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Onsager CC, Wang C, Costakis C, Aygen CC, Lang L, van der Lee S, Grayson MA. Sensitivity volume as figure-of-merit for maximizing data importance in electrical impedance tomography. Physiol Meas 2024; 45:045004. [PMID: 38624240 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive imaging method whereby electrical measurements on the periphery of a heterogeneous conductor are inverted to map its internal conductivity. The EIT method proposed here aims to improve computational speed and noise tolerance by introducing sensitivity volume as a figure-of-merit for comparing EIT measurement protocols.Approach.Each measurement is shown to correspond to a sensitivity vector in model space, such that the set of measurements, in turn, corresponds to a set of vectors that subtend a sensitivity volume in model space. A maximal sensitivity volume identifies the measurement protocol with the greatest sensitivity and greatest mutual orthogonality. A distinguishability criterion is generalized to quantify the increased noise tolerance of high sensitivity measurements.Main result.The sensitivity volume method allows the model space dimension to be minimized to match that of the data space, and the data importance to be increased within an expanded space of measurements defined by an increased number of contacts.Significance.The reduction in model space dimension is shown to increasecomputational efficiency, accelerating tomographic inversion by several orders of magnitude, while the enhanced sensitivitytolerates higher noiselevels up to several orders of magnitude larger than standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Onsager
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Chulin Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Charles Costakis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Can C Aygen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Lauren Lang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Suzan van der Lee
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew A Grayson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
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Byrne DP, Studer N, Secombe C, Cieslewicz A, Hosgood G, Raisis A, Adler A, Mosing M. Validation of three-dimensional thoracic electrical impedance tomography of horses during normal and increased tidal volumes. Physiol Meas 2024; 45:035010. [PMID: 38422515 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad2eb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Data from two-plane electrical impedance tomography (EIT) can be reconstructed into various slices of functional lung images, allowing for more complete visualisation and assessment of lung physiology in health and disease. The aim of this study was to confirm the ability of 3D EIT to visualise normal lung anatomy and physiology at rest and during increased ventilation (represented by rebreathing).Approach. Two-plane EIT data, using two electrode planes 20 cm apart, were collected in 20 standing sedate horses at baseline (resting) conditions, and during rebreathing. EIT data were reconstructed into 3D EIT whereby tidal impedance variation (TIV), ventilated area, and right-left and ventral-dorsal centres of ventilation (CoVRLand CoVVD, respectively) were calculated in cranial, middle and caudal slices of lung, from data collected using the two planes of electrodes.Main results. There was a significant interaction of time and slice for TIV (p< 0.0001) with TIV increasing during rebreathing in both caudal and middle slices. The ratio of right to left ventilated area was higher in the cranial slice, in comparison to the caudal slice (p= 0.0002). There were significant effects of time and slice on CoVVDwhereby the cranial slice was more ventrally distributed than the caudal slice (p< 0.0009 for the interaction).Significance. The distribution of ventilation in the three slices corresponds with topographical anatomy of the equine lung. This study confirms that 3D EIT can accurately represent lung anatomy and changes in ventilation distribution during rebreathing in standing sedate horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Cristy Secombe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Giselle Hosgood
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthea Raisis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andy Adler
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottowa, ON, Canada
| | - Martina Mosing
- Anaesthesia and Perioperative Intensive Care, Department of Companion Animals and Horses Vetmeduni, Vienna, Austria
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Frerichs I, Vogt B, Deuss K, Hennig V, Schädler D, Händel C. Distribution of regional lung function in upright healthy subjects determined by electrical impedance tomography in two chest examination planes. Physiol Meas 2024; 45:015001. [PMID: 38096575 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad15ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The variation in pulmonary gas content induced by ventilation is not uniformly distributed in the lungs. The aim of our study was to characterize the differences in spatial distribution of ventilation in two transverse sections of the chest using electrical impedance tomography (EIT).Approach. Twenty adult never-smokers, 10 women and 10 men (mean age ± SD, 31 ± 9 years), were examined in a sitting position with the EIT electrodes placed consecutively in a caudal (6th intercostal space) and a cranial (4th intercostal space) chest location. EIT data were acquired during quiet breathing, slow and forced full expiration manoeuvres. Impedance variations representing tidal volume (VT), vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were calculated at the level of individual image pixels and their spatial distribution was determined using the following EIT measures: the centres of ventilation in ventrodorsal (CoVvd) and right-to-left direction (CoVrl), the dorsal and right fractions of ventilation, the coefficient of variation (CV) and the global inhomogeneity (GI) index.Main