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Jacquet M, Ansari S, Gallin-Martel ML, André A, Boursier Y, Dupont M, Es-smimih J, Gallin-Martel L, Hérault J, Hoarau C, Hofverberg JP, Maneval D, Morel C, Muraz JF, Salicis F, Marcatili S. A high sensitivity Cherenkov detector for prompt gamma timing and time imaging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3609. [PMID: 36869125 PMCID: PMC9984540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently proposed a new approach for the real-time monitoring of particle therapy treatments with the goal of achieving high sensitivities on the particle range measurement already at limited counting statistics. This method extends the Prompt Gamma (PG) timing technique to obtain the PG vertex distribution from the exclusive measurement of particle Time-Of-Flight (TOF). It was previously shown, through Monte Carlo simulation, that an original data reconstruction algorithm (Prompt Gamma Time Imaging) allows to combine the response of multiple detectors placed around the target. The sensitivity of this technique depends on both the system time resolution and the beam intensity. At reduced intensities (Single Proton Regime-SPR), a millimetric proton range sensitivity can be achieved, provided the overall PG plus proton TOF can be measured with a 235 ps (FWHM) time resolution. At nominal beam intensities, a sensitivity of a few mm can still be obtained by increasing the number of incident protons included in the monitoring procedure. In this work we focus on the experimental feasibility of PGTI in SPR through the development of a multi-channel, Cherenkov-based PG detector with a targeted time resolution of 235 ps (FWHM): the TOF Imaging ARrAy (TIARA). Since PG emission is a rare phenomenon, TIARA design is led by the concomitant optimisation of its detection efficiency and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The PG module that we developed is composed of a small PbF[Formula: see text] crystal coupled to a silicon photoMultiplier to provide the time stamp of the PG. This module is currently read in time coincidence with a diamond-based beam monitor placed upstream the target/patient to measure the proton time of arrival. TIARA will be eventually composed of 30 identical modules uniformly arranged around the target. The absence of a collimation system and the use of Cherenkov radiators are both crucial to increase the detection efficiency and the SNR, respectively. A first prototype of the TIARA block detector was tested with 63 MeV protons delivered from a cyclotron: a time resolution of 276 ps (FWHM) was obtained, resulting in a proton range sensitivity of 4 mm at 2[Formula: see text] with the acquisition of only 600 PGs. A second prototype was also evaluated with 148 MeV protons delivered from a synchro-cyclotron obtaining a time resolution below 167 ps (FWHM) for the gamma detector. Moreover, using two identical PG modules, it was shown that a uniform sensitivity on the PG profiles would be achievable by combining the response of gamma detectors uniformly distributed around the target. This work provides the experimental proof-of-concept for the development of a high sensitivity detector that can be used to monitor particle therapy treatments and potentially act in real-time if the irradiation does not comply to treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Jacquet
- grid.5676.20000000417654326Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Saba Ansari
- grid.5676.20000000417654326Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Laure Gallin-Martel
- grid.5676.20000000417654326Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Adélie André
- grid.5676.20000000417654326Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yannick Boursier
- grid.470046.10000 0004 0452 0652Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Dupont
- grid.470046.10000 0004 0452 0652Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
| | - Jilali Es-smimih
- Ion beam application SA, 3, chemin du Cyclotron, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gallin-Martel
- grid.5676.20000000417654326Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Joël Hérault
- grid.417812.90000 0004 0639 1794Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Christophe Hoarau
- grid.5676.20000000417654326Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Daniel Maneval
- grid.417812.90000 0004 0639 1794Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Christian Morel
- grid.470046.10000 0004 0452 0652Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Muraz
- grid.5676.20000000417654326Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrice Salicis
- Ion beam application SA, 3, chemin du Cyclotron, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sara Marcatili
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Pennazio F, Ferrero V, D'Onghia G, Garbolino S, Fiorina E, Marti Villarreal OA, Mas Milian F, Monaco V, Monti V, Patera A, Werner J, Wheadon R, Rafecas M. Proton therapy monitoring: spatiotemporal emission reconstruction with prompt gamma timing and implementation with PET detectors. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [PMID: 35193131 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac5765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. In this study we introduce spatiotemporal emission reconstruction prompt gamma timing (SER-PGT), a new method to directly reconstruct the prompt photon emission in the space and time domains inside the patient in proton therapy.Approach. SER-PGT is based on the numerical optimisation of a multidimensional likelihood function, followed by a post-processing of the results. The current approach relies on a specific implementation of the maximum-likelihood expectation maximisation algorithm. The robustness of the method is guaranteed by the complete absence of any information about the target composition in the algorithm.Main results. Accurate Monte Carlo simulations indicate a range resolution of about 0.5 cm (standard deviation) when considering 107primary protons impinging on an homogeneous phantom. Preliminary results on an anthropomorphic phantom are also reported.Significance. By showing the feasibility for the reconstruction of the primary particle range using PET detectors, this study provides significant basis for the development of an hybrid in-beam PET and prompt photon device.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Felix Mas Milian
