1
|
Oh S, Yoon BJ, Park H. Location-based electrotactile feedback localizes hitting point in virtual-reality table tennis game. Biomed Eng Lett 2024; 14:593-604. [PMID: 38645588 PMCID: PMC11026324 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-024-00354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Learning new motor skills is often challenged by sensory mismatches. For reliable sensory information, people have actively employed sensory intervention methods. Visual assistance is the most popular method to provide sensory information, which is equivalent to the knowledge of performance (KP) in motor tasks. However, its efficacy is questionable because of visual-proprioceptive mismatch as well as heavy intrinsic visual and cognitive engagement in motor tasks. Electrotactile intervention is a promising technique to address the current limitations, as it provides KP using tactile feedback that has a close neurophysiological association with proprioception. To test its efficacy, we compared the effects of visual and electrotactile assistance on hitting point localization of the table-tennis racket during virtual-reality table-tennis game. Experimental results suggest that location-based electrotactile feedback outperforms visual assistance in localizing the hitting point on a table-tennis racket during virtual-reality table-tennis game. Our study showed the potential of electrotactile intervention for improving the efficacy of new motor skill training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Semyoung Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Byung-Jun Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
- Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - Hangue Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gholinezhad S, Farina D, Dosen S, Dideriksen J. Encoding force modulation in two electrotactile feedback parameters strengthens sensory integration according to maximum likelihood estimation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12461. [PMID: 37528160 PMCID: PMC10393971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional human-machine interfaces involve commands from the central nervous system to an external device and feedback characterizing device state. Such feedback may be elicited by electrical stimulation of somatosensory nerves, where a task-relevant variable is encoded in stimulation amplitude or frequency. Recently, concurrent modulation in amplitude and frequency (multimodal encoding) was proposed. We hypothesized that feedback with multimodal encoding may effectively be processed by the central nervous system as two independent inputs encoded in amplitude and frequency, respectively, thereby increasing state estimate quality in accordance with maximum-likelihood estimation. Using an adaptation paradigm, we tested this hypothesis during a grasp force matching task where subjects received electrotactile feedback encoding instantaneous force in amplitude, frequency, or both, in addition to their natural force feedback. The results showed that adaptations in grasp force with multimodal encoding could be accurately predicted as the integration of three independent inputs according to maximum-likelihood estimation: amplitude modulated electrotactile feedback, frequency modulated electrotactile feedback, and natural force feedback (r2 = 0.73). These findings show that multimodal electrotactile feedback carries an intrinsic advantage for state estimation accuracy with respect to single-variable modulation and suggest that this scheme should be the preferred strategy for bidirectional human-machine interfaces with electrotactile feedback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Gholinezhad
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Strahinja Dosen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Dideriksen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trout MA, Harrison AT, Brinton MR, George JA. A portable, programmable, multichannel stimulator with high compliance voltage for noninvasive neural stimulation of motor and sensory nerves in humans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3469. [PMID: 36859464 PMCID: PMC9977866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most neural stimulators do not have a high enough compliance voltage to pass current through the skin. The few stimulators that meet the high compliance voltage necessary for transcutaneous stimulation are typically large benchtop units that are not portable, and the stimulation waveforms cannot be readily customized. To address this, we present the design and validation of a portable, programmable, multichannel, noninvasive neural stimulator that can generate three custom bipolar waveforms at ± 150 V with microsecond temporal resolution. The design is low-cost, open-source, and validated on the benchtop and with a healthy population to demonstrate its functionality for sensory and motor stimulation. Sensory stimulation included electrocutaneous stimulation targeting cutaneous mechanoreceptors at the surface of the skin and transcutaneous nerve stimulation targeting the median nerve at the wrist. Both electrocutaneous stimulation on the hand and transcutaneous stimulation at the wrist can elicit isolated tactile percepts on the hand but changes in pulse frequency are more discriminable for electrocutaneous stimulation. Also, neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the flexor digiti profundus is evoked by applying electrical stimulation directly above the muscle in the forearm and to the median and ulnar nerves in the upper arm. Muscle and nerve stimulation evoked similar grip forces and force rise times, but nerve stimulation had a significantly slower fatigue rate. The development and validation of this noninvasive stimulator and direct comparison of common sensory and motor stimulation targets in a human population constitute an important step towards more widespread use and accessibility of neural stimulation for education and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marshall A Trout
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
| | - Abigail T Harrison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Mark R Brinton
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, USA
| | - Jacob A George
