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Hosseinzadeh E, Bosques-Palomo B, Carmona-Arriaga F, Fabiani MA, Aguirre-Soto A. Fabrication of Soft Transparent Patient-Specific Vascular Models with Stereolithographic 3D printing and Thiol-Based Photopolymerizable Coatings. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300611. [PMID: 38158746 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
An ideal vascular phantom should be anatomically accurate, have mechanical properties as close as possible to the tissue, and be sufficiently transparent for ease of visualization. However, materials that enable the convergence of these characteristics have remained elusive. The fabrication of patient-specific vascular phantoms with high anatomical fidelity, optical transparency, and mechanical properties close to those of vascular tissue is reported. These final properties are achieved by 3D printing patient-specific vascular models with commercial elastomeric acrylic-based resins before coating them with thiol-based photopolymerizable resins. Ternary thiol-ene-acrylate chemistry is found optimal. A PETMP/allyl glycerol ether (AGE)/polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) coating with a 30/70% AGE/PEGDA ratio applied on a flexible resin yielded elastic modulus, UTS, and elongation of 3.41 MPa, 1.76 MPa, and 63.2%, respectively, in range with the human aortic wall. The PETMP/AGE/PEGDA coating doubled the optical transmission from 40% to 80%, approaching 88% of the benchmark silicone-based elastomer. Higher transparency correlates with a decrease in surface roughness from 2000 to 90 nm after coating. Coated 3D-printed anatomical replicas are showcased for pre-procedural planning and medical training with good radio-opacity and echogenicity. Thiol-click chemistry coatings, as a surface treatment for elastomeric stereolithographic 3D-printed objects, address inherent limitations of photopolymer-based additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Hosseinzadeh
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
| | - Beatriz Bosques-Palomo
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
| | | | - Mario Alejandro Fabiani
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64710, México
| | - Alan Aguirre-Soto
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
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2
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Zhang Y, Olick-Gibson J, Khadria A, Wang LV. Photoacoustic vector tomography for deep haemodynamic imaging. Nat Biomed Eng 2023:10.1038/s41551-023-01148-5. [PMID: 38036619 PMCID: PMC11136879 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Imaging deep haemodynamics non-invasively remains a quest. Although optical imaging techniques can be used to measure blood flow, they are generally limited to imaging within ∼1 mm below the skin's surface. Here we show that such optical diffusion limit can be broken through by leveraging the spatial heterogeneity of blood and its photoacoustic contrast. Specifically, successive single-shot wide-field photoacoustic images of blood vessels can be used to visualize the frame-to-frame propagation of blood and to estimate blood flow speed and direction pixel-wise. The method, which we named photoacoustic vector tomography (PAVT), allows for the quantification of haemodynamics in veins more than 5 mm deep, as we show for regions in the hands and arms of healthy volunteers. PAVT may offer advantages for the diagnosis and monitoring of vascular diseases and for the mapping of the function of the circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Olick-Gibson
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Anjul Khadria
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Zhong X, Cao Y, Zhou P. Thermochromic Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms for Thermal Ablation Based on Polyacrylamide Gel. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:1361-1372. [PMID: 35623921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, thermal ablation has played an increasingly important role in treating various tumors in the clinic. A practical thermochromic phantom model can provide a favorable platform for clinical thermotherapy training of young physicians or calibration and optimization of thermal devices without risk to animals or human participants. To date, many tissue-mimicking thermal phantoms have been developed and are well liked, especially the polyacrylamide gel (PAG)-based phantoms. This review summarizes the PAG-based phantoms in the field of thermotherapy, details their advantages and disadvantages and provides a direction for further optimization. The relevant physical parameters (such as electrical, acoustic, and thermal properties) of these phantoms are also presented in this review, which can assist operators in a deeper understanding of these phantoms and selection of the proper recipes for phantom fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhong
