Neuromodulation using electroosmosis

Connected Droplet Shape Analysis for Nanoflow Quantification in Thin Electroosmotic Micropumps and a Tunable Convex Lens Application

Thin electroosmotic flow (EOF) micropumps can generate flow in confined spaces such as lab-on-a-chip microsystems and implantable drug delivery devices. However, status quo methods for quantifying flow and other important parameters in EOF micropumps depend on microfluidic interconnects or fluorescent particle tracking: methods that can be complex and error-prone. Here, we present a novel connected droplet shape analysis (CDSA) technique that simplifies flow rate and zeta potential quantification in thin EOF micropumps. We also show that a pair of droplets connected by an EOF pump can function as a tunable convex lens system (TCLS). We developed a biocompatible and all polymer EOF micropump with an SU-8 substrate and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes. We microdrilled a channel through the electrode/SU-8/electrode layers to realize a monolithic EOF micropump. Then, we deposited a pinned droplet on each end of the microchannel so that it connected them. By controlling the EOF between the droplets and measuring the corresponding change in their shape, we quantified the nanoliter EOF rate and zeta potential at the interface of SU-8 with two liquids (deionized water and a l-glutamate neurotransmitter solution). When the droplet pair and pump were used as a TCLS, CDSA successfully predicted how the focal length would change when the pump drove fluid from one droplet to another. In summary, CDSA is a simple low-cost technique for EOF rate and zeta potential measurement, and a pair of droplets connected by an EOF micropump can function as a TCLS without any moving parts.

Progress on Designing a Chemical Retinal Prosthesis

The last major review of progress toward a chemical retinal prosthesis was a decade ago. Many important advancements have been made since then with the aim of producing an implantable device for animal testing. We review that work here discussing the potential advantages a chemical retinal prosthesis may possess, the spatial and temporal resolutions it might provide, the materials from which an implant might be constructed and its likely effectiveness in stimulating the retina in a natural fashion. Consideration is also given to implant biocompatibility, excitotoxicity of dispensed glutamate and known changes to photoreceptor degenerate retinas.