of Au NPs, however, there was no significant change as AP sizes increased. Therefore, Au NPs showed dual advantages such as dose enhancement within the tumor bed and reduction in the OARs (heart and lung).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyachew Misganew Tegaw
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Ghazale Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Etesami
- School of Particles and Accelerators, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Gholami
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shojaei
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Farzin
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Getu Ferenji Tadesse
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Aksum University, Ethiopia
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Moradi F, Rezaee Ebrahim Saraee K, Abdul Sani S, Bradley D. Metallic nanoparticle radiosensitization: The role of Monte Carlo simulations towards progress. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Shamsabadi R, Baghani HR, Mowlavi AA, Azadegan B. Effective energy assessment during breast cancer intraoperative radiotherapy by low-energy X-rays: A Monte Carlo study. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:125-134. [PMID: 33389050 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study reported in the present paper aimed to evaluate the effective energy (Eeff) of X-rays emitted from the surface of a bare X-ray probe and from different spherical applicators with various diameters, which are widely employed for low kV intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) of breast cancer. A previously validated Monte Carlo model of the INTRABEAM system along with applicator diameters of 1.5-5 cm (with 0.5 cm increments) was employed for this purpose. The results show that the presence of the applicator can considerably harden the X-rays produced by the bare probe so that Eeff increases by a factor of about 2.6. Variations of applicator diameter also affects the X-ray effective energy. Specifically, increasing the applicator diameter from 1.5 to 3 cm and 3.5-5 cm resulted in an increase in the Eeff by 8.8% and 14.6%, respectively. The validity of the calculated Eeff values was confirmed by a reasonable agreement between the obtained probability density distributions (PDDs) for the full X-ray energy spectrum and those for the corresponding single effective energies, for different applicator diameters. The Eeff values obtained for different applicator diameters and the bare probe alone can be used as an alternative for the corresponding full energy spectra, in Monte Carlo-based dosimetry simulations of low-energy therapeutic X-rays, as well as for determining quality conversion factors of any ion chambers employed for low kV-IORT absolute dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shamsabadi
- Physics Department, Hakim Sabzevari University, Daneshgah Blvd, P.O. 9617976487, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Baghani
- Physics Department, Hakim Sabzevari University, Daneshgah Blvd, P.O. 9617976487, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Ali Asghar Mowlavi
- Physics Department, Hakim Sabzevari University, Daneshgah Blvd, P.O. 9617976487, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Behnam Azadegan
- Physics Department, Hakim Sabzevari University, Daneshgah Blvd, P.O. 9617976487, Sabzevar, Iran
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Tegaw EM, Geraily G, Etesami SM, Gholami S, Ghanbari H, Farzin M, Tadesse GF, Shojaei M. A Comparison between Electron Gamma Shower, National Research Council/Easy Particle Propagation (EGSnrc/Epp) and Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP) in Simulation of the INTRABEAM ® System with Spherical Applicators. J Biomed Phys Eng 2021; 11:47-54. [PMID: 33564639 PMCID: PMC7859382 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2008-1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Online Monte Carlo (MC) treatment planning is very crucial to increase the precision of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). However, the performance of MC methods depends on the geometries and energies used for the problem under study. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the performance of MC N-Particle Transport Code version 4c (MCNP4c) and Electron Gamma Shower, National Research Council/easy particle propagation (EGSnrc/Epp) MC codes using similar geometry of an INTRABEAM® system. MATERIAL AND METHODS This simulation study was done by increasing the number of particles and compared the performance of MCNP4c and EGSnrc/Epp simulations using an INTRABEAM® system with 1.5 and 5 cm diameter spherical applicators. A comparison of these two codes was done using simulation time, statistical uncertainty, and relative depth-dose values obtained after doing the simulation by each MC code. RESULTS The statistical uncertainties for the MCNP4c and EGSnrc/Epp MC codes were below 2% and 0.5%, respectively. 1e9 particles were simulated in 117.89 hours using MCNP4c but a much greater number of particles (5e10 particles) were simulated in a shorter time of 90.26 hours using EGSnrc/Epp MC code. No significant deviations were found in the calculated relative depth-dose values for both in the presence and absence of an air gap between MCNP4c and EGSnrc/Epp MC codes. Nevertheless, the EGSnrc/Epp MC code was found to be speedier and more efficient to achieve accurate statistical precision than MCNP4c. CONCLUSION Therefore, in all comparisons criteria used, EGSnrc/Epp MC code is much better than MCNP4c MC code for simulating an INTRABEAM® system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Tegaw
