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Fani N, Peshkova M, Bikmulina P, Golroo R, Timashev P, Vosough M. Fabricating the cartilage: recent achievements. Cytotechnology 2023; 75:269-292. [PMID: 37389132 PMCID: PMC10299965 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to describe the most recent achievements and provide an insight into cartilage engineering and strategies to restore the cartilage defects. Here, we discuss cell types, biomaterials, and biochemical factors applied to form cartilage tissue equivalents and update the status of fabrication techniques, which are used at all stages of engineering the cartilage. The actualized concept to improve the cartilage tissue restoration is based on applying personalized products fabricated using a full cycle platform: a bioprinter, a bioink consisted of ECM-embedded autologous cell aggregates, and a bioreactor. Moreover, in situ platforms can help to skip some steps and enable adjusting the newly formed tissue in the place during the operation. Only some achievements described have passed first stages of clinical translation; nevertheless, the number of their preclinical and clinical trials is expected to grow in the nearest future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesa Fani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Peshkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Bikmulina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Reihaneh Golroo
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Montanhim G, Silva M, Conceição M, Rocha T, Yamashiro L, Ribeiro J, Hataka A, Moreira P, Minto B, Dias L, Moraes P. Valuation of angiogenesis in bovine xenografts implanted in intracorporal sites of rabbits as models of in-vivo bioreactors. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate neovascularization of bovine xenografts implanted in intracorporeal sites of rabbits (bioreactors). 30 rabbits were used, divided into 6 groups, according to the evaluation time (7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days); each animal received xenogenic implants in 3 different intracorporeal sites (A1 - omentum bag; A2 - intermuscular space of quadriceps femoris; A3 - subperiosteal of ilium bone). Histological assessments graded the presence of angiogenesis, the number of inflammatory cells, newly formed bone tissue, and the presence of giant cells. Histological analyses showed intense angiogenesis in all implanted xenografts. Presence of inflammatory infiltrate and giant cells at the A1 implant site and presence of bone neoformation at the A3 implant site were noted. Degeneration of implants and formation of a fibrous capsule were noted. When comparing the interaction of the site with the days of evaluation, statistical analysis showed a significant difference (p≤0.05) in any time of neovascularization analysis. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inflammatory cells of the omentum in its structure, may have contributed to the greater presence of neovessels and inflammatory cells, a fact that may indicate functionality as a possible bone substitute.
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Lim T, Tang Q, Zhu ZZ, Feng Y, Zhan S, Wei XJ, Zhang CQ. A decellularized scaffold derived from squid cranial cartilage for use in cartilage tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4516-4526. [PMID: 32373898 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized cartilage scaffold (DCS) is an emerging substitute for cartilage defect application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thou Lim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Shi Zhan
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wei
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Chang-Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
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Graceffa V, Vinatier C, Guicheux J, Stoddart M, Alini M, Zeugolis DI. Chasing Chimeras - The elusive stable chondrogenic phenotype. Biomaterials 2018; 192:199-225. [PMID: 30453216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The choice of the best-suited cell population for the regeneration of damaged or diseased cartilage depends on the effectiveness of culture conditions (e.g. media supplements, three-dimensional scaffolds, mechanical stimulation, oxygen tension, co-culture systems) to induce stable chondrogenic phenotype. Herein, advances and shortfalls in in vitro, preclinical and clinical setting of various in vitro microenvironment modulators on maintaining chondrocyte phenotype or directing stem cells towards chondrogenic lineage are critically discussed. Chondrocytes possess low isolation efficiency, limited proliferative potential and rapid phenotypic drift in culture. Mesenchymal stem cells are relatively readily available, possess high proliferation potential, exhibit great chondrogenic differentiation capacity, but they tend to acquire a hypertrophic phenotype when exposed to chondrogenic stimuli. Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, despite their promising in vitro and preclinical data, are still under-investigated. Although a stable chondrogenic phenotype remains elusive, recent advances in in vitro microenvironment modulators are likely to develop clinically- and commercially-relevant therapies in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Graceffa
