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Zhou Z, Liu J, Pan J, Yu J. Proactivity of fish and leadership of self-propelled robotic fish during interaction. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18. [PMID: 37075759 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acce87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fish interacting with biomimetic robotic fish is beneficial for animal behavior research, particularly in the study of collective behavior. Compared with passive-dragging robotic fish, self-propelled robotic fish floats in water, and its movement matches the flow field formed by the caudal fin oscillation, leading to more realistic interaction with animals. In this paper, we propose a self-propelled koi-mimicking robotic fish entity, develop a system for robotic fish and koi fish interaction, and conduct extensive experiments on quantity variation and parameter variation. The results showed that fish exhibited significantly lower proactivity when alone, and the most proactive case is one robotic fish interacting with two real fish. The experiments on parameter variation indicated that fish may respond more proactivity to robotic fish that swim with high frequency and low amplitude, but may also move together with high-frequency and high-amplitude swimming robotic fish. These findings could provide insights into fish collective behavior, guide the design of further fish-robot interaction experiments, and suggest directions for future improvements in goal-oriented robotic fish platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincun Liu
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Junzhi Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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2
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Tamborini M, Datteri E. Is biorobotics science? Some theoretical reflections. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 18:015005. [PMID: 36368046 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aca24b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we ask one fairly simple question: to what extent can biorobotics be sensibly qualified as science? The answer clearly depends on what 'science' means and whether what is actually done in biorobotics corresponds to this meaning. To respond to this question, we will deploy the distinction between science and so-called technoscience, and isolate different kinds of objects of inquiry in biorobotics research. Capitalising on the distinction between 'proximal' and 'distal' biorobotic hypotheses, we will argue that technoscientific biorobotic studies address proximal hypotheses, whilst scientific biorobotic studies address distal hypotheses. As a result, we argue that bioroboticians can be both considered as scientists and technoscientists and that this is one of the main payoffs of biorobotics. Indeed, technoscientists play an extremely important role in 21st-century culture and in the current critical production of knowledge. Today's world is increasingly technological, or rather, it is a bio-hybrid system in which the biological and the technological are mixed. Therefore, studying the behaviour of robotic systems and the phenomena of animal-robot interaction means analysing, understanding, and shaping our world. Indeed, in the conclusion of the paper, we broadly reflect on the philosophical and disciplinary payoff of seeing biorobotics as a science and/or technoscience for the increasingly bio-hybrid and technical world of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tamborini
- Department of Philosophy, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Philosophy, Residenzschloss 1, Darmstadt 64283, Germany
| | - Edoardo Datteri
- RobotiCSS Lab, Laboratory of Robotics for the Cognitive and Social Sciences, Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, Building U6, Milan, MI 20126, Italy
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3
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Araguas A, Guellaï B, Gauthier P, Richer F, Montone G, Chopin A, Derégnaucourt S. Design of a robotic zebra finch for experimental studies on developmental song learning. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274312. [PMID: 35048975 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Birdsong learning has been consolidated as the model system of choice for exploring the biological substrates of vocal learning. In the Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata), only males sing and they develop their song during a sensitive period in early life. Different experimental procedures have been used in the laboratory to train a young finch to learn a song. So far, the best method to get a faithful imitation is to keep a young bird singly with an adult male. Here we present the different characteristics of a robotic zebra finch that was developed with the goal to be used as a song tutor. The robot is morphologically similar to a real-size finch: it can produce movements and sounds contingently to the behaviours of a live bird. We present preliminary results on song imitation, and other possible applications beyond the scope of developmental song learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Araguas
- Laboratoire Ethologie Cognition Développement, Université Paris Nanterre, Université Paris Lumières, Nanterre, France
| | - Bahia Guellaï
- Laboratoire Ethologie Cognition Développement, Université Paris Nanterre, Université Paris Lumières, Nanterre, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, CNRS UMR 7222, Sorbonne Université, France
| | - Philippe Gauthier
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, CNRS UMR 7222, Sorbonne Université, France
| | - Florian Richer
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, CNRS UMR 7222, Sorbonne Université, France
| | - Guglielmo Montone
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS UMR 8242, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Adrien Chopin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Derégnaucourt
