1
|
Wang Y, Song M, Fu X. A biomimetic orthogonal flow sensor based on an asymmetric optical fiber sensory structure for marine sensing. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2024; 19:036002. [PMID: 38306671 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
With increasing attention on the world's oceans, a significant amount of research has been focused on the sensing of marine-related parameters in recent years. In this paper, a bioinspired flow sensor with corrosion resistance, anti-interference capability, a portable design structure, easy integration, and directional sensing ability is presented to realize flow speed sensing in open water. The sensor is realized by a flexible artificial cupula that seals one side of an optical fiber acting as an artificial kinocilium. Below the artificial kinocilium, an encapsulated s-tapered optical fiber mimics the fish neuromast sensory mechanism and is supported by a 3D-printed structure that acts as the artificial supporting cell. To characterize the sensor, the optical transmission spectra of the sensory fiber under a set of water flow velocities and four orthogonal directions were monitored. The sensor's peak intensity responses were found to demonstrate flow sensing ability for velocity and direction, proving that this biomimetic portable sensing structure is a promising candidate for flow sensing in marine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwang Song
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianping Fu
- Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ray R, Rakesh A, Singh S, Madhyastha H, Mani NK. Hair and Nail-On-Chip for Bioinspired Microfluidic Device Fabrication and Biomarker Detection. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-27. [PMID: 38133962 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2291825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The advent of biosensors has tremendously increased our potential of identifying and solving important problems in various domains, ranging from food safety and environmental analysis, to healthcare and medicine. However, one of the most prominent drawbacks of these technologies, especially in the biomedical field, is to employ conventional samples, such as blood, urine, tissue extracts and other body fluids for analysis, which suffer from the drawbacks of invasiveness, discomfort, and high costs encountered in transportation and storage, thereby hindering these products to be applied for point-of-care testing that has garnered substantial attention in recent years. Therefore, through this review, we emphasize for the first time, the applications of switching over to noninvasive sampling techniques involving hair and nails that not only circumvent most of the aforementioned limitations, but also serve as interesting alternatives in understanding the human physiology involving minimal costs, equipment and human interference when combined with rapidly advancing technologies, such as microfluidics and organ-on-a-chip to achieve miniaturization on an unprecedented scale. The coalescence between these two fields has not only led to the fabrication of novel microdevices involving hair and nails, but also function as robust biosensors for the detection of biomarkers, chemicals, metabolites and nucleic acids through noninvasive sampling. Finally, we have also elucidated a plethora of futuristic innovations that could be incorporated in such devices, such as expanding their applications in nail and hair-based drug delivery, their potential in serving as next-generation wearable sensors and integrating these devices with machine-learning for enhanced automation and decentralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohitraj Ray
- Department of Bioengineering (BE), Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amith Rakesh
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Sheetal Singh
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Uppalapati B, Gajula D, Bava M, Muthusamy L, Koley G. Low-Power AlGaN/GaN Triangular Microcantilever for Air Flow Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7465. [PMID: 37687921 PMCID: PMC10490568 DOI: 10.3390/s23177465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates an AlGaN/GaN triangular microcantilever with a heated apex for airflow detection utilizing a very simple two-terminal sensor configuration. Thermal microscope images were used to verify that the apex region of the microcantilever reached significantly higher temperatures than other parts under applied voltage bias. The sensor response was found to vary linearly with airflow rate when tested over a range of airflow varying from 16 to 2000 sccm. The noise-limited flow volume measurement yielded ~4 sccm resolution, while the velocity resolution was found to be 0.241 cm/s, which is one of the best reported so far for thermal sensors. The sensor was able to operate at a very low power consumption level of ~5 mW, which is one of the lowest reported for these types of sensors. The intrinsic response time of the sensor was estimated to be on the order of a few ms, limited by its thermal properties. Overall, the microcantilever sensor, with its simple geometry and measurement configurations, was found to exhibit attractive performance metrics useful for various sensing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balaadithya Uppalapati
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Durga Gajula
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Manav Bava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Lavanya Muthusamy
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Goutam Koley
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chortos A. Extrusion
3D