- PhD, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran
- PhD, Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Gh. Geraily
- PhD, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran
- PhD, Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. M. Etesami
- PhD, School of Particles and Accelerators, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Gholami
- PhD, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran
- PhD, Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Ghanbari
- PhD, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Farzin
- PhD, Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhD, Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - G. F. Tadesse
- PhD, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran
- PhD, Department of Physics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Aksum University, Ethiopia
| | - M. Shojaei
- PhD, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran
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Dosimetric evaluation of gold nanoparticle aided intraoperative radiotherapy with the Intrabeam system using Monte Carlo simulations. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Ayala Alvarez DS, G F Watson P, Popovic M, Jean Heng V, Evans MDC, Seuntjens J. Monte Carlo calculation of the relative TG-43 dosimetry parameters for the INTRABEAM electronic brachytherapy source. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:245041. [PMID: 33137796 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abc6f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The INTRABEAM system (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) is an electronic brachytherapy (eBT) device designed for intraoperative radiotherapy applications. To date, the INTRABEAM x-ray source has not been characterized according to the AAPM TG-43 specifications for brachytherapy sources. This restricts its modelling in commercial treatment planning systems (TPSs), with the consequence that the doses to organs at risk are unknown. The aim of this work is to characterize the INTRABEAM source according to the TG-43 brachytherapy dosimetry protocol. The dose distribution in water around the source was determined with Monte Carlo (MC) calculations. For the validation of the MC model, depth dose calculations along the source longitudinal axis were compared with measurements using a soft x-ray ionization chamber (PTW 34013) and two synthetic diamond detectors (microDiamond PTW TN60019). In our results, the measurements in water agreed with the MC model calculations within uncertainties. The use of the microDiamond detector yielded better agreement with MC calculations, within estimated uncertainties, compared to the ionization chamber at points of steeper dose gradients. The radial dose function showed a steep fall-off close to the INTRABEAM source ([Formula: see text]10 mm) with a gradient higher than that of commonly used brachytherapy radionuclides (192Ir, 125I and 103Pd), with values of 2.510, 1.645 and 1.232 at 4, 6 and 8 mm, respectively. The radial dose function partially flattens at larger distances with a fall-off comparable to that of the Xoft Axxent® (iCAD, Inc., Nashua, NH) eBT system. The simulated 2D polar anisotropy close to the bare probe walls showed deviations from unity of up to 55% at 10 mm and 155°. This work presents the MC calculated TG-43 parameters for the INTRABEAM, which constitute the necessary data for the characterization of the source as required by a TPS used in clinical dose calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter G F Watson
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marija Popovic
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Veng Jean Heng
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael D C Evans
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
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20
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Omyan G, Gholami S, Zad AG, Severgnini M, Longo F, Kalantari F. Monte Carlo simulation and analytical calculation methods to investigate the potential of nanoparticles for INTRABEAM® IORT machine. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 30:102288. [PMID: 32805406 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and analytical calculation methods were used to investigate the potential of cancer treatment for the combination of IORT with nanoparticles (NPs). The Geant4 MC toolkit was used to simulate ZEISS INTRABEAM® IORT machine and its smallest applicator with 1.5 cm diameter. The dose enhancement effects (DEFs) were obtained for silver (Ag), gold (Au), bismuth (Bi), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) spherical NPs considering different concentrations. In addition, analytical calculations were performed based on attenuation coefficient formula for sample NPs. Our MC results showed that the use of different NPs led to an increase in DEF up to 40%. Among different NPs, Au had the maximum DEF. In addition, analytical calculations revealed a significant increase, using NPs as well. Our study has suggested that the use of NPs in combination with IORT has the potential to enhance treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilnaz Omyan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Gholami
- Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Abbas Ghasemi Zad
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mara Severgnini
- Medical Physics Department, Riuniti Hospital ASUITS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Longo
- Physics Department, University of Trieste and INFN sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Faraz Kalantari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United states
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Watson PGF, Popovic M, Liang L, Tomic N, Devic S, Seuntjens J. Clinical Implication of Dosimetry Formalisms for Electronic Low-Energy Photon Intraoperative Radiation Therapy. Pract Radiat Oncol 2020; 11:e114-e121. [PMID: 32795615 DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) using the INTRABEAM, a miniature x-ray source, has shown to be effective in treating breast cancer. However, recent investigations have suggested a significant deviation between the reported and delivered doses. In this work, the dose delivered by INTRABEAM in the TARGIT breast protocol was investigated, along with the dose from the Xoft Axxent, another source used in breast IORT. METHODS AND MATERIALS The absorbed dose from the INTRABEAM was determined from ionization chamber measurements using: (a) the manufacturer-recommended formula (Zeiss V4.0 method), (b) a Monte Carlo calculated chamber conversion factor (CQ method), and (c) the formula consistent with the TARGIT breast protocol (TARGIT method). The dose from the Xoft Axxent was determined from ionization chamber measurements using the Zeiss V4.0 method and calculated using the American Association of Physicists in Medicine TG-43 formalism. RESULTS For a nominal TARGIT prescription of 20 Gy, the dose at the INTRABEAM applicator surface ranged from 25.2 to 31.7 Gy according to the CQ method for the largest (5 cm) and smallest (1.5 cm) diameter applicator, respectively. The Zeiss V4.0 method results were 7% to 10% lower (23.2 to 28.6 Gy). At 1 cm depth, the CQ and Zeiss V4.0 absorbed doses were also larger than those predicted by the TARGIT method. The dose at 1 cm depth from the Xoft Axxent for a surface dose of 20 Gy was slightly less than INTRABEAM (3%-7% compared with CQ method). An exception was for the 3 cm applicator, where the Xoft dose was appreciably lower (31%). CONCLUSIONS The doses delivered in the TARGIT breast protocol with INTRABEAM were significantly greater than the prescribed 20 Gy and depended on the size of spherical applicator used. Breast IORT treatments with the Xoft Axxent received less dose compared with TARGIT INTRABEAM, which could have implications for studies comparing clinical outcomes between the 2 devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marija Popovic
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liheng Liang
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nada Tomic
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Slobodan Devic
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Tegaw EM, Gholami S, Omyan G, Geraily G. Dosimetric characteristics of the INTRABEAM ® system with spherical applicators in the presence of air gaps and tissue heterogeneities. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:295-306. [PMID: 32236740 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to investigate the dosimetric characteristics of the INTRABEAM ® system in the presence of air gaps between the surface of applicators (APs) and tumor bed. Additionally, the effect of tissue heterogeneities was another focus. Investigating the dosimetric characteristics of the INTRABEAM® system is essential to deliver the required dose to the tumor bed correctly and reduce the delivered dose to the ribs and lung. Choosing the correct AP size and fitting it to the lumpectomy cavity is essential to remove the effect of air gaps and avoid inaccurate dose delivery. Consequently, the Geant4 toolkit was used to simulate the INTRABEAM ® system with spherical APs of various sizes. The wall effect of the ion chamber (IC) PTW 34013 used in the present study was checked. The simulations were validated in comparison with measurements, and then used to calculate any inaccuracies in dose delivery in the presence of 4- and 10-mm air gaps between the surface of the APs and the tumor bed. Also, the doses received due to tissue heterogeneities were characterized. It turned out that measurements and simulations were approximately in agreement (± 2%) for all sizes of APs. The perturbation factor introduced by the IC due to differences in graphite-coated polyethylene and air as compared to the phantom material was approximately equal to one for all AP. The greatest relative dose delivery difference was observed for an AP with a diameter of 1.5 cm, i.e., 44% and 70% in the presence of 4- and 10-mm air gaps, respectively. In contrast, the lowest relative dose delivery difference was observed for an AP with a diameter of 5 cm, i.e., 24% and 42% in the presence of 4- and 10-mm air gaps, respectively. Increasing APs size showed a decrease in relative dose delivery difference due to the presence of air gaps. In addition, the undesired dose received by the ribs turned out to be higher when a treatment site closer to the ribs was assumed. The undesired dose received by the ribs increased as the AP size increased. The lung dose turned out to be decreased due to the shielding effect of the ribs, small lung density, and long separation distance from the AP surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyachew Misganew Tegaw