- Laboratoire Ethologie Cognition Développement, Université Paris Nanterre, Université Paris Lumières, Nanterre, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, CNRS UMR 7222, Sorbonne Université, France
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4
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Datteri E. The creation of phenomena in interactive biorobotics. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2021; 115:629-642. [PMID: 34714419 PMCID: PMC8642366 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-021-00900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In so-called interactive biorobotics, robotic models of living systems interact with animals in controlled experimental settings. By observing how the focal animal reacts to the stimuli delivered by the robot, one tests hypotheses concerning the determinants of animal behaviour in social contexts. Building on previous methodological reconstructions of interactive biorobotics, this article reflects on the claim, made by several authors in the field, that this strategy may enable one to explain social phenomena in animals. The answer offered here will be negative: interactive biorobotics does not contribute to the explanation of social phenomena. However, it may greatly contribute to the study of animal behaviour by creating social phenomena in the sense discussed by Ian Hacking, i.e. by precisely defining new phenomena to be explained. It will be also suggested that interactive biorobotics can be combined with more classical robot-based approaches to the study of living systems, leading to a so-called simulation-interactive strategy for the mechanistic explanation of social behaviour in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Datteri
- RobotiCSS Lab, Laboratory of Robotics for the Cognitive and Social Sciences, Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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5
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Zanon M, Lemaire BS, Vallortigara G. Steps towards a computational ethology: an automatized, interactive setup to investigate filial imprinting and biological predispositions. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2021; 115:575-584. [PMID: 34272970 PMCID: PMC8642325 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-021-00886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soon after hatching, the young of precocial species, such as domestic chicks or ducklings, learn to recognize their social partner by simply being exposed to it (imprinting process). Even artificial objects or stimuli displayed on monitor screens can effectively trigger filial imprinting, though learning is canalized by spontaneous preferences for animacy signals, such as certain kinds of motion or a face-like appearance. Imprinting is used as a behavioural paradigm for studies on memory formation, early learning and predispositions, as well as number and space cognition, and brain asymmetries. Here, we present an automatized setup to expose and/or test animals for a variety of imprinting experiments. The setup consists of a cage with two high-frequency screens at the opposite ends where stimuli are shown. Provided with a camera covering the whole space of the cage, the behaviour of the animal is recorded continuously. A graphic user interface implemented in Matlab allows a custom configuration of the experimental protocol, that together with Psychtoolbox drives the presentation of images on the screens, with accurate time scheduling and a highly precise framerate. The setup can be implemented into a complete workflow to analyse behaviour in a fully automatized way by combining Matlab (and Psychtoolbox) to control the monitor screens and stimuli, DeepLabCut to track animals' behaviour, Python (and R) to extract data and perform statistical analyses. The automated setup allows neuro-behavioural scientists to perform standardized protocols during their experiments, with faster data collection and analyses, and reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Zanon
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Bastien S Lemaire
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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6
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Pun P, Brown J, Cobb T, Wessells RJ, Kim DH. Navigation of a Freely Walking Fruit Fly in Infinite Space Using a Transparent Omnidirectional Locomotion Compensator (TOLC). SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051651. [PMID: 33673520 PMCID: PMC7956841 DOI: 10.3390/s21051651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Animal behavior is an essential element in behavioral neuroscience study. However, most behavior studies in small animals such as fruit flies (Drosophilamelanogaster) have been performed in a limited spatial chamber or by tethering the fly's body on a fixture, which restricts its natural behavior. In this paper, we developed the Transparent Omnidirectional Locomotion Compensator (TOLC) for a freely walking fruit fly without tethering, which enables its navigation in infinite space. The TOLC maintains a position of a fruit fly by compensating its motion using the transparent sphere. The TOLC is capable of maintaining the position error < 1 mm for 90.3% of the time and the heading error < 5° for 80.2% of the time. The inverted imaging system with a transparent sphere secures the space for an additional experimental apparatus. Because the proposed TOLC allows us to observe a freely walking fly without physical tethering, there is no potential injury during the experiment. Thus, the TOLC will offer a unique opportunity to investigate longitudinal studies of a wide range of behavior in an unrestricted walking Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pikam Pun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Jacobs Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA;
| | - Tyler Cobb
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.C.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Robert J. Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.C.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Dal Hyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