- Department of Ultrasound, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuting Cao
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging & Department of Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Cabrelli LC, Uliana JH, da Cruz Junior LB, Bachmann L, Carneiro AAO, Pavan TZ. Glycerol-in-SEBS gel as a material to manufacture stable wall-less vascular phantom for ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 7. [PMID: 34496358 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac24d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) copolymer-in-mineral oil gel is an appropriate tissue-mimicking material to manufacture stable phantoms for ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging. Glycerol dispersion has been proposed to further tune the acoustic properties and to incorporate hydrophilic additives into SEBS gel. However, this type of material has not been investigated to produce wall-less vascular flow phantom for these imaging modalities. In this paper, the development of a wall-less vascular phantom for ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging is reported. Mixtures of glycerol/TiO2-in-SEBS gel samples were manufactured at different proportions of glycerol (10%, 15%, and 20%) and TiO2(0% to 0.5%) to characterize their optical and acoustic properties. Optical absorption in the 500-950 nm range was independent of the amount of glycerol and TiO2, while optical scattering increased linearly with the concentration of TiO2. Acoustic attenuation and speed of sound were not influenced by the presence of TiO2. The sample manufactured using weight percentages of 10% SEBS, 15% glycerol, and 0.2% TiO2was selected to make the vascular phantom. The phantom proved to be stable during the pulsatile blood-mimicking fluid (BMF) flow, without any observed damage to its structure or leaks. Ultrasound color Doppler images showed a typical laminar flow, while the B-mode images showed a homogeneous speckled pattern due to the presence of the glycerol droplets in the gel. The photoacoustic images of the phantom showed a well-defined signal coming from the surface of the phantom and from the vessels where BMF was flowing. The Spearman's correlations between the photoacoustic and tabulated spectra calculated from the regions containing BMF, in this case a mixture of salt solutions (NiCl2and CuSO4), were higher than 0.95. Our results demonstrated that glycerol-in-SEBS gel was an adequate material to make a stable vascular flow phantom for ultrasound photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana C Cabrelli
- Departamento de Física, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Joao H Uliana
- Departamento de Física, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Bachmann
- Departamento de Física, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio A O Carneiro
- Departamento de Física, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Theo Z Pavan
- Departamento de Física, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Development and Proof of Concept of a Low-Cost Ultrasound Training Model for Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis Using 3D Printing. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061106. [PMID: 34204495 PMCID: PMC8234468 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Currently, ultrasound (US) is widely used for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Our aim was to develop a low-cost US training model for diagnosis of GCA of the temporal and axillary artery using a modern 3D printing system. Methods: We designed an US training model, which enables measurement of the intima-media thickness (IMT) of temporal and axillary arteries using Autodesk Fusion360. This model was printed using a modern 3D printer (Formlabs Form3) and embedded in ballistic gelatine. The ultrasound images including measurement of the IMT by ultrasound specialists in GCA were compared to ultrasound images in acute GCA and healthy subjects. Results: Our ultrasound training model of the axillary and temporal artery displayed a very similar ultrasound morphology compared to real US images and fulfilled the OMERACT ultrasound definitions of normal and pathological temporal and axillary arteries in GCA. The IMT measurements were in line with published cut-off values for normal and pathological IMT values in GCA and healthy individuals. When testing the models on blinded US specialists in GCA, they were identified correctly in all test rounds with an intra-class coefficient of 0.99. Conclusion: The production of low-cost ultrasound training models of normal and pathological temporal and axillary arteries in GCA, which fulfil the OMERACT ultrasound definitions and adhere to the published IMT cut-off values in GCA, is feasible. Ultrasound specialists identified each respective model correctly in every case.
