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Fleta C, Pellegrini G, Godignon P, Rodríguez FG, Paz-Martín J, Kranzer R, Schüller A. State-of-the-art silicon carbide diode dosimeters for ultra-high dose-per-pulse radiation at FLASH radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:095013. [PMID: 38530300 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad37eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Objective.The successful implementation of FLASH radiotherapy in clinical settings, with typical dose rates >40 Gy s-1, requires accurate real-time dosimetry.Approach.Silicon carbide (SiC) p-n diode dosimeters designed for the stringent requirements of FLASH radiotherapy have been fabricated and characterized in an ultra-high pulse dose rate electron beam. The circular SiC PiN diodes were fabricated at IMB-CNM (CSIC) in 3μm epitaxial 4H-SiC. Their characterization was performed in PTB's ultra-high pulse dose rate reference electron beam. The SiC diode was operated without external bias voltage. The linearity of the diode response was investigated up to doses per pulse (DPP) of 11 Gy and pulse durations ranging from 3 to 0.5μs. Percentage depth dose measurements were performed in ultra-high dose per pulse conditions. The effect of the total accumulated dose of 20 MeV electrons in the SiC diode sensitivity was evaluated. The temperature dependence of the response of the SiC diode was measured in the range 19 °C-38 °C. The temporal response of the diode was compared to the time-resolved beam current during each electron beam pulse. A diamond prototype detector (flashDiamond) and Alanine measurements were used for reference dosimetry.Main results.The SiC diode response was independent both of DPP and of pulse dose rate up to at least 11 Gy per pulse and 4 MGy s-1, respectively, with tolerable deviation for relative dosimetry (<3%). When measuring the percentage depth dose under ultra-high dose rate conditions, the SiC diode performed comparably well to the reference flashDiamond. The sensitivity reduction after 100 kGy accumulated dose was <2%. The SiC diode was able to follow the temporal structure of the 20 MeV electron beam even for irregular pulse estructures. The measured temperature coefficient was (-0.079 ± 0.005)%/°C.Significance.The results of this study demonstrate for the first time the suitability of silicon carbide diodes for relative dosimetry in ultra-high dose rate pulsed electron beams up to a DPP of 11 Gy per pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Fleta
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giulio Pellegrini
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Godignon
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Faustino Gómez Rodríguez
- Departamento de Física de Partículas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Laboratorio de Radiofísica, RIAIDT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Paz-Martín
- Departamento de Física de Partículas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Kranzer
- PTW-Freiburg (R&D), Freiburg 79115, Germany
- University Clinic for Medical Radiation Physics, Medical Campus Pius Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26121, Germany
| | - Andreas Schüller
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
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Nicolucci P, Gambaro G, Araujo Silva KM, Souza Lima I, Baffa O, Pasquarelli A. XMEA: A New Hybrid Diamond Multielectrode Array for the In Situ Assessment of the Radiation Dose Enhancement by Nanoparticles. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2409. [PMID: 38676026 PMCID: PMC11053603 DOI: 10.3390/s24082409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a novel multielectrode array (MEA) to quantitatively assess the dose enhancement factor (DEF) produced in a medium by embedded nanoparticles. The MEA has 16 nanocrystalline diamond electrodes (in a cell-culture well), and a single-crystal diamond divided into four quadrants for X-ray dosimetry. DEF was assessed in water solutions with up to a 1000 µg/mL concentration of silver, platinum, and gold nanoparticles. The X-ray detectors showed a linear response to radiation dose (r2 ≥ 0.9999). Overall, platinum and gold nanoparticles produced a dose enhancement in the medium (maximum of 1.9 and 3.1, respectively), while silver nanoparticles produced a shielding effect (maximum of 37%), lowering the dose in the medium. This work shows that the novel MEA can be a useful tool in the quantitative assessment of radiation dose enhancement due to nanoparticles. Together with its suitability for cells' exocytosis studies, it proves to be a highly versatile device for several applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Nicolucci
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil; (P.N.); (I.S.L.); (O.B.)
| | - Guilherme Gambaro
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil; (P.N.); (I.S.L.); (O.B.)
| | - Kyssylla Monnyelle Araujo Silva
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil; (P.N.); (I.S.L.); (O.B.)
| | - Iara Souza Lima
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil; (P.N.); (I.S.L.); (O.B.)
| | - Oswaldo Baffa
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil; (P.N.); (I.S.L.); (O.B.)