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Claire Vinatier
- INSERMU1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), University of Nantes, UFR Odontologie & CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Jerome Guicheux
- INSERMU1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), University of Nantes, UFR Odontologie & CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Martin Stoddart
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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Roushangar Zineh B, Shabgard MR, Roshangar L. Mechanical and biological performance of printed alginate/methylcellulose/halloysite nanotube/polyvinylidene fluoride bio-scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 92:779-789. [PMID: 30184807 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Use of artificial cartilage due to its poor regenerative characteristics is a challenging issue in the field of tissue engineering. In this regard, three-dimensional printing (3D) technique because of its perfect structural control is one of the best methods for producing biological scaffolds. Proper biomaterials for cartilage repairs with good mechanical and biological properties and the high ability for 3D printing are limited. In this paper, a novel biomaterial consisting of Alginate (AL), Methylcellulose (MC), Halloysite Nanotube (HNT), and Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) was printed and characterized for cartilage scaffold applications. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) was used as a crosslinker for biomaterial after printing. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), tensile and compressive tests, chondrocytes seeding, cells staining, and MTT assay were carried out in the present work. The results show that in constant concentrations of AL, MC, and PVDF (40 mg/ml AL, 30 mg/ml MC, and 1% PVDF) when concentration of HNT increased from 20 mg/ml (S2) to 40 mg/ml (S14) tensile strength increased from 164 up to 381 kPa and compressive stress increased from 426 up to 648 kPa. According to spectroscopy and calorimetry results, Biomaterial shows an amorphous structure with good miscibility and a high percentage of water in its structure. PVDF reduces mechanical properties by 7% while increases cell viability by 8.75%. Histological studies and MTT assay results showed a high improvement in the percentage of living cells at the first 4 days of cell cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cells Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Interplay between stiffness and degradation of architectured gelatin hydrogels leads to differential modulation of chondrogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biomater 2018; 69:83-94. [PMID: 29378326 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The limited capacity of cartilage to heal large lesions through endogenous mechanisms has led to extensive effort to develop materials to facilitate chondrogenesis. Although physical-chemical properties of biomaterials have been shown to impact in vitro chondrogenesis, whether these findings are translatable in vivo is subject of debate. Herein, architectured 3D hydrogel scaffolds (ArcGel) (produced by crosslinking gelatin with ethyl lysine diisocyanate (LDI)) were used as a model system to investigate the interplay between scaffold mechanical properties and degradation on matrix deposition by human articular chondrocytes (HAC) from healthy donors in vitro and in vivo. Using ArcGel scaffolds of different tensile and shear modulus, and degradation behavior; in this study, we compared the fate of ex vivo engineered ArcGels-chondrocytes constructs, i.e. the traditional tissue engineering approach, with thede novoformation of cartilaginous tissue in HAC laden ArcGels in an ectopic nude mouse model. While the softer and fast degrading ArcGel (LNCO3) was more efficient at promoting chondrogenic differentiation in vitro, upon ectopic implantation, the stiffer and slow degrading ArcGel (LNCO8) was superior in maintaining chondrogenic phenotype in HAC and retention of cartilaginous matrix. Furthermore, surprisingly the de novo formation of cartilage tissue was promoted only in LNCO8. Since HAC cultured for only three days in the LNCO8 environment showed upregulation of hypoxia-associated genes, this suggests a potential role for hypoxia in the observed in vivo outcomes. In summary, this study sheds light on how immediate environment (in vivo versus in vitro) can significantly impact the outcomes of cell-laden biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, 3D architectured hydrogels (ArcGels) with different mechanical and biodegradation properties were investigated for their potential to promote formation of cartilaginous matrix by human articular chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Two paradigms were explored (i) ex vivo engineering followed by in vivo implantation in ectopic site of nude mice and (ii) short in vitro culture (3 days) followed by implantation to induce de novo cartilage formation. Softer and fast degrading ArcGel were better at promoting chondrogenesis in vitro, while stiffer and slow degrading ArcGel were strikingly superior in both maintaining chondrogenesis in vivo and inducing de novo formation of cartilage. Our findings highlight the importance of the interplay between scaffold mechanics and degradation in chondrogenesis.