In recent studies, robots are used to stimulate living systems in controlled experimental settings. This research strategy is here called interactive biorobotics, to distinguish it from classical biorobotics, in which robots are used to simulate, rather than to stimulate, living system behavior. This article offers a methodological analysis of interactive biorobotics and has two goals. The first one is to argue that interactive biorobotics is methodologically different, in some important respects, from classical biorobotics and from countless instances of model-based science. It will be shown that interactive biorobotics does not conform to the so-called “understanding by building” approach or synthetic method, and that it illustrates a novel use of models in science. The second goal is to reflect on the logic of interactive biorobotics. A distinction will be made between two classes of studies, which will be called “proximal” and “distal.” In proximal studies, experiments involving robot-animal interaction are brought to bear on theoretical hypotheses on robot-animal interaction. In distal studies, experiments involving robot-animal interaction are brought to bear on theoretical hypotheses on animal-animal interaction. Distal studies involve logical steps which may be particularly hard to justify. This distinction, together with a methodological reflection on the relationship between the context in which the experiments are carried out and the context in which the conclusions are expected to hold, will lead to a checklist of questions which may be useful to justify and evaluate the validity of interactive biorobotics studies. The reconstruction of the logic of interactive biorobotics made here, though preliminary, may contribute to justifying the important role that robots, as tool for stimulating living systems, can play in the contemporary life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Datteri
- RobotiCSS Lab - Laboratory of Robotics for the Cognitive and Social Sciences, Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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8
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Papaspyros V, Bonnet F, Collignon B, Mondada F. Bidirectional interactions facilitate the integration of a robot into a shoal of zebrafish Danio rerio. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220559. [PMID: 31430290 PMCID: PMC6701756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies on collective animal behavior seek to identify the individual rules that underlie collective patterns. However, it was not until the recent advancements of micro-electronic and embedded systems that scientists were able to create mixed groups of sensor-rich robots and animals and study collective interactions from the within a bio-hybrid group. In recent work, scientists showed that a robot-controlled lure is capable of influencing the collective decisions of zebrafish Danio rerio shoals moving in a ring and a two-room setup. Here, we study a closely related topic, that is, the collective behavior patterns that emerge when different behavioral models are reproduced through the use of a robotic lure. We design a behavioral model that alternates between obeying and disobeying the collective motion decisions in order to become socially accepted by the shoal members. Subsequently, we compare it against two extreme cases: a reactive and an imposing decision model. For this, we use spatial, directional and information theoretic metrics to measure the degree of integration of the robotic agent. We show that our model leads to similar information flow as in freely roaming shoals of zebrafish and exhibits leadership skills more often than the open-loop models. Thus, in order for the robot to achieve higher degrees of integration in the zebrafish shoal, it must, like any other shoal member, be bidirectionally involved in the decision making process. These findings provide insight on the ability to form mixed societies of animals and robots and yield promising results on the degree to which a robot can influence the collective decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaios Papaspyros
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Bonnet
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Collignon
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Social Ecology (USE), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Francesco Mondada
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Romano D, Donati E, Benelli G, Stefanini C. A review on animal-robot interaction: from bio-hybrid organisms to mixed societies. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2019; 113:201-225. [PMID: 30430234 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-018-0787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms are far superior to state-of-the-art robots as they have evolved a wide number of capabilities that far encompass our most advanced technologies. The merging of biological and artificial world, both physically and cognitively, represents a new trend in robotics that provides promising prospects to revolutionize the paradigms of conventional bio-inspired design as well as biological research. In this review, a comprehensive definition of animal-robot interactive technologies is given. They can be at animal level, by augmenting physical or mental capabilities through an integrated technology, or at group level, in which real animals interact with robotic conspecifics. Furthermore, an overview of the current state of the art and the recent trends in this novel context is provided. Bio-hybrid organisms represent a promising research area allowing us to understand how a biological apparatus (e.g. muscular and/or neural) works, thanks to the interaction with the integrated technologies. Furthermore, by using artificial agents, it is possible to shed light on social behaviours characterizing mixed societies. The robots can be used to manipulate groups of living organisms to understand self-organization and the evolution of cooperative behaviour and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Romano
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, PI, Italy.