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morand R, Brusa T, Schnüriger N, Catanzaro S, Berli M, Koch VM. FeetBack–Redirecting touch sensation from a prosthetic hand to the human foot. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1019880. [PMID: 36389246 PMCID: PMC9645020 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1019880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adding sensory feedback to myoelectric prosthetic hands was shown to enhance the user experience in terms of controllability and device embodiment. Often this is realized non-invasively by adding devices, such as actuators or electrodes, within the prosthetic shaft to deliver the desired feedback. However, adding a feedback system in the socket adds more weight, steals valuable space, and may interfere with myoelectric signals. To circumvent said drawbacks we tested for the first time if force feedback from a prosthetic hand could be redirected to another similarly sensitive part of the body: the foot. Methods We developed a vibrotactile insole that vibrates depending on the sensed force on the prosthetic fingers. This self-controlled clinical pilot trial included four experienced users of myoelectric prostheses. The participants solved two types of tasks with the artificial hands: 1) sorting objects depending on their plasticity with the feedback insole but without audio-visual feedback, and 2) manipulating fragile, heavy, and delicate objects with and without the feedback insole. The sorting task was evaluated with Goodman-Kruskal's gamma for ranked correlation. The manipulation tasks were assessed by the success rate. Results The results from the sorting task with vibrotactile feedback showed a substantial positive effect. The success rates for manipulation tasks with fragile and heavy objects were high under both conditions (feedback on or off, respectively). The manipulation task with delicate objects revealed inferior success with feedback in three of four participants. Conclusion We introduced a novel approach to touch sensation in myoelectric prostheses. The results for the sorting task and the manipulation tasks diverged. This is likely linked to the availability of various feedback sources. Our results for redirected feedback to the feet fall in line with previous similar studies that applied feedback to the residual arm. Clinical trial registration Name: Sensor Glove and Non-Invasive Vibrotactile Feedback Insole to Improve Hand Prostheses Functions and Embodiment (FeetBack). Date of registration: 23 April 2019. Date the first participant was enrolled: 3 September 2021. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03924310.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Morand
- Biomedical Engineering Lab, Institute for Human Centered Engineering, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Rafael Morand
| | - Tobia Brusa
- Biomedical Engineering Lab, Institute for Human Centered Engineering, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Schnüriger
- Division of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Catanzaro
- Division of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Berli
- Division of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volker M. Koch
- Biomedical Engineering Lab, Institute for Human Centered Engineering, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nataletti S, Leo F, Dideriksen J, Brayda L, Dosen S. Combined spatial and frequency encoding for electrotactile feedback of myoelectric signals. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2285-2298. [PMID: 35879359 PMCID: PMC9458587 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrotactile stimulation has been commonly used in human–machine interfaces to provide feedback to the user, thereby closing the control loop and improving performance. The encoding approach, which defines the mapping of the feedback information into stimulation profiles, is a critical component of an electrotactile interface. Ideally, the encoding will provide a high-fidelity representation of the feedback variable while being easy to perceive and interpret by the subject. In the present study, we performed a closed-loop experiment wherein discrete and continuous coding schemes are combined to exploit the benefits of both techniques. Subjects performed a muscle activation-matching task relying solely on electrotactile feedback representing the generated myoelectric signal (EMG). In particular, we investigated the performance of two different coding schemes (spatial and spatial combined with frequency) at two feedback resolutions (low: 3 and high: 5 intervals). In both schemes, the stimulation electrodes were placed circumferentially around the upper arm. The magnitude of the normalized EMG was divided into intervals, and each electrode was associated with one interval. When the generated EMG entered one of the intervals, the associated electrode started stimulating. In the combined encoding, the additional frequency modulation of the active electrode also indicated the momentary magnitude of the signal within the interval. The results showed that combined coding decreased the undershooting rate, variability and absolute deviation when the resolution was low but not when the resolution was high, where it actually worsened the performance. This demonstrates that combined coding can improve the effectiveness of EMG feedback, but that this effect is limited by the intrinsic variability of myoelectric control. Our findings, therefore, provide important insights as well as elucidate limitations of the information encoding methods when using electrotactile stimulation to convey a feedback signal characterized by high variability (EMG biofeedback).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nataletti
- Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy. .,Department of Informatics, Bioengineering Robotics, and System Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Leo
- Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Jakob Dideriksen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Ålborg, Denmark
| | - Luca Brayda