results. The sums of pixel ventilation-related impedance variations reproduced reliably the volumetric dissimilarities amongVT, VC, FEV1and FVC, with no significant differences noted between the two examination planes. Significant differences in ventilation distribution were found between the planes during tidal breathing and slow full expiration, mainly regarding the ventrodorsal direction, with higher values of CoVvdand dorsal fraction of ventilation in the caudal plane (p< 0.01). No significant differences in the spatial distribution of FEV1and FVC were detected between the examination planes.Significance. The spatial distribution of ventilation differed between the two examination planes only during the relaxed (quiet breathing and slow VC manoeuvre) but not during the forced ventilation. This effect is attributable to the differences in thoracoabdominal mechanics between these types of ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Frerichs
- University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kiel, Germany
| | - B Vogt
- University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kiel, Germany
| | - K Deuss
- University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kiel, Germany
| | - V Hennig
- University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kiel, Germany
| | - D Schädler
- University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Händel
- University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kiel, Germany
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Shishvan OR, Abdelwahab A, da Rosa NB, Saulnier GJ, Mueller JL, Newell J, Isaacson D. ACT5 Electrical Impedance Tomography System. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2024; 71:227-236. [PMID: 37459258 PMCID: PMC10798853 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2023.3295771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article introduces the Adaptive Current Tomograph 5 (ACT5) Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) system. ACT5 is a 32 electrode applied-current multiple-source EIT system that can display real-time images of conductivity and susceptivity at 27 frames per second. The adaptive current sources in ACT5 can apply fully programmable current patterns with frequencies varying from 5 kHz to 500 kHz. The system also displays real-time ECG readings during the EIT imaging process. METHODS The hardware and software design and specifications are presented, including the current source design, FPGA hardware, safety features, calibration, and shunt impedance measurement. RESULTS Images of conductivity and susceptivity are presented from ACT5 data collected on tank phantoms and a human subject illustrating the system's ability to provide real-time images of pulsatile perfusion and ECG traces. SIGNIFICANCE The portability, high signal-to-noise ratio, and flexibility of applied currents over a wide range of frequencies enable this instrument to be used to obtain useful human subject data with relative clinical ease.
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Andrade FSRM, Ambrósio AM, Rodrigues RR, Faccó LL, Gonçalves LA, Garcia Filho SG, dos Santos RT, Rossetto TC, Pereira MAA, Fantoni DT. The optimal PEEP after alveolar recruitment maneuver assessed by electrical impedance tomography in healthy horses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1024088. [PMID: 36570501 PMCID: PMC9780380 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1024088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has been an essential tool for assessing pulmonary ventilation in several situations, such as the alveolar recruitment maneuver (ARM) in PEEP titration to maintain the lungs open after atelectasis reversion. In the same way as in humans and dogs, in horses, this tool has been widely used to assess pulmonary aeration undergoing anesthesia, mechanical ventilation, recruitment maneuver, standing horses, or specific procedures. Objectives The present study aimed to evaluate the distribution of regional ventilation during ARM based on lung monitoring assessment by EIT, with a focus on better recruitment associated with less or no overdistention. Methods Fourteen horses of 306 ± 21 kg undergoing isoflurane anesthesia in dorsal recumbency were used. The animals were mechanically ventilated with a tidal volume of 14 ml kg-1 and a respiratory rate of 7-9. An alveolar recruitment maneuver was instituted, increasing the PEEP by five cmH2O every 5 min until 32 cmH2O and decreasing it by five cmH2O every 5 min to 7 cmH2O. At each step of PEEP, arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis, EIT images, hemodynamic, and respiratory mechanics. Results Associated with the CoV-DV increase, there was a significant decrease in the DSS during the ARM and a significant increase in the NSS when PEEP was applied above 12 cmH2O compared to baseline. The ComplROI showed a significant increase in the dependent area and a significant decrease in the non-dependent area during ARM, and both were compared to their baseline values. The driving pressure decreased significantly during the ARM, and Cst, PaO2, and PaO2/FiO2 ratio increased significantly. The VD/VT decreased significantly at DEPEEP17 and DEPEEP12. There was an HR increase at INPEEP27, INPEEP 32, and DEPEEP17 (p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001; and p < 0.05, respectively), those values being above the normal reference range for the species. The SAP, MAP, DAP, CI, and DO2I significantly decreased INPEEP32 (p < 0.05). Conclusion The ARM by PEEP titration applied in the present study showed better ventilation distribution associated with better aeration in the dependent lung areas, with minimal overdistention between PEEP 17 and 12 cmH2O decreasing step. Those changes were also followed by improvements in static and regional compliance associated with increased oxygenation and pulmonary ventilation. ARM promoted a transitory decrease in arterial blood pressure and depression in CI with a concomitant drop in oxygen delivery, which should be best investigated before its routine use in clinical cases.