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Mallick SP, Singh BN, Rastogi A, Srivastava P. Design and evaluation of chitosan/poly(l-lactide)/pectin based composite scaffolds for cartilage tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:909-920. [PMID: 29438752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Poor regenerative potential of cartilage tissue due to the avascular nature and lack of supplementation of reparative cells impose an important challenge in recent medical practice towards development of artificial extracellular matrix with enhanced neo-cartilage tissue regeneration potential. Chitosan (CH), poly (l-lactide) (PLLA), and pectin (PC) compositions were tailored to generate polyelectrolyte complex based porous scaffolds using freeze drying method and crosslinked by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) solution containing chondroitin sulfate (CS) to mimic the composition as well as architecture of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). The physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical behaviors of developed scaffolds were done. The scaffolds were porous with homogeneous pore structure with pore size 49-170μm and porosities in the range of 79 to 84%. Fourier transform infrared study confirmed the presence of polymers (CH, PLLA and PC) within the scaffolds. The crystallinity of the scaffold was examined by the X-ray diffraction studies. Furthermore, scaffold shows suitable swelling property, moderate biodegradation and hemocompatibility in nature and possess suitable mechanical strength for cartilage tissue regeneration. MTT assay, GAG content, and attachment of chondrocyte confirmed the regenerative potential of the cell seeded scaffold. The histopathological analysis defines the suitability of scaffold for cartilage tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarada Prasanna Mallick
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bhisham Narayan Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Amit Rastogi
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Srivastava
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India.
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Muzzarelli RAA, El Mehtedi M, Bottegoni C, Aquili A, Gigante A. Genipin-Crosslinked Chitosan Gels and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration of Cartilage and Bone. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7314-38. [PMID: 26690453 PMCID: PMC4699241 DOI: 10.3390/md13127068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review article intends to direct attention to the technological advances made since 2009 in the area of genipin-crosslinked chitosan (GEN-chitosan) hydrogels. After a concise introduction on the well recognized characteristics of medical grade chitosan and food grade genipin, the properties of GEN-chitosan obtained with a safe, spontaneous and irreversible chemical reaction, and the quality assessment of the gels are reviewed. The antibacterial activity of GEN-chitosan has been well assessed in the treatment of gastric infections supported by Helicobacter pylori. Therapies based on chitosan alginate crosslinked with genipin include stem cell transplantation, and development of contraction free biomaterials suitable for cartilage engineering. Collagen, gelatin and other proteins have been associated to said hydrogels in view of the regeneration of the cartilage. Viability and proliferation of fibroblasts were impressively enhanced upon addition of poly-l-lysine. The modulation of the osteocytes has been achieved in various ways by applying advanced technologies such as 3D-plotting and electrospinning of biomimetic scaffolds, with optional addition of nano hydroxyapatite to the formulations. A wealth of biotechnological advances and know-how has permitted reaching outstanding results in crucial areas such as cranio-facial surgery, orthopedics and dentistry. It is mandatory to use scaffolds fully characterized in terms of porosity, pore size, swelling, wettability, compressive strength, and degree of acetylation, if the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells is sought: in fact, the novel characteristics imparted by GEN-chitosan must be simultaneously of physico-chemical and cytological nature. Owing to their high standard, the scientific publications dated 2010-2015 have met the expectations of an interdisciplinary audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo A A Muzzarelli
- Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Mohamad El Mehtedi
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona IT-60131, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bottegoni
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Alberto Aquili
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gigante
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
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