1
|
Virot E, Spandan V, Niu L, van Rees WM, Mahadevan L. Elastohydrodynamic Scaling Law for Heart Rates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:058102. [PMID: 32794888 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.058102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Animal hearts are soft shells that actively pump blood to oxygenate tissues. Here, we propose an allometric scaling law for the heart rate based on the idea of elastohydrodynamic resonance of a fluid-loaded soft active elastic shell that buckles and contracts axially when twisted periodically. We show that this picture is consistent with numerical simulations of soft cylindrical shells that twist-buckle while pumping a viscous fluid, yielding optimum ejection fractions of 35%-40% when driven resonantly. Our scaling law is consistent with experimental measurements of heart rates over 2 orders of magnitude, and provides a mechanistic basis for how metabolism scales with organism size. In addition to providing a physical rationale for the heart rate and metabolism of an organism, our results suggest a simple design principle for soft fluidic pumps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Virot
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University
| | - V Spandan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University
| | - L Niu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - W M van Rees
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - L Mahadevan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pasqualini FS, Agarwal A, O'Connor BB, Liu Q, Sheehy SP, Parker KK. Traction force microscopy of engineered cardiac tissues. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194706. [PMID: 29590169 PMCID: PMC5874032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac tissue development and pathology have been shown to depend sensitively on microenvironmental mechanical factors, such as extracellular matrix stiffness, in both in vivo and in vitro systems. We present a novel quantitative approach to assess cardiac structure and function by extending the classical traction force microscopy technique to tissue-level preparations. Using this system, we investigated the relationship between contractile proficiency and metabolism in neonate rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) cultured on gels with stiffness mimicking soft immature (1 kPa), normal healthy (13 kPa), and stiff diseased (90 kPa) cardiac microenvironments. We found that tissues engineered on the softest gels generated the least amount of stress and had the smallest work output. Conversely, cardiomyocytes in tissues engineered on healthy- and disease-mimicking gels generated significantly higher stresses, with the maximal contractile work measured in NRVM engineered on gels of normal stiffness. Interestingly, although tissues on soft gels exhibited poor stress generation and work production, their basal metabolic respiration rate was significantly more elevated than in other groups, suggesting a highly ineffective coupling between energy production and contractile work output. Our novel platform can thus be utilized to quantitatively assess the mechanotransduction pathways that initiate tissue-level structural and functional remodeling in response to substrate stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Silvio Pasqualini
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh Agarwal
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Blakely Bussie O'Connor
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Qihan Liu
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Sean P. Sheehy
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Munarin F, Kaiser NJ, Kim TY, Choi BR, Coulombe KLK. Laser-Etched Designs for Molding Hydrogel-Based Engineered Tissues. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 23:311-321. [PMID: 28457187 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid prototyping and fabrication of elastomeric molds for sterile culture of engineered tissues allow for the development of tissue geometries that can be tailored to different in vitro applications and customized as implantable scaffolds for regenerative medicine. Commercially available molds offer minimal capabilities for adaptation to unique conditions or applications versus those for which they are specifically designed. Here we describe a replica molding method for the design and fabrication of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) molds from laser-etched acrylic negative masters with ∼0.2 mm resolution. Examples of the variety of mold shapes, sizes, and patterns obtained from laser-etched designs are provided. We use the patterned PDMS molds for producing and culturing engineered cardiac tissues with cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. We demonstrate that tight control over tissue morphology and anisotropy results in modulation of cell alignment and tissue-level conduction properties, including the appearance and elimination of reentrant arrhythmias, or circular electrical activation patterns. Techniques for handling engineered cardiac tissues during implantation in vivo in a rat model of myocardial infarction have been developed and are presented herein to facilitate development and adoption of surgical techniques for use with hydrogel-based engineered tissues. In summary, the method presented herein for engineered tissue mold generation is straightforward and low cost, enabling rapid design iteration and adaptation to a variety of applications in tissue engineering. Furthermore, the burden of equipment and expertise is low, allowing the technique to be accessible to all.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Munarin
- 1 School of Engineering, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Nicholas J Kaiser
- 1 School of Engineering, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Tae Yun Kim
- 2 Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Bum-Rak Choi
- 2 Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kareen L K Coulombe
- 1 School of Engineering, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island.,3 Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cordero-Grande L, Vegas-Sánchez-Ferrero G, Casaseca-de-la-Higuera P, Aja-Fernández S, Alberola-López C. A magnetic resonance software simulator for the evaluation of myocardial deformation estimation. Med Eng Phys 2013; 35:1331-40. [PMID: 23561923 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a methodology to design a physiologically realistic computer simulator of images of the left ventricle myocardium based on a patient-specific biomechanical model. The simulator takes a magnetic resonance image of a given patient at end diastole, uses a manual segmentation of that image to model the geometry of the myocardium and sets the parameters of the constitutive model used for biomechanical simulation according to a regional labeling of the contractility of the myocardium for that patient. The simulated deformations are used to warp the magnetic resonance dataset throughout the cardiac cycle to generate different image modalities. The simulator is validated by quantifying its ability to model actual deformations in a set of patients affected by an acute myocardial infarction. Specifically a high correlation has been encountered between the ejection fraction derived from the simulated end systolic deformation of the myocardium and the myocardium segmented from actual data. Additionally, most of the parameters that describe the simulated deformation compare well with reported values. Overall, the simulator is intended as a testbed for extensive comparisons of myocardial motion tracking methods due to its ability to relate the impaired myocardial function with the associated ventricular remodeling, a novel contribution in the literature of cardiac image simulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucilio Cordero-Grande
- Laboratorio de Procesado de Imagen, ETSIT, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 15, 40011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|