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Pravdivtseva MS, Peschke E, Lindner T, Wodarg F, Hensler J, Gabbert D, Voges I, Berg P, Barker AJ, Jansen O, Hövener JB. 3D-printed, patient-specific intracranial aneurysm models: From clinical data to flow experiments with endovascular devices. Med Phys 2021; 48:1469-1484. [PMID: 33428778 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Flow models of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) can be used to test new and existing endovascular treatments with flow modulation devices (FMDs). Additionally, 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the ability to measure hemodynamics. This way, the effect of FMDs can be determined noninvasively and compared to patient data. Here, we describe a cost-effective method for producing flow models to test the efficiency of FMDs with 4D flow MRI. METHODS The models were based on human radiological data (internal carotid and basilar arteries) and printed in 3D with stereolithography. The models were printed with three different printing layers (25, 50, and 100 µm thickness). To evaluate the models in vitro, 3D rotational angiography, time-of-flight MRI, and 4D flow MRI were employed. The flow and geometry of one model were compared with in vivo data. Two FMDs (FMD1 and FMD2) were deployed into two different IA models, and the effect on the flow was estimated by 4D flow MRI. RESULTS Models printed with different layer thicknesses exhibited similar flow and little geometric variation. The mean spatial difference between the vessel geometry measured in vivo and in vitro was 0.7 ± 1.1 mm. The main flow features, such as vortices in the IAs, were reproduced. The velocities in the aneurysms were similar in vivo and in vitro (mean velocity magnitude: 5.4 ± 7.6 and 7.7 ± 8.6 cm/s, maximum velocity magnitude: 72.5 and 55.1 cm/s). By deploying FMDs, the mean velocity was reduced in the IAs (from 8.3 ± 10 to 4.3 ± 9.32 cm/s for FMD1 and 9.9 ± 12.1 to 2.1 ± 5.6 cm/s for FMD2). CONCLUSIONS The presented method allows to produce neurovascular models in approx. 15 to 30 h. The resulting models were found to be geometrically accurate, reproducing the main flow patterns, and suitable for implanting FMDs as well as 4D flow MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya S Pravdivtseva
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Kiel, Germany.,Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany.,University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Peschke
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Kiel, Germany.,Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany.,University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindner
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fritz Wodarg
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes Hensler
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Dominik Gabbert
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Inga Voges
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Berg
- Department of Fluid Dynamics and Technical Flows, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Campus STIMULATE, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alex J Barker
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Olav Jansen
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Kiel, Germany.,Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany.,University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Mackle EC, Shapey J, Maneas E, Saeed SR, Bradford R, Ourselin S, Vercauteren T, Desjardins AE. Patient-Specific Polyvinyl Alcohol Phantom Fabrication with Ultrasound and X-Ray Contrast for Brain Tumor Surgery Planning. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32744524 PMCID: PMC7610642 DOI: 10.3791/61344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phantoms are essential tools for clinical training, surgical planning and the development of novel medical devices. However, it is challenging to create anatomically accurate head phantoms with realistic brain imaging properties because standard fabrication methods are not optimized to replicate any patient-specific anatomical detail and 3D printing materials are not optimized for imaging properties. In order to test and validate a novel navigation system for use during brain tumor surgery, an anatomically accurate phantom with realistic imaging and mechanical properties was required. Therefore, a phantom was developed using real patient data as input and 3D printing of molds to fabricate a patient-specific head phantom comprising the skull, brain and tumor with both ultrasound and X-ray contrast. The phantom also had mechanical properties that allowed the phantom tissue to be manipulated in a similar manner to how human brain tissue is handled during surgery. The phantom was successfully tested during a surgical simulation in a virtual operating room. The phantom fabrication method uses commercially available materials and is easy to reproduce. The 3D printing files can be readily shared, and the technique can be adapted to encompass many different types of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Mackle
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London;
| | - Jonathan Shapey
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London; Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London
| | - Efthymios Maneas
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London
| | - Shakeel R Saeed
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; The Ear Institute, University College London; The Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, London
| | - Robert Bradford
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London
| | - Tom Vercauteren
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London
| | - Adrien E Desjardins
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London
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