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute of Electron Devices and Circuits, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Quantitative comparison of different dosimetry methods in orthovoltage X-ray therapy. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mohyedin MZ, Zin HM, Adenan MZ, Abdul Rahman AT. A Review of PRESAGE Radiochromic Polymer and the Compositions for Application in Radiotherapy Dosimetry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2887. [PMID: 35890665 PMCID: PMC9320230 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in radiotherapy technology and techniques have allowed a highly conformal radiation to be delivered to the tumour target inside the body for cancer treatment. A three-dimensional (3D) dosimetry system is required to verify the accuracy of the complex treatment delivery. A 3D dosimeter based on the radiochromic response of a polymer towards ionising radiation has been introduced as the PRESAGE dosimeter. The polyurethane dosimeter matrix is combined with a leuco-dye and a free radical initiator, whose colour changes in proportion to the radiation dose. In the previous decade, PRESAGE gained improvement and enhancement as a 3D dosimeter. Notably, PRESAGE overcomes the limitations of its predecessors, the Fricke gel and the polymer gel dosimeters, which are challenging to fabricate and read out, sensitive to oxygen, and sensitive to diffusion. This article aims to review the characteristics of the radiochromic dosimeter and its clinical applications. The formulation of PRESAGE shows a delicate balance between the number of radical initiators, metal compounds, and catalysts to achieve stability, optimal sensitivity, and water equivalency. The applications of PRESAGE in advanced radiotherapy treatment verifications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zamir Mohyedin
- School of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre of Astrophysics & Applied Radiation, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hafiz Mohd Zin
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13700, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Zulfadli Adenan
- Centre of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor Campus of Puncak Alam, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman
- School of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre of Astrophysics & Applied Radiation, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
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Jäger A, Wegener S, Sauer OA. Dose rate correction for a silicon diode detector array. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:144-151. [PMID: 34519437 PMCID: PMC8504598 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A signal dependence on dose rate was reported for the ArcCHECK array due to recombination processes within the diodes. The purpose of our work was to quantify the necessary correction and apply them to quality assurance measurements. Methods Static 10 × 10 cm2 6‐MV fields delivered by a linear accelerator were applied to the detector array while decreasing the average dose rate, that is, the pulse frequency, from 500 to 30 MU/min. An ion chamber was placed inside the ArcCHECK cavity as a reference. Furthermore, the instantaneous dose rate dependence (DRD) was studied. The position of the detector was adjusted to change the dose‐per‐pulse, varying the distance between the focus and the diode closest to the focus between 69.6 and 359.6 cm. Reference measurements were performed with an ion chamber placed inside a PMMA slab phantom at the same source‐to‐detector distances (SDDs). Exponential saturation functions were fitted to the data, with different parameters to account for two generations of ArcCHECK detectors (types 2 and 3) and both DRDs. Corrections were applied to 12 volumetric modulated arc therapy plans. Results The sensitivity decreased by up to 2.8% with a decrease in average dose rate and by 9% with a decrease in instantaneous dose rate. Correcting the average DRD, the mean gamma pass rates (2%/2‐mm criterion) of the treatment plans were improved by 5 percentage points (PP) for diode type 3 and 0.4 PP for type 2. Correcting the instantaneous DRD, the improvement was 8.4 PP for type 3 and 0.9 PP for type 2. Conclusions The instantaneous DRD was identified as the prevailing effect on the diode sensitivity. We developed and validated a method to correct this behavior. The number of falsely not passed treatment plans could be considerably reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jäger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Wegener
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Otto A Sauer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Ristic GS, Ilic SD, Duane R, Andjelkovic MS, Palma AJ, Lallena AM, Krstic MD, Stankovic SJ, Jaksic AB. Radiation sensitive MOSFETs irradiated with various positive gate biases. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16878507.2021.1970921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goran S. Ristic
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Stefan D. Ilic
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Russell Duane
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Alberto J. Palma
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio M. Lallena
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Milos D. Krstic
- IHP, Leibniz-Institut Für Innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt Oder, Germany
| | - Srboljub J. Stankovic
- Department of Radiation and Environmental Protection, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
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Isidori T, McCavana P, McClean B, McNulty R, Minafra N, Raab N, Rock L, Royon C. Performance of a low gain avalanche detector in a medical linac and characterisation of the beam profile. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34038869 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Low gain avalanche detectors can measure charged particle fluences with high speed and spatial precision, and are a promising technology for radiation monitoring and dosimetry. A detector has been tested in a medical linac where single particles were observed with a time resolution of 50 ps. The integrated response is similar to a standard ionising chamber but with a spatial precision twenty times finer, and a temporal precision over 100 million times better, with the capability to measure the charge deposited by a single linac pulse. The unprecedented resolving power allows the structure of the ∼3 μs linac pulses to be viewed and the 350 ps sub-pulses in the train to be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Isidori
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America
| | - P McCavana
- St. Luke's Hospital, Rathgar, Dublin 6, Ireland.,School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - B McClean
- St. Luke's Hospital, Rathgar, Dublin 6, Ireland.,School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R McNulty
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - N Minafra
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America
| | - N Raab
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - L Rock
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Beacon Hospital, Sandyford, Dublin 18, Ireland
| | - C Royon
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America