| | - Elisa Donati
- The Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich/ETH, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, PI, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, PI, Italy
- HEIC Center, BME Department, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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10
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Kim C, Ruberto T, Phamduy P, Porfiri M. Closed-loop control of zebrafish behaviour in three dimensions using a robotic stimulus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:657. [PMID: 29330523 PMCID: PMC5766612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Robotics is continuously being integrated in animal behaviour studies to create customizable, controllable, and repeatable stimuli. However, few systems have capitalized on recent breakthroughs in computer vision and real-time control to enable a two-way interaction between the animal and the robot. Here, we present a "closed-loop control" system to investigate the behaviour of zebrafish, a popular animal model in preclinical studies. The system allows for actuating a biologically-inspired 3D-printed replica in a 3D workspace, in response to the behaviour of a zebrafish. We demonstrate the role of closed-loop control in modulating the response of zebrafish, across a range of behavioural and information-theoretic measures. Our results suggest that closed-loop control could enhance the degree of biomimicry of the replica, by increasing the attraction of live subjects and their interaction with the stimulus. Interactive experiments hold promise to advance our understanding of zebrafish, offering new means for high throughput behavioural phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsu Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Tommaso Ruberto
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Paul Phamduy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Maurizio Porfiri
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA.
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Cazenille L, Chemtob Y, Bonnet F, Gribovskiy A, Mondada F, Bredeche N, Halloy J. How to Blend a Robot Within a Group of Zebrafish: Achieving Social Acceptance Through Real-Time Calibration of a Multi-level Behavioural Model. BIOMIMETIC AND BIOHYBRID SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95972-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Romano D, Benelli G, Donati E, Remorini D, Canale A, Stefanini C. Multiple cues produced by a robotic fish modulate aggressive behaviour in Siamese fighting fishes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4667. [PMID: 28680126 PMCID: PMC5498610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of robotics to establish social interactions between animals and robots, represents an elegant and innovative method to investigate animal behaviour. However, robots are still underused to investigate high complex and flexible behaviours, such as aggression. Here, Betta splendens was tested as model system to shed light on the effect of a robotic fish eliciting aggression. We evaluated how multiple signal systems, including a light stimulus, affect aggressive responses in B. splendens. Furthermore, we conducted experiments to estimate if aggressive responses were triggered by the biomimetic shape of fish replica, or whether any intruder object was effective as well. Male fishes showed longer and higher aggressive displays as puzzled stimuli from the fish replica increased. When the fish replica emitted its full sequence of cues, the intensity of aggression exceeded even that produced by real fish opponents. Fish replica shape was necessary for conspecific opponent perception, evoking significant aggressive responses. Overall, this study highlights that the efficacy of an artificial opponent eliciting aggressive behaviour in fish can be boosted by exposure to multiple signals. Optimizing the cue combination delivered by the robotic fish replica may be helpful to predict escalating levels of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Romano
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elisa Donati
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Robotics Institute, Khalifa University, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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13
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Ruberto T, Polverino G, Porfiri M. How different is a 3D-printed replica from a conspecific in the eyes of a zebrafish? J Exp Anal Behav 2017; 107:279-293. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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