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Brabant OA, Byrne DP, Sacks M, Moreno Martinez F, Raisis AL, Araos JB, Waldmann AD, Schramel JP, Ambrosio A, Hosgood G, Braun C, Auer U, Bleul U, Herteman N, Secombe CJ, Schoster A, Soares J, Beazley S, Meira C, Adler A, Mosing M. Thoracic Electrical Impedance Tomography-The 2022 Veterinary Consensus Statement. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:946911. [PMID: 35937293 PMCID: PMC9354895 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.946911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive real-time non-ionising imaging modality that has many applications. Since the first recorded use in 1978, the technology has become more widely used especially in human adult and neonatal critical care monitoring. Recently, there has been an increase in research on thoracic EIT in veterinary medicine. Real-time imaging of the thorax allows evaluation of ventilation distribution in anesthetised and conscious animals. As the technology becomes recognised in the veterinary community there is a need to standardize approaches to data collection, analysis, interpretation and nomenclature, ensuring comparison and repeatability between researchers and studies. A group of nineteen veterinarians and two biomedical engineers experienced in veterinary EIT were consulted and contributed to the preparation of this statement. The aim of this consensus is to provide an introduction to this imaging modality, to highlight clinical relevance and to include recommendations on how to effectively use thoracic EIT in veterinary species. Based on this, the consensus statement aims to address the need for a streamlined approach to veterinary thoracic EIT and includes: an introduction to the use of EIT in veterinary species, the technical background to creation of the functional images, a consensus from all contributing authors on the practical application and use of the technology, descriptions and interpretation of current available variables including appropriate statistical analysis, nomenclature recommended for consistency and future developments in thoracic EIT. The information provided in this consensus statement may benefit researchers and clinicians working within the field of veterinary thoracic EIT. We endeavor to inform future users of the benefits of this imaging modality and provide opportunities to further explore applications of this technology with regards to perfusion imaging and pathology diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A. Brabant
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David P. Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Muriel Sacks
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Anthea L. Raisis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joaquin B. Araos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Andreas D. Waldmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes P. Schramel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aline Ambrosio
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giselle Hosgood
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Christina Braun
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Auer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Bleul
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Herteman
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristy J. Secombe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Angelika Schoster
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joao Soares
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shannon Beazley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Carolina Meira
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andy Adler
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martina Mosing
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Beazley S, Focken A, Fernandez-Parra R, Thomas K, Adler A, Duke-Novakovski T. Evaluation of lung ventilation distribution using electrical impedance tomography in standing sedated horses with capnoperitoneum. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:382-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Herteman N, Mosing M, Waldmann AD, Gerber V, Schoster A. Exercise-induced airflow changes in horses with asthma measured by electrical impedance tomography. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2500-2510. [PMID: 34505734 PMCID: PMC8478024 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine asthma (EA) causes airflow impairment, which increases in severity with exercise. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an imaging technique that can detect airflow changes in standing healthy horses during a histamine provocation test. OBJECTIVES To explore EIT-calculated flow variables before and after exercise in healthy horses and horses with mild-to-moderate (MEA) and severe equine asthma (SEA). ANIMALS Nine healthy horses 9 horses diagnosed with MEA and 5 with SEA were prospectively included. METHODS Recordings were performed before and after 15 minutes of lunging. Absolute values from global and regional peak inspiratory (PIF, positive value) and expiratory (PEF, negative value) flows were calculated. Data were analyzed using a mixed model analysis followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparisons test to evaluate the impact of exercise and diagnosis on flow indices. RESULTS Control horses after exercise had significantly lower global PEF and PIF compared to horses with SEA (mean difference [95% confidence interval, CI]: 0.0859 arbitrary units [AU; 0.0339-0.1379], P < .001 and 0.0726 AU [0.0264-0.1188], P = .001, respectively) and horses with MEA (0.0561 AU [0.0129-0.0994], P = .007 and 0.0587 AU [0.0202-0.0973], P = .002, respectively). No other significant differences were detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Electrical impedance tomography derived PIF and PEF differed significantly between healthy horses and horses with SEA or MEA after exercise, but not before exercise. Differences between MEA and SEA were not observed, but the study population was small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Herteman
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Mosing
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Andreas D Waldmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Equine Clinic, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Schoster