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Ruiz-García I, Román-Raya J, Banqueri J, Palma AJ, Guirado D, A Carvajal M. Commercial photodiodes and phototransistors as dosimeters of photon beams for radiotherapy. Med Phys 2021; 48:5440-5447. [PMID: 33955015 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The response to radiation typically used in radiotherapy treatments has been experimentally evaluated for three samples of two phototransistors (BPW85B and OP505A) and two PIN photodiodes types (VTB8440BH and BPW34S). METHODS To that end, a staggered irradiation cycle has been applied which included dose rate values from 0.81 to 4.87 cGy/s, achieving a total absorbed dose of 21.4 Gy. The samples have been irradiated with a linear accelerator and the relations between the induced photocurrent and the average and instantaneous dose rates, and between the accumulated charge and the absorbed dose, have been determined. The radiation-induced output currents were measured by means of an external interface of the devices to a previously designed readout unit. RESULTS Experimental results of Si PIN photodiode BPW34S have shown a sensitivity of (13.9 ± 0.5) nC/cGy, slight sensitivity dependence on dose rate, and a high linearity of the current with the average and instantaneous dose rate, requiring only 10 V of reverse bias voltage. This device thermal drift has characterized and modeled for temperature effect compensation. CONCLUSIONS Silicon PIN photodiode BPW34S, previously tested for X-rays and Co-60 gamma ray source, can also be a reliable candidate for dose rate and absorbed skin dose determination in typical radiotherapy treatments irradiations. A low sensitivity loss below 2% up to 21.4 Gy has been measured, allowing its use as an affordable reusable skin dosimeter. Moreover, no significant difference has been observed between its response to dose-per-pulse and changing pulse repetition frequency in terms of sensitivity and dependence with dose-rate value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Ruiz-García
- ECSens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Banqueri
- ECSens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto J Palma
- ECSens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Damián Guirado
- San Cecilio Clinical University Hospital, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio Unidad de Radiofísica, Granada, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Carvajal
- ECSens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Debnath SBC, Tonneau D, Fauquet C, Tallet A, Goncalves A, Darreon J. Dosimetric characterization of a small-scale (Zn,Cd)S:Ag inorganic scintillating detector to be used in radiotherapy. Phys Med 2021; 84:15-23. [PMID: 33813200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In modern radiotherapy techniques, to ensure an accurate beam modeling process, dosimeters with high accuracy and spatial resolution are required. Therefore, this work aims to propose a simple, robust, and a small-scale fiber-integrated X-ray inorganic detector and investigate the dosimetric characteristics used in radiotherapy. METHODS The detector is based on red-emitting silver-activated zinc-cadmium sulfide (Zn,Cd)S:Ag nanoclusters and the proposed system has been tested under 6 MV photons with standard dose rate used in the patient treatment protocol. The article presents the performances of the detector in terms of dose linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, percentage depth dose distribution, and field output factor. A comparative study is shown using a microdiamond dosimeter and considering data from recent literature. RESULTS We accurately measured a small field beam profile of 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 at a spatial resolution of 100 µm using a LINAC system. The dose linearity at 400 MU/min has shown less than 0.53% and 1.10% deviations from perfect linearity for the regular and smallest field. Percentage depth dose measurement agrees with microdiamond measurements within 1.30% and 2.94%, respectively for regular to small field beams. Besides, the stem effect analysis shows a negligible contribution in the measurements for fields smaller than 3x3 cm2. This study highlights the drastic decrease of the convolution effect using a point-like detector, especially in small dimension beam characterization. Field output factor has shown a good agreement while comparing it with the microdiamond dosimeter. CONCLUSION All the results presented here anticipated that the developed detector can accurately measure delivered dose to the region of interest, claim accurate depth dose distribution hence it can be a suitable candidate for beam characterization and quality assurance of LINAC system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Tonneau
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Carole Fauquet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Agnes Tallet
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Goncalves
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7258, INSERM UMR 1068, CRCM, 13009 Marseille, France
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Hsing CH, Oanh LDH, Chao TC, Lee CC, Hong JH, Cheng CC, Tseng CK, Tung CJ. MOSFET dose measurements for proton SOBP beam. Phys Med 2021; 81:185-190. [PMID: 33465755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work was to develop a computational scheme for the correction of the LET dependence on the MOSFET response in water phantom dose measurements for a spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) proton beam. METHODS The LET dependence of MOSFET was attributed to the stopping power ratio of SiO2 to H2O and to the fractional hole yield in the SiO2 layer. Using literature values for the stopping powers of the continuous slowing down approximation and measured fractional hole yields vs. electric field and LET, formulas were derived for the computation of a dose-weighted correction factor of a SOBP beam. RESULTS Dose-weighted correction factors were computed for a clinical 190-MeV proton SOBP beam in a high-density polyethylene phantom. By applying correction factors to the SOBP beam, which consisted of weighted monoenergetic Bragg peaks, the MOSFET outputs were predicted and agreed well with the measured MOSFET responses. CONCLUSION By applying LET dependent correction factors to MOSFET data, quality assurance of dose verification based on MOSFET measurements becomes possible for proton therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Hsing
- Medical Physics Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; Particle Physics and Beam Delivery Core Laboratory, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Luu Dang Hoang Oanh
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Tsi-Chian Chao
- Medical Physics Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Lee
- Medical Physics Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Hong Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Cheng
- National Space Organization, 8F, No.9, Prosperity 1st Rd., Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 33378, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kai Tseng
- National Space Organization, 8F, No.9, Prosperity 1st Rd., Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 33378, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Jong Tung
- Medical Physics Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
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