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Somayeh Gholami
- Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Gilnaz Omyan
- Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ghazale Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shaikh MY, Joiner MC, Nalichowski A, Kumaraswamy LK, Burmeister J. Evaluation of the dosimetric impact of manufacturing variations for the INTRABEAM x‐ray source. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:20-31. [PMID: 31976605 PMCID: PMC7075384 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction INTRABEAM x‐ray sources (XRSs) have distinct output characteristics due to subtle variations between the ideal and manufactured products. The objective of this study is to intercompare 15 XRSs and to dosimetrically quantify the impact of manufacturing variations on the delivered dose. Methods and Materials The normality of the XRS datasets was evaluated with the Shapiro–Wilk test, the accuracy of the calibrated depth–dose curves (DDCs) was validated with ionization chamber measurements, and the shape of each DDC was evaluated using depth–dose ratios (DDRs). For 20 Gy prescribed to the spherical applicator surface, the dose was computed at 5‐mm and 10‐mm depths from the spherical applicator surface for all XRSs. Results At 5‐, 10‐, 20‐, and 30‐mm depths from the source, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the XRS output for 40 kVp was 4.4%, 2.8%, 2.0%, and 3.1% and for 50 kVp was 4.2%, 3.8%, 3.8%, and 3.4%, respectively. At a 20‐mm depth from the source, the 40‐kVp energy had a mean output in Gy/Minute = 0.36, standard deviation (SD) = 0.0072, minimum output = 0.34, and maximum output = 0.37 and a 50‐kVp energy had a mean output = 0.56, SD = 0.021, minimum output = 0.52, and maximum output = 0.60. We noted the maximum DRR values of 2.8% and 2.5% for 40 kVp and 50 kVp, respectively. For all XRSs, the maximum dosimetric effect of these variations within a 10‐mm depth of the applicator surface is ≤ 2.5%. The CV increased as depth increased and as applicator size decreased. Conclusion The American Association of Physicist in Medicine Task Group‐167 requires that the impurities in radionuclides used for brachytherapy produce ≤ 5.0% dosimetric variations. Because of differences in an XRS output and DDC, we have demonstrated the dosimetric variations within a 10‐mm depth of the applicator surface to be ≤ 2.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubin Y. Shaikh
- Department of Radiation Oncology Rochester Regional Rochester NY USA
| | - Michael C. Joiner
- Department of Oncology Wayne State University Gershenson Radiation Oncology Center Detroit MI USA
| | - Adrian Nalichowski
- Wayne State University School of Medicine Gershenson Radiation Oncology Center Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute Detroit MI USA
| | - Lalith K. Kumaraswamy
- Department of Radiation Medicine Roswell Park Cancer Institute State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - Jay Burmeister
- Wayne State University School of Medicine Gershenson Radiation Oncology Center Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute Detroit MI USA
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Monte Carlo based analysis and evaluation of energy spectrum for low-kV IORT spherical applicators. Z Med Phys 2020; 30:60-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Valdes-Cortez C, Niatsetski Y, Ballester F, Vijande J, Candela-Juan C, Perez-Calatayud J. On the use of the absorbed depth-dose measurements in the beam calibration of a surface electronic high-dose-rate brachytherapy unit, a Monte Carlo-based study. Med Phys 2019; 47:693-702. [PMID: 31722113 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the use of the absorbed depth-dose as a surrogate of the half-value layer in the calibration of a high-dose-rate electronic brachytherapy (eBT) equipment. The effect of the manufacturing tolerances and the absorbed depth-dose measurement uncertainties in the calibration process are also addressed. METHODS The eBT system Esteya® (Elekta Brachytherapy, Veenendaal, The Netherlands) has been chosen as a proof-of-concept to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method, using its 10 mm diameter applicator. Two calibration protocols recommended by the AAPM (TG-61) and the IAEA (TRS-398) for low-energy photon beams were evaluated. The required Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were carried out using PENELOPE2014. Several MC simulations were performed modifying the flattening filter thickness and the x-ray tube potential, generating one absorbed depth-dose curve and a complete set of parameters required in the beam calibration (i.e., HVL, backscatter factor (Bw ), and mass energy-absorption coefficient ratios (µen /ρ)water,air ), for each configuration. Fits between each parameter and some absorbed dose-ratios calculated from the absorbed depth-dose curves were established. The effect of the manufacturing tolerances and the absorbed dose-ratio uncertainties over the