- INFN, Torino, Italy.,Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - Vincenzo Monaco
- INFN, Torino, Italy.,Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Jacquet M, Marcatili S, Gallin-Martel ML, Bouly JL, Boursier Y, Dauvergne D, Dupont M, Gallin-Martel L, Hérault J, Létang JM, Manéval D, Morel C, Muraz JF, Testa É. A time-of-flight-based reconstruction for real-time prompt-gamma imaging in proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34020438 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac03ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel prompt-gamma (PG) imaging modality for real-time monitoring in proton therapy: PG time imaging (PGTI). By measuring the time-of-flight (TOF) between a beam monitor and a PG detector, our goal is to reconstruct the PG vertex distribution in 3D. In this paper, a dedicated, non-iterative reconstruction strategy is proposed (PGTI reconstruction). Here, it was resolved under a 1D approximation to measure a proton range shift along the beam direction. In order to show the potential of PGTI in the transverse plane, a second method, based on the calculation of the centre of gravity (COG) of the TIARA pixel detectors' counts was also explored. The feasibility of PGTI was evaluated in two different scenarios. Under the assumption of a 100 ps (rms) time resolution (achievable in single proton regime), MC simulations showed that a millimetric proton range shift is detectable at 2σwith 108incident protons in simplified simulation settings. With the same proton statistics, a potential 2 mm sensitivity (at 2σwith 108incident protons) to beam displacements in the transverse plane was found using the COG method. This level of precision would allow to act in real-time if the treatment does not conform to the treatment plan. A worst case scenario of a 1 ns (rms) TOF resolution was also considered to demonstrate that a degraded timing information can be compensated by increasing the acquisition statistics: in this case, a 2 mm range shift would be detectable at 2σwith 109incident protons. By showing the feasibility of a time-based algorithm for the reconstruction of the PG vertex distribution for a simplified anatomy, this work poses a theoretical basis for the future development of a PG imaging detector based on the measurement of particle TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Jacquet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Marcatili
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Bouly
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Denis Dauvergne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Laurent Gallin-Martel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Létang
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Jean-François Muraz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Étienne Testa
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Livingstone J, Dauvergne D, Etxebeste A, Fontana M, Gallin-Martel ML, Huisman B, Létang JM, Marcatili S, Sarrut D, Testa É. Influence of sub-nanosecond time of flight resolution for online range verification in proton therapy using the line-cone reconstruction in Compton imaging. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34020434 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac03cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Online ion range monitoring in hadron therapy can be performed via detection of secondary radiation, such as promptγ-rays, emitted during treatment. The promptγemission profile is correlated with the ion depth-dose profile and can be reconstructed via Compton imaging. The line-cone reconstruction, using the intersection between the primary beam trajectory and the cone reconstructed via a Compton camera, requires negligible computation time compared to iterative algorithms. A recent report hypothesised that time of flight (TOF) based discrimination could improve the precision of theγfall-off position (FOP) measured via line-cone reconstruction, where TOF comprises both the proton transit time from the phantom entrance untilγemission, and the flight time of theγ-ray to the detector. The aim of this study was to implement such a method and investigate the influence of temporal resolution on the precision of the FOP. Monte Carlo simulations of a 160 MeV proton beam incident on a homogeneous PMMA phantom were performed using GATE. The Compton camera consisted of a silicon-based scatterer and CeBr3scintillator absorber. The temporal resolution of the detection system (absorber + beam trigger) was varied between 0.1 and 1.3 ns rms and a TOF-based discrimination method applied to eliminate unlikely solution(s) from the line-cone reconstruction. The FOP was obtained for varying temporal resolutions and its precision obtained from its shift across 100 independentγemission profiles compared to a high statistics reference profile. The optimal temporal resolution for the given camera geometry and 108primary protons was 0.2 ns where a precision of 2.30 ± 0.15 mm (1σ) on the FOP was found. This precision is comparable to current state-of-the-art Compton imaging using iterative reconstruction methods or 1D imaging with mechanically collimated devices, and satisfies the requirement of being smaller than the clinical safety margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayde Livingstone
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Dauvergne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - Ane Etxebeste
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Mattia Fontana
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Laure Gallin-Martel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - Brent Huisman
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Jean Michel Létang
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Sara Marcatili
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - David Sarrut
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Étienne Testa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, F-38026 Grenoble, France
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