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Bauer AN, Williams JF, Pokhrel LR, Garcia S, Majumdar N, Eells JB, Cook PP, Akula SM. Evaluating Molecular Mechanism of Viral Inhibition of Aerosolized Smart Nano-Enabled Antiviral Therapeutic (SNAT) on SARS-CoV-2-Infected Hamsters. TOXICS 2024; 12:495. [PMID: 39058147 PMCID: PMC11280845 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Smart Nano-enabled Antiviral Therapeutic (SNAT) is a promising nanodrug that previously demonstrated efficacy in preclinical studies to alleviate SARS-CoV-2 pathology in hamsters. SNAT comprises taxoid (Tx)-decorated amino (NH2)-functionalized near-atomic size positively charged silver nanoparticles (Tx-[NH2-AgNPs]). Herein, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the viral inhibition and safety of aerosolized SNAT treatment in SARS-CoV-2-infected golden Syrian hamsters. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and ELISAs showed SNAT binds directly to the SARS-CoV-2 virus by interacting with intact spike (S) protein, specifically to S2 subunit. SNAT (≥1 µg/mL) treatment significantly lowered SARS-CoV-2 infections of Calu-3 cells. Extraction-free whole transcriptome assay was used to detect changes in circulatory micronome in hamsters treated intranasally with SNAT (two doses of 10 µg/mL of 2 mL each administered 24 h apart). Uninfected hamsters treated with SNAT had altered circulatory concentrations of 18 microRNAs (8 miRNAs upregulated, 10 downregulated) on day 3 post-treatment compared to uninfected controls. SNAT-induced downregulation of miR-141-3p and miR-200b-3p may reduce viral replication and inflammation by targeting Ythdf2 and Slit2, respectively. Further, SNAT treatment significantly lowered IL-6 expression in infected hamster lungs compared to untreated infected hamsters. Taken together, we demonstrate that SNAT binds directly to SARS-CoV-2 via the S protein to prevent viral entry and propose a model by which SNAT alters the cellular miRNA-directed milieu to promote antiviral cellular processes and neutralize infection. Our results provide insights into the use of low-dose intranasally delivered SNAT in treating SARS-CoV-2 infections in a hamster model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais N. Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (J.F.W.); (S.G.); (N.M.)
| | - John F. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (J.F.W.); (S.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Lok R. Pokhrel
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Selena Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (J.F.W.); (S.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Niska Majumdar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (J.F.W.); (S.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Jeffrey B. Eells
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Paul P. Cook
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Shaw M. Akula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (J.F.W.); (S.G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
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Chen J, Huang Y, Tang H, Qiao X, Sima X, Guo W. A xenogeneic extracellular matrix-based 3D printing scaffold modified by ceria nanoparticles for craniomaxillofacial hard tissue regeneration via osteo-immunomodulation. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:045007. [PMID: 38756029 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Hard tissue engineering scaffolds especially 3D printed scaffolds were considered an excellent strategy for craniomaxillofacial hard tissue regeneration, involving crania and facial bones and teeth. Porcine treated dentin matrix (pTDM) as xenogeneic extracellular matrix has the potential to promote the stem cell differentiation and mineralization as it contains plenty of bioactive factors similar with human-derived dentin tissue. However, its application might be impeded by the foreign body response induced by the damage-associated molecular patterns of pTDM, which would cause strong inflammation and hinder the regeneration. Ceria nanoparticles (CNPs) show a great promise at protecting tissue from oxidative stress and influence the macrophages polarization. Using 3D-bioprinting technology, we fabricated a xenogeneic hard tissue scaffold based on pTDM xenogeneic TDM-polycaprolactone (xTDM/PCL) and we modified the scaffolds by CNPs (xTDM/PCL/CNPs). Through series ofin vitroverification, we found xTDM/PCL/CNPs scaffolds held promise at up-regulating the expression of osteogenesis and odontogenesis related genes including collagen type 1, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone morphogenetic protein-2, osteoprotegerin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and DMP1 and inducing macrophages to polarize to M2 phenotype. Regeneration of bone tissues was further evaluated in rats by conducting the models of mandibular and skull bone defects. Thein vivoevaluation showed that xTDM/PCL/CNPs scaffolds could promote the bone tissue regeneration by up-regulating the expression of osteogenic genes involving ALP, RUNX2 and bone sialoprotein 2 and macrophage polarization into M2. Regeneration of teeth evaluated on beagles demonstrated that xTDM/PCL/CNPs scaffolds expedited the calcification inside the scaffolds and helped form periodontal ligament-like tissues surrounding the scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangchen Qiao
- Chengdu Guardental Technology Limited Corporation, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiutian Sima
- Department of Neurosurgery West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 610041, People's Republic of China
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Brown S, Atherton E, Borton DA. A Three-Dimensional Primary Cortical Culture System Compatible with Transgenic Disease Models, Virally Mediated Fluorescence, and Live Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2683:153-167. [PMID: 37300773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3287-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture models can offer high-resolution and high-throughput experimentation of cellular behaviors. However, in vitro culture approaches often fail to fully recapitulate complex cell processes involving synergistic interactions between heterogeneous neural cell populations and the surrounding neural microenvironment. Here, we describe the formation of a three-dimensional primary cortical cell culture system compatible with live confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Brown
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elaina Atherton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - David A Borton
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Providence Medical Center, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence, RI, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Hu Y, Zhang Q, Garcia-Rojas D, Ling V, Masterson CM, Bi Y, Xiao Z, Guo X, Villanova J, Dunn J, Colvin VL. Increasing the antioxidant capacity of ceria nanoparticles with catechol-grafted poly(ethylene glycol). J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:10042-10053. [PMID: 36156670 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00779g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ceria nanoparticles are remarkable antioxidants due to their large cerium(III) content and the possibility of recovering cerium(III) from cerium(IV) after reaction. Here we increase the cerium(III) content of colloidally stable nanoparticles (e.g., nanocrystals) using a reactive polymeric surface coating. Catechol-grafted poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG) polymers of varying lengths and architectures yield materials that are non-aggregating in a variety of aqueous media. Cerium(IV) on the ceria surface both binds and oxidizes the catechol functionality, generating a dark-red colour emblematic of surface-oxidized catechols with a concomitant increase in cerium(III) revealed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The extent of ceria reduction depends sensitively on the architecture of the coating polymer; small and compact polymer chains pack with high density at the nanoparticle surface yielding the most cerium(III). Nanoparticles with increased surface reduction, quantified by the intensity of their optical absorption and thermogravimetric measures of polymer grafting densities, were more potent antioxidants as measured by a standard TEAC antioxidant assay. For the same core composition nanoparticle antioxidant capacities could be increased over an order of magnitude by tailoring the length and architecture of the reactive surface coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, USA.
| | | | | | - Vivian Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, USA.
| | | | - Yidan Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, USA.
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, USA.
| | | | | | - Joshua Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, USA.
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