calibration process were evaluated by propagating their values over the fitting function, comparing the overall calibration uncertainties against reference values. We proposed four scenarios of uncertainty (from 0% to 10%) in the dose-ratio determination to evaluate its effect in the calibration process. RESULTS The manufacturing tolerance of the flattening filter (±0.035 mm) produces a change of 1.4% in the calculated HVL and a negligible effect over the Bw , (µen /ρ)water,air , and the overall calibration uncertainty. A potential variation of 14% of the electron energies due to manufacturing tolerances in the x-ray tube (69.5 ± ~10 keV) generates a variation of 10% in the HVL. However, this change has a negligible effect over the Bw and (µen /ρ)water,air , adding 0.1% to the overall calibration uncertainty. The fitting functions reproduce the data with an uncertainty (k = 2) below 1%, 0.5%, and 0.4% for the HVL, Bw , and (µen /ρ)water,air , respectively. The four studied absorbed dose-ratio uncertainty scenarios add, in the worst-case scenario, 0.2% to the overall uncertainty of the calibration process. CONCLUSIONS This work shows the feasibility of using the absorbed depth-dose curve in the calibration of an eBT system with minimal loss of precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Valdes-Cortez
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Valencia (UV), Valencia, 46100, Spain.,Radiotherapy Department, Centro Oncológico del Norte, Antofagasta, 1240000, Chile
| | - Yury Niatsetski
- R&D Elekta Brachytherapy, Waardgelder 1, 3905 TH, Veenendaal, The Netherlands
| | - Facundo Ballester
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Valencia (UV), Valencia, 46100, Spain.,IRIMED Joint Research Unit (IIS La Fe - UV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Vijande
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Valencia (UV), Valencia, 46100, Spain.,IRIMED Joint Research Unit (IIS La Fe - UV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristian Candela-Juan
- Centro Nacional de Dosimetría (CND), Instituto Nacional de Gestión Sanitaria, Valencia, 46009, Spain
| | - Jose Perez-Calatayud
- IRIMED Joint Research Unit (IIS La Fe - UV), Valencia, Spain.,Radiotherapy Department, La Fe Hospital, Valencia, 46026, Spain
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A skin dose prediction model based on in vivo dosimetry and ultrasound skin bridge measurements during intraoperative breast radiation therapy. Brachytherapy 2019; 18:720-726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Moradi F, Ung NM, Mahdiraji GA, Khandaker MU, See MH, Taib NA, Bradley DA. Evaluation of Ge-doped silica fibre TLDs forin vivodosimetry during intraoperative radiotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:08NT04. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab0d4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Investigation of the radiological properties of various phantoms for their application in low energy X-rays dosimetry. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Avanzo M, Pirrone G, Mileto M, Massarut S, Stancanello J, Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi M, Rink A, Barresi L, Vinante L, Piccoli E, Trovo M, El Naqa I, Sartor G. Prediction of skin dose in low-kV intraoperative radiotherapy using machine learning models trained on results of in vivo dosimetry. Med Phys 2019; 46:1447-1454. [PMID: 30620412 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to implement a machine learning model to predict skin dose from targeted intraoperative (TARGIT) treatment resulting in timely adoption of strategies to limit excessive skin dose. METHODS A total of 283 patients affected by invasive breast carcinoma underwent TARGIT with a prescribed dose of 6 Gy at 1 cm, after lumpectomy. Radiochromic films were used to measure the dose to the skin for each patient. Univariate statistical analysis was performed to identify correlation of physical and patient variables with measured dose. After feature selection of predictors of in vivo skin dose, machine learning models stepwise linear regression (SLR), support vector regression (SVR), ensemble with bagging or boosting, and feed forward neural networks were trained on results of in vivo dosimetry to derive models to predict skin dose. Models were evaluated by tenfold cross validation and ranked according to root mean square error (RMSE) and adjusted correlation coefficient of true vs predicted values (adj-R2 ). RESULTS The predictors correlated with in vivo dosimetry were the distance of skin from source, depth-dose in water at depth of the applicator in the breast, use of a replacement source, and irradiation time. The best performing model was SVR, which scored RMSE and adj-R2 , equal to 0.746 [95% confidence intervals (CI), 95% CI 0.737,0.756] and 0.481 (95% CI 0.468,0.494), respectively, on the tenfold cross validation. CONCLUSION The model trained on results of in vivo dosimetry can be used to predict skin dose during setup of patient for TARGIT and this allows for timely adoption of strategies to prevent of excessive skin dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Avanzo
- Division of Medical Physics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pirrone
- Division of Medical Physics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Mario Mileto