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Thoracic weighting of restrained subjects during exhaustion recovery causes loss of lung reserve volume in a model of police arrest. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15166. [PMID: 34385477 PMCID: PMC8361138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94157-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Restraint asphyxia has been proposed as a mechanism for some arrest-related deaths that occur during or shortly after a suspect is taken into custody. Our analysis of the literature found that prone positioning, weight applied to the back, recovery after simulated pursuit, and restraint position have led to restrictive, but non life-threatening respiratory changes when tested in subsets. However, the combined effects of all four parameters have not been tested together in a single study. We hypothesized that a complete protocol with high-sensitivity instrumentation could improve our understanding of breathing physiology during weighted restraint. We designed an electrical impedance tomography (EIT)-based protocol for this purpose and measured the 3D distribution of ventilation within the thorax. Here, we present the results from a study on 17 human subjects that revealed FRC declines during weighted restrained recovery from exercise for subjects in the restraint postures, but not the control posture. These prolonged FRC declines were consistent with abdominal muscle recruitment to assist the inspiratory muscles, suggesting that subjects in restraint postures have increased work of breathing compared to controls. Upon removal of the weighted load, lung reserve volumes gradually increased for the hands-behind-the-head restraint posture but continued to decrease for subjects in the hands-behind-the-back restraint posture. We discuss the possible role this increased work of breathing may play in restraint asphyxia.
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10
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Proença M, Braun F, Lemay M, Solà J, Adler A, Riedel T, Messerli FH, Thiran JP, Rimoldi SF, Rexhaj E. Non-invasive pulmonary artery pressure estimation by electrical impedance tomography in a controlled hypoxemia study in healthy subjects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21462. [PMID: 33293566 PMCID: PMC7722929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a hemodynamic disorder defined by an abnormal elevation of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). Current options for measuring PAP are limited in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate if electrical impedance tomography (EIT), a radiation-free and non-invasive monitoring technique, can be used for the continuous, unsupervised and safe monitoring of PAP. In 30 healthy volunteers we induced gradual increases in systolic PAP (SPAP) by exposure to normobaric hypoxemia. At various stages of the protocol, the SPAP of the subjects was estimated by transthoracic echocardiography. In parallel, in the pulmonary vasculature, pulse wave velocity was estimated by EIT and calibrated to pressure units. Within-cohort agreement between both methods on SPAP estimation was assessed through Bland-Altman analysis and at subject level, with Pearson's correlation coefficient. There was good agreement between the two methods (inter-method difference not significant (P > 0.05), bias ± standard deviation of - 0.1 ± 4.5 mmHg) independently of the degree of PAP, from baseline oxygen saturation levels to profound hypoxemia. At subject level, the median per-subject agreement was 0.7 ± 3.8 mmHg and Pearson's correlation coefficient 0.87 (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrate the feasibility of accurately assessing changes in SPAP by EIT in healthy volunteers. If confirmed in a patient population, the non-invasive and unsupervised day-to-day monitoring of SPAP could facilitate the clinical management of patients with pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Proença
- Systems Division, Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland. .,Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Fabian Braun
- Systems Division, Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Lemay
- Systems Division, Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Josep Solà
- Systems Division, Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Andy Adler
- Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Thomas Riedel
- Department of Paediatrics, Cantonal Hospital Graubuenden, Chur, Switzerland.,Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital Bern, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franz H Messerli
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Research, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Thiran
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano F Rimoldi
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Research, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emrush Rexhaj
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Research, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Liu D, Smyl D, Gu D, Du J. Shape-Driven Difference Electrical Impedance Tomography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:3801-3812. [PMID: 32746122 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.3004806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes a novel shape-driven reconstruction approach for difference electrical impedance tomography (EIT). In the proposed approach, the reconstruction problem is formulated as a shape reconstruction problem and solved via an explicit and geometrical methodology, where the geometry of the embedded inclusions is represented by a shape and topology description function (STDF). To incorporate more geometry and prior information directly into the reconstruction and to provide better flexibility in the solution process, the concept of a moving morphable component (MMC) is applied here implying that MMC is treated as the basic building block of the embedded inclusions. Simulations, phantom studies, and in vivo pig data are used to test the proposed approach for the most popular biomedical application of EIT - lung imaging - and the performance is compared with the conventional linear approach. In addition, the modality's robustness is studied in cases where (i) modeling errors are caused by inhomogeneity in the background conductivity, and (ii) uncertainties in the contact impedances and reference state are present. The results of this work indicate that the proposed approach is tolerant to modeling errors and is fairly robust to typical EIT uncertainties, producing greatly improved image quality compared to the conventional linear approach.
