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Nurmagambetova A, Mustyatsa V, Saidova A, Vorobjev I. Morphological and cytoskeleton changes in cells after EMT. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22164. [PMID: 38092761 PMCID: PMC10719275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells undergoing EMT experience significant alterations at transcriptional and morphological levels. However, changes in the cytoskeleton, especially cytoskeleton dynamics are poorly described. Addressing the question we induced EMT in three cell lines (MCF-7, HaCaT and A-549) and analyzed morphological and cytoskeletal changes there using immunostaining and life cell imaging of cells transfected with microtubule and focal adhesion markers. In all studied cell lines, cell area after EMT increased, MCF-7 and A-549 cells became elongated, while HaCaT cells kept the aspect ratio the same. We next analyzed three components of the cytoskeleton: microtubules, stress fibers and focal adhesions. The following changes were observed after EMT in cultured cells: (i) Organization of microtubules becomes more radial; and the growth rate of microtubule plus ends was accelerated; (ii) Actin stress fibers become co-aligned forming the longitudinal cell axis; and (iii) Focal adhesions had decreased area in all cancer cell lines studied and became more numerous in HaCaT cells. We conclude that among dynamic components of the cytoskeleton, the most significant changes during EMT happen in the regulation of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assel Nurmagambetova
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan.
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | - Vadim Mustyatsa
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Aleena Saidova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Ivan Vorobjev
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan.
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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2
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Kandiyoth FB, Michelot A. Reconstitution of actin-based cellular processes: Why encapsulation changes the rules. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151368. [PMID: 37922812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While in vitro reconstitution of cellular processes is progressing rapidly, the encapsulation of biomimetic systems to reproduce the cellular environment is a major challenge. Here we review the difficulties, using reconstitution of processes dependent on actin polymerization as an example. Some of the problems are purely technical, due to the need for engineering strategies to encapsulate concentrated solutions in micrometer-sized compartments. However, other significant issues arise from the reduction of experimental volumes, which alters the chemical evolution of these non-equilibrium systems. Important parameters to consider for successful reconstitutions are the amount of each component, their consumption and renewal rates to guarantee their continuous availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alphée Michelot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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3
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Lv S, Chen Z, Mi H, Yu X. Cofilin Acts as a Booster for Progression of Malignant Tumors Represented by Glioma. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:3245-3269. [PMID: 36452435 PMCID: PMC9703913 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s389825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cofilin, as a depolymerization factor of actin filaments, has been widely studied. Evidences show that cofilin has a role in actin structural reorganization and dynamic regulation. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated a regulatory role for cofilin in the migration and invasion mediated by cell dynamics and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)/EMT-like process, apoptosis, radiotherapy resistance, immune escape, and transcriptional dysregulation of malignant tumor cells, particularly glioma cells. On this basis, it is practical to evaluate cofilin as a biomarker for predicting tumor metastasis and prognosis. Targeting cofilin regulating kinases, Lin11, Isl-1 and Mec-3 kinases (LIM kinases/LIMKs) and their major upstream molecules inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion and targeting cofilin-mediated mitochondrial pathway induces apoptosis of tumor cells represent effective options for the development of novel anti-malignant tumor drug, especially anti-glioma drugs. This review explores the structure, general biological function, and regulation of cofilin, with an emphasis on the critical functions and prospects for clinical therapeutic applications of cofilin in malignant tumors represented by glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiye Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailong Mi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingjiang Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Funk J, Merino F, Schaks M, Rottner K, Raunser S, Bieling P. A barbed end interference mechanism reveals how capping protein promotes nucleation in branched actin networks. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5329. [PMID: 34504078 PMCID: PMC8429771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodimeric capping protein (CP/CapZ) is an essential factor for the assembly of branched actin networks, which push against cellular membranes to drive a large variety of cellular processes. Aside from terminating filament growth, CP potentiates the nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex in branched actin networks through an unclear mechanism. Here, we combine structural biology with in vitro reconstitution to demonstrate that CP not only terminates filament elongation, but indirectly stimulates the activity of Arp2/3 activating nucleation promoting factors (NPFs) by preventing their association to filament barbed ends. Key to this function is one of CP's C-terminal "tentacle" extensions, which sterically masks the main interaction site of the terminal actin protomer. Deletion of the β tentacle only modestly impairs capping. However, in the context of a growing branched actin network, its removal potently inhibits nucleation promoting factors by tethering them to capped filament ends. End tethering of NPFs prevents their loading with actin monomers required for activation of the Arp2/3 complex and thus strongly inhibits branched network assembly both in cells and reconstituted motility assays. Our results mechanistically explain how CP couples two opposed processes-capping and nucleation-in branched actin network assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Funk
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felipe Merino
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Peter Bieling
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.
