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Choi H, Barker E, Abduljabar AA, Anumba D, Porch A. Cervical Tissue Hydration Level Monitoring by a Resonant Microwave Coaxial Probe. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9527. [PMID: 36502229 PMCID: PMC9738423 DOI: 10.3390/s22239527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cervical tissue hydration level is one of the most important parameters to monitor in the early diagnosis of preterm birth. Electrical-impedance-spectroscopy-based techniques are often used, but they suffer from limited accuracy. Open microwave coaxial probes have been widely used as a broadband dielectric characterization technique for human tissue samples due to their versatility, but with limited accuracy due to their nonresonant nature. In this work, a resonant microwave open coaxial probe with multiple harmonic resonances is proposed as a sensing platform for tissue-hydration-level monitoring. The mechanical design was analyzed and verified by finite-element full 3D electromagnetic simulation and experiments. Dominant sources of errors and the ways to mitigate them were discussed. In vitro experiments were carried out on human cervix samples to verify the precision and accuracy by comparing the results to a commercial skin-hydration sensor. The proposed sensor shows mean fractional frequency shift of (3.3 ± 0.3) × 10-4 per unit % over the entire data. This translates into an absolute frequency shift (ΔfN) of 252 ± 23 kHz/%, 455 ± 41 kHz/%, and 647 ± 57 kHz/% at second, fourth, and sixth harmonic resonance, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heungjae Choi
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, 14-17 The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Emilia Barker
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, 19 Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | | | - Dilly Anumba
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, JW4/40, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK
| | - Adrian Porch
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, 14-17 The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
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Abdul Halim SF, Zakaria Z, Pusppanathan J, Mohd Noor A, Norali AN, Fazalul Rahiman MH, Mohd Muji SZ, Abdul Rahim R, Engku-Husna EI, Ali Hassan MK, Aziz Safar MJ, Salleh AF, Mat Som MH. A Review on Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy Potential for Fetal Acidosis Examination. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041334. [PMID: 35214235 PMCID: PMC8963069 DOI: 10.3390/s22041334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fetal acidosis is one of the main concerns during labor. Currently, fetal blood sampling (FBS) has become the most accurate measurement of acidosis detection. However, it is invasive and does not provide a real time measurement due to laboratory procedures. Delays in diagnosis of acidosis have caused serious injury to the fetus, especially for the brain and the heart. This paper reviews the new technique in diagnosis of acidosis non-invasively. Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy (MIS) has been proposed to be a new device for acidosis detection in recent years. This paper explains the basic principle of MIS and outlines the design specifications and design considerations for a MIS pH probe. It is expected that readers will gain a basic understanding of the development of a MIS pH probe from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Fatimah Abdul Halim
- Biomedical Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (S.F.A.H.); (A.M.N.); (A.N.N.); (A.F.S.); (M.H.M.S.)
| | - Zulkarnay Zakaria
- Biomedical Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (S.F.A.H.); (A.M.N.); (A.N.N.); (A.F.S.); (M.H.M.S.)
- Medical Device & Life Sciences Cluster, Sports Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (M.K.A.H.); (M.J.A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaysuman Pusppanathan
- Sport Innovation & Technology Centre (SiTC), Institute of Human Centered Engineering (iHumen), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Anas Mohd Noor
- Biomedical Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (S.F.A.H.); (A.M.N.); (A.N.N.); (A.F.S.); (M.H.M.S.)
- Medical Device & Life Sciences Cluster, Sports Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (M.K.A.H.); (M.J.A.S.)
| | - Ahmad Nasrul Norali
- Biomedical Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (S.F.A.H.); (A.M.N.); (A.N.N.); (A.F.S.); (M.H.M.S.)
- Medical Device & Life Sciences Cluster, Sports Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (M.K.A.H.); (M.J.A.S.)
| | | | - Siti Zarina Mohd Muji
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Ruzairi Abdul Rahim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Engku Ismail Engku-Husna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Muhamad Khairul Ali Hassan
- Medical Device & Life Sciences Cluster, Sports Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (M.K.A.H.); (M.J.A.S.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Juhairi Aziz Safar
- Medical Device & Life Sciences Cluster, Sports Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (M.K.A.H.); (M.J.A.S.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Faizal Salleh
- Biomedical Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (S.F.A.H.); (A.M.N.); (A.N.N.); (A.F.S.); (M.H.M.S.)
- Medical Device & Life Sciences Cluster, Sports Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (M.K.A.H.); (M.J.A.S.)
| | - Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
- Biomedical Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (S.F.A.H.); (A.M.N.); (A.N.N.); (A.F.S.); (M.H.M.S.)
- Medical Device & Life Sciences Cluster, Sports Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (M.K.A.H.); (M.J.A.S.)