- Acoesis S.R.L., Genoa, Italy.,Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Science Unit, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Strahinja Dosen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Ålborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang J, Hao M, Yang F, Liang W, Sun A, Chou CH, Lan N. Evaluation of multiple perceptual qualities of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for evoked tactile sensation in forearm amputees. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35320789 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac6062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evoked tactile sensation (ETS) elicited by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is promising to convey digit-specific sensory information to amputees naturally and non-invasively. Fitting ETS-based sensory feedback to amputees entails customizing coding of multiple sensory information for each stimulation site. This study was to elucidate the consistency of percepts and qualities by TENS at multiple stimulation sites in amputees retaining ETS. APPROACH Five transradial amputees with ETS and fourteen able-bodied subjects participated in this study. Surface electrodes with small size (10 mm in diameter) were adopted to fit the restricted projected finger map on the forearm stump of amputees. Effects of stimulus frequency on sensory types were assessed, and the map of perceptual threshold for each sensation was characterized. Sensitivity for vibration and buzz sensations was measured using distinguishable difference in stimulus pulse width. Rapid assessments for modulation ranges of pulse width at fixed amplitude and frequency were developed for coding sensory information. Buzz sensation was demonstrated for location discrimination relating to prosthetic fingers. MAIN RESULTS Vibration and buzz sensations were consistently evoked at 20 Hz and 50 Hz as dominant sensation types in all amputees and able-bodied subjects. Perceptual thresholds of different sensations followed a similar strength-duration curve relating stimulus amplitude to pulse width. The averaged distinguishable difference in pulse width was 12.84 ± 7.23 μs for vibration and 15.21 ± 6.47 μs for buzz in able-bodied subjects, and 14.91 ± 10.54 μs for vibration and 11.30 ± 3.42 μs for buzz in amputees. Buzz coding strategy enabled five amputees to discriminate contact of individual fingers with an overall accuracy of 77.85%. SIGNIFICANCE The consistency in perceptual qualities of dominant sensations can be exploited for coding multi-modality sensory feedback. A fast protocol of sensory coding is possible for fitting ETS-based, non-invasive sensory feedback to amputees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurorehabilitaiton Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 404 South Building Med-X, No.1954 Rd. Huashan, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200030, CHINA
| | - Manzhao Hao
- Laboratory of Neurorehabilitaiton Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 401 South Building Med-X, No.1954 Rd. Huashan, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200030, CHINA
| | - Fei Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 404 South Building Med-X, No. 1954 Rd. Huashan, Xuhui, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200030, CHINA
| | - Wenyuan Liang
- National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, No.1 Rong Hua Zhong Road, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area, Beijing, Beijing, 100176, CHINA
| | - Aiping Sun
- National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, No.1 Rong Hua Zhong Road, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area, Beijing, Beijing, 100176, CHINA
| | - Chi-Hong Chou
- Laboratory of Neurorehabilitaiton Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 401 South Building Med-X, No.1954 Rd. Huashan, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200030, CHINA
| | - Ning Lan
- Laboratory of Neurorehabilitaiton Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 405 South Building Med-X, No.1954 Rd. Huashan, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200030, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kantan P, Spaich EG, Dahl S. An Embodied Sonification Model for Sit-to-Stand Transfers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:806861. [PMID: 35250738 PMCID: PMC8891127 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.806861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactive sonification of biomechanical quantities is gaining relevance as a motor learning aid in movement rehabilitation, as well as a monitoring tool. However, existing gaps in sonification research (issues related to meaning, aesthetics, and clinical effects) have prevented its widespread recognition and adoption in such applications. The incorporation of embodied principles and musical structures in sonification design has gradually become popular, particularly in applications related to human movement. In this study, we propose a general sonification model for the sit-to-stand (STS) transfer, an important activity of daily living. The model contains a fixed component independent of the use-case, which represents the rising motion of the body as an ascending melody using the physical model of a flute. In addition, a flexible component concurrently sonifies STS features of clinical interest in a particular rehabilitative/monitoring situation. Here, we chose to represent shank angular jerk and movement stoppages (freezes), through perceptually salient pitch modulations and bell sounds. We outline the details of our technical implementation of the model. We evaluated the model by means of a listening test experiment with 25 healthy participants, who were asked to identify six normal and simulated impaired STS patterns from sonified versions containing various combinations of the constituent mappings of the model. Overall, we found that the participants were able to classify the patterns accurately (86.67 ± 14.69% correct responses with the full model, 71.56% overall), confidently (64.95 ± 16.52% self-reported rating), and in a timely manner (response time: 4.28 ± 1.52 s). The amount of sonified kinematic information significantly impacted classification accuracy. The six STS patterns were also classified with significantly different accuracy depending on their kinematic characteristics. Learning effects were seen in the form of increased accuracy and confidence with repeated exposure to the sound sequences. We found no significant accuracy differences based on the participants' level of music training. Overall, we see our model as a concrete conceptual and technical starting point for STS sonification design catering to rehabilitative and clinical monitoring applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Kantan
- Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erika G Spaich
- Neurorehabilitation Systems Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sofia Dahl
- Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|