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5
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Van de Cauter L, Fanalista F, van Buren L, De Franceschi N, Godino E, Bouw S, Danelon C, Dekker C, Koenderink GH, Ganzinger KA. Optimized cDICE for Efficient Reconstitution of Biological Systems in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. ACS Synth Biol 2021. [PMID: 34185516 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.24.432456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are often used to mimic biological membranes in reconstitution experiments. They are also widely used in research on synthetic cells, as they provide a mechanically responsive reaction compartment that allows for controlled exchange of reactants with the environment. However, while many methods exist to encapsulate functional biomolecules in GUVs, there is no one-size-fits-all solution and reliable GUV fabrication still remains a major experimental hurdle in the field. Here, we show that defect-free GUVs containing complex biochemical systems can be generated by optimizing a double-emulsion method for GUV formation called continuous droplet interface crossing encapsulation (cDICE). By tightly controlling environmental conditions and tuning the lipid-in-oil dispersion, we show that it is possible to significantly improve the reproducibility of high-quality GUV formation as well as the encapsulation efficiency. We demonstrate efficient encapsulation for a range of biological systems including a minimal actin cytoskeleton, membrane-anchored DNA nanostructures, and a functional PURE (protein synthesis using recombinant elements) system. Our optimized cDICE method displays promising potential to become a standard method in biophysics and bottom-up synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Fanalista
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lennard van Buren
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola De Franceschi
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Godino
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon Bouw
- Department of Living Matter, AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Danelon
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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6
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Van de Cauter L, Fanalista F, van Buren L, De Franceschi N, Godino E, Bouw S, Danelon C, Dekker C, Koenderink GH, Ganzinger KA. Optimized cDICE for Efficient Reconstitution of Biological Systems in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1690-1702. [PMID: 34185516 PMCID: PMC8291763 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are often used to mimic biological membranes in reconstitution experiments. They are also widely used in research on synthetic cells, as they provide a mechanically responsive reaction compartment that allows for controlled exchange of reactants with the environment. However, while many methods exist to encapsulate functional biomolecules in GUVs, there is no one-size-fits-all solution and reliable GUV fabrication still remains a major experimental hurdle in the field. Here, we show that defect-free GUVs containing complex biochemical systems can be generated by optimizing a double-emulsion method for GUV formation called continuous droplet interface crossing encapsulation (cDICE). By tightly controlling environmental conditions and tuning the lipid-in-oil dispersion, we show that it is possible to significantly improve the reproducibility of high-quality GUV formation as well as the encapsulation efficiency. We demonstrate efficient encapsulation for a range of biological systems including a minimal actin cytoskeleton, membrane-anchored DNA nanostructures, and a functional PURE (protein synthesis using recombinant elements) system. Our optimized cDICE method displays promising potential to become a standard method in biophysics and bottom-up synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Fanalista
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lennard van Buren
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola De Franceschi
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Godino
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon Bouw
- Department
of Living Matter, AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Danelon
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H. Koenderink
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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7
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Ni Q, Papoian GA. Turnover versus treadmilling in actin network assembly and remodeling. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:562-570. [PMID: 31525282 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Actin networks are highly dynamic cytoskeletal structures that continuously undergo structural remodeling. One prominent way to probe these processes is via Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP), which can be used to estimate the rate of turnover for filamentous actin monomers. It is thought that head-to-tail treadmilling and de novo filament nucleation constitute two primary mechanisms underlying turnover kinetics. More generally, these self-assembly activities are responsible for many important cellular functions such as force generation, cellular shape dynamics, and cellular motility. In what relative proportions filament treadmilling and de novo filament nucleation contribute to actin network turnover is still not fully understood. We used an advanced stochastic reaction-diffusion model in three dimensions, MEDYAN, to study turnover dynamics of actin networks containing Arp2/3, formin and capping protein at experimentally meaningful length- and time-scales. Our results reveal that, most commonly, treadmilling of older filaments is the main contributor to actin network turnover. On the other hand, although turnover and treadmilling are often used interchangeably, we show clear instances where this assumption would not be justified, for example, finding that rapid turnover is accompanied by slow treadmilling in highly dendritic Arp2/3 networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Garegin A Papoian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Sizes of actin networks sharing a common environment are determined by the relative rates of assembly. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000317. [PMID: 31181075 PMCID: PMC6586355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the cytoplasm of a single cell, several actin networks can coexist with distinct sizes, geometries, and protein compositions. These actin networks assemble in competition for a limited pool of proteins present in a common cellular environment. To predict how two distinct networks of actin filaments control this balance, the simultaneous assembly of actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3)-branched networks and formin-linear networks of actin filaments around polystyrene microbeads was investigated with a range of actin accessory proteins (profilin, capping protein, actin-depolymerizing factor [ADF]/cofilin, and tropomyosin). Accessory proteins generally affected actin assembly rates for the distinct networks differently. These effects at the scale of individual actin networks were surprisingly not always correlated with corresponding loss-of-function phenotypes in cells. However, our observations agreed with a global interpretation, which compared relative actin assembly rates of individual actin networks. This work supports a general model in which the size of distinct actin networks is determined by their relative capacity to assemble in a common and competing environment. A biomimetic assay using polystyrene beads compares the rates of actin assembly on linear and branched networks, revealing how the size of rival actin networks in cells is regulated by their relative capacity to assemble in a common environment.
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Shekhar S, Carlier MF. Enhanced Depolymerization of Actin Filaments by ADF/Cofilin and Monomer Funneling by Capping Protein Cooperate to Accelerate Barbed-End Growth. Curr Biol 2017. [PMID: 28625780 PMCID: PMC5505869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A living cell’s ability to assemble actin filaments in intracellular motile processes is directly dependent on the availability of polymerizable actin monomers, which feed polarized filament growth [1, 2]. Continued generation of the monomer pool by filament disassembly is therefore crucial. Disassemblers like actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin and filament cappers like capping protein (CP) are essential agonists of motility [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], but the exact molecular mechanisms by which they accelerate actin polymerization at the leading edge and filament turnover has been debated for over two decades [9, 10, 11, 12]. Whereas filament fragmentation by ADF/cofilin has long been demonstrated by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) [13, 14], filament depolymerization was only inferred from bulk solution assays [15]. Using microfluidics-assisted TIRF microscopy, we provide the first direct visual evidence of ADF’s simultaneous severing and rapid depolymerization of individual filaments. Using a conceptually novel assay to directly visualize ADF’s effect on a population of pre-assembled filaments, we demonstrate how ADF’s enhanced pointed-end depolymerization causes an increase in polymerizable actin monomers, thus promoting faster barbed-end growth. We further reveal that ADF-enhanced depolymerization synergizes with CP’s long-predicted “monomer funneling” [16] and leads to skyrocketing of filament growth rates, close to estimated lamellipodial rates. The “funneling model” hypothesized, on thermodynamic grounds, that at high enough extent of capping, the few non-capped filaments transiently grow much faster [15], an effect proposed to be very important for motility. We provide the first direct microscopic evidence of monomer funneling at the scale of individual filaments. These results significantly enhance our understanding of the turnover of cellular actin networks. ADF enhances barbed- and pointed-end depolymerization of actin filaments Capping protein funnels monomers from all pointed ends to the few non-capped barbed ends ADF and capping protein synergy leads to skyrocketing of filament elongation rates
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Shekhar
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Cell Motility, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Marie-France Carlier
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Cell Motility, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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