- Department of Breast Surgery, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Samuele Massarut
- Department of Breast Surgery, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Joseph Stancanello
- Division of Medical Physics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Milad Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi
- Division of Medical Physics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Alexandra Rink
- Department of Radiation Physics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Loredana Barresi
- Division of Medical Physics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Vinante
- Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Erica Piccoli
- Department of Breast Surgery, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Marco Trovo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Udine General Hospital, 33100, Udine, UD, Italy
| | - Issam El Naqa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103-493, USA
| | - Giovanna Sartor
- Division of Medical Physics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
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Ma P, Li Y, Tian Y, Liu B, Zhou F, Dai J. Design of a spherical applicator for intraoperative radiotherapy with a linear accelerator—a Monte Carlo simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 64:015014. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaec59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Valdes-Cortez C, Niatsetski Y, Perez-Calatayud J, Ballester F, Vijande J. A Monte Carlo-based dosimetric characterization of Esteya®
, an electronic surface brachytherapy unit. Med Phys 2018; 46:356-369. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Valdes-Cortez
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics; University of Valencia; Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Radiotherapy Department; Centro Oncológico de Antofagasta; Los Pumas 10255 Antofagasta Chile
| | - Yury Niatsetski
- R&D Elekta Brachytherapy; Waardgelder 1 3905 TH Veenendaal The Netherlands
| | - Jose Perez-Calatayud
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Radiofísica e Instrumentación Nuclear en Medicina (IRIMED); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS-La Fe)-Universitat de Valencia (UV); E-46026 Valencia Spain
- Radiotherapy Department; La Fe Hospital; E-46026 Valencia Spain
| | - Facundo Ballester
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics; University of Valencia; Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Radiofísica e Instrumentación Nuclear en Medicina (IRIMED); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS-La Fe)-Universitat de Valencia (UV); Burjassot 46100 Spain
| | - Javier Vijande
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics; University of Valencia; Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Radiofísica e Instrumentación Nuclear en Medicina (IRIMED); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS-La Fe)-Universitat de Valencia (UV); Burjassot 46100 Spain
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Watson PGF, Bekerat H, Papaconstadopoulos P, Davis S, Seuntjens J. An investigation into the INTRABEAM miniature x-ray source dosimetry using ionization chamber and radiochromic film measurements. Med Phys 2018; 45:4274-4286. [PMID: 29935088 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraoperative radiotherapy using The INTRABEAM System (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany), a miniature low-energy x-ray source, has proven to be an effective modality in the treatment of breast cancer. However, some uncertainties remain in its dosimetry. In this work, we investigated the INTRABEAM system dosimetry by performing ionization chamber and radiochromic film measurements of absorbed dose in a water phantom. METHODS Ionization chamber measurements were performed with a PTW 34013 parallel-plate soft x-ray chamber at source to detector distances of 5 to 30 mm calculated using (a) the dose formula consistent with the TARGIT breast protocol (TARGIT), (b) the formula recommended by the manufacturer (Zeiss), and (c) the recently proposed CQ formalism of Watson et al. (Physics in Medicine & Biology, 2018;63:015016) EBT3 Gafchromic film measurements were made at the same depths in water. To account for the energy dependence of EBT3 film, multiple dose response calibration curves were employed across a range of photon beam qualities relevant to the INTRABEAM spectrum in water. RESULTS At all depths investigated, the TARGIT dose was significantly lower than that measured by the Zeiss and CQ methods, as well as film. These dose differences ranged from 14% to as large as 80%. In general, the doses measured by film, and the Zeiss and CQ methods were in good agreement to within measurement uncertainties (5-6%). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the TARGIT dose underestimates the physical dose to water from the INTRABEAM source. Understanding the correlation between the TARGIT and physical dose is important for any studies wishing to make dosimetric comparisons between the INTRABEAM and other radiation emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Bekerat
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pavlos Papaconstadopoulos
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen Davis
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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