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Jentzsch M, Albiez V, Kardamakis TC, Speck T. Analysis of the peel structure of different Citrus spp. via light microscopy, SEM and μCT with manual and automatic segmentation. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2804-2811. [PMID: 38446076 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01511d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The peels of lime, lemon, pomelo and citron are investigated at macroscopic and microscopic level. The structural composition of the peels is compared and properties such as peel thickness, proportion of flavedo, density and proportion of intercellular spaces are determined. μCT images are used to visualize vascular bundles and oil glands. SEM images provide information about the appearance of the cellular tissue in the outer flavedo and inner albedo. The proportion of intercellular spaces is quantitatively determined by manual and software-assisted analysis (ilastik). While there are macroscopic differences in the fruits, they differ only slightly in the orientation of the vascular bundles and the arrangement of the oil glands. However, in peel thickness and flavedo thickness, the fruit peels differ significantly from each other. There are no significant differences between the two analysis methods used, although the use of ilastik is preferred due to time reduction of up to 70%. The large amount of intercellular spaces in the albedo but also the denser flavedo both have a mechanical protective function to prevent damage to the fruit. In addition, the entire peel structure is mechanically reinforced by vascular bundles. This combination of penetration protection (flavedo) and energy dissipation (albedo) makes Citrus spp. peels a promising inspiration for technical material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Jentzsch
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Albiez
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Thalia C Kardamakis
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Zhang Z, Mu Z, Wang Y, Song W, Yu H, Zhang S, Li Y, Niu S, Han Z, Ren L. Lightweight Structural Biomaterials with Excellent Mechanical Performance: A Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8020153. [PMID: 37092405 PMCID: PMC10123704 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational design of desirable lightweight structural materials usually needs to meet the strict requirements of mechanical properties. Seeking optimal integration strategies for lightweight structures and high mechanical performance is always of great research significance in the rapidly developing composites field, which also draws significant attention from materials scientists and engineers. However, the intrinsic incompatibility of low mass and high strength is still an open challenge for achieving satisfied engineering composites. Fortunately, creatures in nature tend to possess excellent lightweight properties and mechanical performance to improve their survival ability. Thus, by ingenious structure configuration, lightweight structural biomaterials with simple components can achieve high mechanical performance. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in three typical structures in natural biomaterials: cellular structures, fibrous structures, and sandwich structures. For each structure, typical organisms are selected for comparison, and their compositions, structures, and properties are discussed in detail, respectively. In addition, bioinspired design approaches of each structure are briefly introduced. At last, the outlook on the design and fabrication of bioinspired composites is also presented to guide the development of advanced composites in future practical engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Zhengzhi Mu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Wenda Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Hexuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
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