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Stowe S, Adler A. The Effect of Internal Electrodes on Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensitivity. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:1457-1460. [PMID: 33018265 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) creates images of the internal conductivity, normally using only body surface electrodes. There has been little investigation of internal electrodes, however an internal electrode position promises to increase sensitivity in the most central regions of the chest to improve impedance imaging of the inner regions of the lung and heart. This paper investigates EIT sensitivity in simulation with various internal electrode positions. Results show in increased sensitivity in internal regions which is promising for imaging pulsatile activity within the heart.
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13
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Bayford R, Polydorides N. Focus on Recent Advances in Electrical Impedance Tomography. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:100401. [PMID: 31680663 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab42cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Spinelli E, Mauri T, Fogagnolo A, Scaramuzzo G, Rundo A, Grieco DL, Grasselli G, Volta CA, Spadaro S. Electrical impedance tomography in perioperative medicine: careful respiratory monitoring for tailored interventions. BMC Anesthesiol 2019; 19:140. [PMID: 31390977 PMCID: PMC6686519 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-019-0814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive radiation-free monitoring technique that provides images based on tissue electrical conductivity of the chest. Several investigations applied EIT in the context of perioperative medicine, which is not confined to the intraoperative period but begins with the preoperative assessment and extends to postoperative follow-up. MAIN BODY EIT could provide careful respiratory monitoring in the preoperative assessment to improve preparation for surgery, during anaesthesia to guide optimal ventilation strategies and to monitor the hemodynamic status and in the postoperative period for early detection of respiratory complications. Moreover, EIT could further enhance care of patients undergoing perioperative diagnostic procedures. This narrative review summarizes the latest evidence on the application of this technique to the surgical patient, focusing also on possible future perspectives. CONCLUSIONS EIT is a promising technique for the perioperative assessment of surgical patients, providing tailored adaptive respiratory and haemodynamic monitoring. Further studies are needed to address the current technological limitations, confirm the findings and evaluate which patients can benefit more from this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mauri
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Fogagnolo
- Department Morphology, Surgery and Experimental medicine, Anesthesia and Intensive care section, University of Ferrara, Azienda Ospedaliera- Universitaria Sant'Anna, 8, Aldo Moro, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gaetano Scaramuzzo
- Department Morphology, Surgery and Experimental medicine, Anesthesia and Intensive care section, University of Ferrara, Azienda Ospedaliera- Universitaria Sant'Anna, 8, Aldo Moro, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Rundo
- UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Polo ospedaliero Belcolle ASL, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Domenico Luca Grieco
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione "Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Volta
- Department Morphology, Surgery and Experimental medicine, Anesthesia and Intensive care section, University of Ferrara, Azienda Ospedaliera- Universitaria Sant'Anna, 8, Aldo Moro, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Savino Spadaro
- Department Morphology, Surgery and Experimental medicine, Anesthesia and Intensive care section, University of Ferrara, Azienda Ospedaliera- Universitaria Sant'Anna, 8, Aldo Moro, Ferrara, Italy.
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