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Chen J, Li G, Chen M, Jin G, Zhao S, Bai Z, Yang J, Liang H, Xu J, Sun J, Qin M. A noninvasive flexible conformal sensor for accurate real-time monitoring of local cerebral edema based on electromagnetic induction. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10079. [PMID: 33083136 PMCID: PMC7546241 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema (CE) is a non-specific pathological swelling of the brain secondary to any type of neurological injury. The real-time monitoring of focal CE mostly found in early stage is of great significance to reduce mortality and disability. Magnetic Induction Phase Shift (MIPS) is expected to achieve non-invasive continuous monitoring of CE. However, most existing MIPS sensors are made of hard materials which makes it difficult to accurately retrieve CE information. In this article, we designed a conformal two-coil structure and a single-coil structure, and studied their sensitivity map using finite element method (FEM). After that, the conformal MIPS sensor that is preferable for local CE monitoring was fabricated by flexible printed circuit (FPC). Next, physical experiments were conducted to investigate its performance on different levels of simulated CE solution volume, measurement distance, and bending. Subsequently, 14 rabbits were chosen to establish CE model and another three rabbits were selected as controls. The 24-hour MIPS real-time monitoring experiments was carried out to verify that the feasibility. Results showed a gentler attenuation trend of the conformal two-coil structure, compared with the single-coil structure. In addition, the novel flexible conformal MIPS sensor has a characteristic of being robust to bending according to the physical experiments. The results of animal experiments showed that the sensor can be used for CE monitoring. It can be concluded that this flexible conformal MIPS sensor is desirable for local focusing measurement of CE and subsequent multidimensional information extraction for predicting model. Also, it enables a much more comfortable environment for long-time bedside monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gen Li
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingsheng Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gui Jin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shuanglin Zhao
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zelin Bai
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Huayou Liang
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center Low Speed Aerodynamic Institute, Mianyang, China
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingxin Qin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Muttakin I, Soleimani M. Magnetic Induction Tomography Spectroscopy for Structural and Functional Characterization in Metallic Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2639. [PMID: 32527072 PMCID: PMC7321602 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic induction tomography (MIT) is a powerful imaging system for monitoring the state of metallic materials. Tomographic methods enable automatic inspection of metallic samples making use of multi-sensor measurements and data processing of eddy current-based sensing from mutual inductances. This paper investigates a multi-frequency MIT using both amplitude and phase data. The image reconstruction algorithm is based on a novel spectrally-correlative total variation method allowing an efficient and all-in-one spectral reconstruction. Additionally, the paper shows the rate of change in spectral images with respect to the excitation frequencies. Using both spectral maps and their spectral derivative maps, one can derive key structural and functional information regarding the material under test. This includes their type, size, number, existence of voids and cracks. Spectral maps can also give functional information, such as mechanical strains and their thermal conditions and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuchehr Soleimani
- Engineering Tomography Laboratory (ETL), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
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Zhang Z, Roula MA, Dinsdale R. Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy for Biomass Measurement: A Feasibility Study. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19122765. [PMID: 31226728 PMCID: PMC6631020 DOI: 10.3390/s19122765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Biomass measurement and monitoring is a challenge in a number of biotechnology processes where fast, inexpensive, and non-contact measurement techniques would be of great benefit. Magnetic induction spectroscopy (MIS) is a novel non-destructive and contactless impedance measurement technique with many potential industrial and biomedical applications. The aim of this paper is to use computer modeling and experimental measurements to prove the suitability of the MIS system developed at the University of South Wales for controlled biomass measurements. Methods: The paper reports experimental measurements conducted on saline solutions and yeast suspensions at different concentrations to test the detection performance of the MIS system. The commercial electromagnetic simulation software CST was used to simulate the measurement outcomes with saline solutions and compare them with those of the actual measurements. We adopted two different ways for yeast suspension preparation to assess the system’s sensitivity and accuracy. Results: For saline solutions, the simulation results agree well with the measurement results, and the MIS system was able to distinguish saline solutions at different concentrations even in the small range of 0–1.6 g/L. For yeast suspensions, regardless of the preparation method, the MIS system can reliably distinguish yeast suspensions with lower concentrations 0–20 g/L. The conductivity spectrum of yeast suspensions present excellent separability between different concentrations and dielectric dispersion property at concentrations higher than 100 g/L. Conclusions: The South Wales MIS system can achieve controlled yeast measurements with high sensitivity and stability, and it shows promising potential applications, with further development, for cell biology research where contactless monitoring of cellular density is of relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Mohammed Ali Roula
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK.
| | - Richard Dinsdale
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK.
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