printing of conjugated polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Chortos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Devaraj H, Aw KC, McDaid AJ. Review of functional materials for potential use as wearable infection sensors in limb prostheses. Biomed Eng Lett 2019; 10:43-61. [PMID: 32175129 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-019-00132-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental goal of prosthesis is to achieve optimal levels of performance and enhance the quality of life of amputees. Socket type prostheses have been widely employed despite their known drawbacks. More recently, the advent of osseointegrated prostheses have demonstrated potential to be a better alternative to socket prosthesis eliminating most of the drawbacks of the latter. However, both socket and osseointegrated limb prostheses are prone to superficial infections during use. Infection prone skin lesions from frictional rubbing of the socket against the soft tissue are a known problem of socket type prosthesis. Osseointegration, on the other hand, results in an open wound at the implant-stump interface. The integration of infection sensors in prostheses to detect and prevent infections is proposed to enhance quality of life of amputees. Pathogenic volatiles having been identified to be a potent stimulus, this paper reviews the current techniques in the field of infection sensing, specifically focusing on identifying portable and flexible sensors with potential to be integrated into prosthesis designs. Various sensor architectures including but not limited to sensors fabricated from conducting polymers, carbon polymer composites, metal oxide semiconductors, metal organic frameworks, hydrogels and synthetic oligomers are reviewed. The challenges and their potential integration pathways that can enhance the possibilities of integrating these sensors into prosthesis designs are analysed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Devaraj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kean C Aw
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J McDaid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang P, Aydemir N, Alkaisi M, Williams DE, Travas-Sejdic J. Direct Writing and Characterization of Three-Dimensional Conducting Polymer PEDOT Arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11888-11895. [PMID: 29570263 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct writing is an effective and versatile technique for three-dimensional (3D) fabrication of conducting polymer (CP) structures. It is precisely localized and highly controllable, thus providing great opportunities for incorporating CPs into microelectronic array devices. Herein we demonstrate 3D writing and characterization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) pillars in an array format, by using an in-house-constructed variant of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). CP pillars with different aspect ratios were successfully fabricated by optimizing the writing parameters: pulling speed, pulling time, concentration of the polymer solution, and the micropipette tip diameter. Especially, super high aspect ratio pillars of around 7 μm in diameter and 5000 μm in height were fabricated, indicating a good capability of this direct writing technique. Additions of an organic solvent and a cross-linking agent contribute to a significantly enhanced water stability of the pillars, critical if the arrays were to be used in biologically relevant applications. Surface morphologies and structural analysis of CP pillars were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Electrochemical properties of the individual pillars of different heights were examined by cyclic voltammetry using a double-barrel micropipette as an electrochemical cell. Exceptional mechanical properties of the pillars, such as high flexibility and robustness, were observed when bent by applying a force. The 3D pillar arrays are expected to provide versatile substrates for functionalized and integrated biological sensing and electrically addressable array devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peikai Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Nihan Aydemir
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Maan Alkaisi
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering , University of Canterbury , Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
| | - David E Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Q, Dhakal R, Kim J. Microdroplet-based On-Demand Drawing of High Aspect-Ratio Elastomeric Micropillar and Its Contact Sensing Application. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17009. [PMID: 29209022 PMCID: PMC5717269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
High aspect-ratio elastomeric micropillars play important roles as the platform for microscale sensing and actuation. Many soft-lithographic techniques have been developed for their facile realization but most of the techniques are limited to build the micropillars only on totally flat, widely accessible substrate areas with the micropillar’s structural characteristics completely predetermined, leaving little room for in situ control. Here we demonstrate a new technique which overcomes these limitations by directly drawing micropillars from pipette-dispensed PDMS microdroplets using vacuum-chucked microspheres. The combined utilization of PDMS microdroplets and microspheres not only enables the realization of microsphere-tipped PDMS micropillars on non-flat, highly space-constrained substrate areas at in situ controllable heights but also allows arraying of micropillars with dissimilar heights at a close proximity. To validate the new technique’s utility and versatility, we realize PDMS micropillars on various unconventional substrate areas in various configurations. We also convert one of them, the optical fiber/micropillar hybrid, into a soft optical contact sensor. Both the fabrication technique and the resulting sensing scheme will be useful for future biomedical microsystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rabin Dhakal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jaeyoun Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wen Y, Xu J. Scientific Importance of Water-Processable PEDOT-PSS and Preparation, Challenge and New Application in Sensors of Its Film Electrode: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry; Jiangxi Agricultural University; Nanchang 330045 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coatings; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|