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Tamo AK, Djouonkep LDW, Selabi NBS. 3D Printing of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132123. [PMID: 38761909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, 3D printing represents a versatile technology employing inks to construct three-dimensional living structures, mimicking natural biological systems. This technology efficiently translates digital blueprints into highly reproducible 3D objects. Recent advances have expanded 3D printing applications, allowing for the fabrication of diverse anatomical components, including engineered functional tissues and organs. The development of printable inks, which incorporate macromolecules, enzymes, cells, and growth factors, is advancing with the aim of restoring damaged tissues and organs. Polysaccharides, recognized for their intrinsic resemblance to components of the extracellular matrix have garnered significant attention in the field of tissue engineering. This review explores diverse 3D printing techniques, outlining distinctive features that should characterize scaffolds used as ideal matrices in tissue engineering. A detailed investigation into the properties and roles of polysaccharides in tissue engineering is highlighted. The review also culminates in a profound exploration of 3D polysaccharide-based hydrogel applications, focusing on recent breakthroughs in regenerating different tissues such as skin, bone, cartilage, heart, nerve, vasculature, and skeletal muscle. It further addresses challenges and prospective directions in 3D printing hydrogels based on polysaccharides, paving the way for innovative research to fabricate functional tissues, enhancing patient care, and improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, CNRS, UMR 5223, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France.
| | - Lesly Dasilva Wandji Djouonkep
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China; Key Laboratory of Drilling and Production Engineering for Oil and Gas, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Naomie Beolle Songwe Selabi
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
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Xu M, Liu T, Qin M, Cheng Y, Lan W, Niu X, Wei Y, Hu Y, Lian X, Zhao L, Chen S, Chen W, Huang D. Bone-like hydroxyapatite anchored on alginate microspheres for bone regeneration. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Strasser V, Matijaković N, Mihelj Josipović T, Kontrec J, Lyons DM, Kralj D, Dutour Sikirić M. Factors affecting calcium phosphate mineralization within bulk alginate hydrogels. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Reakasame S, Boccaccini AR. Oxidized Alginate-Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review. Biomacromolecules 2017; 19:3-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Supachai Reakasame
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Regitsky AU, Keshavarz B, McKinley GH, Holten-Andersen N. Rheology as a Mechanoscopic Method to Monitor Mineralization in Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4067-4074. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail U. Regitsky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bavand Keshavarz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gareth H. McKinley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Niels Holten-Andersen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Dabiri SMH, Lagazzo A, Barberis F, Farokhi M, Finocchio E, Pastorino L. Letter to editor for supporting “Characterization of alginate-brushite in-situ hydrogel composites”. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 74:410-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Letter to the Editor re “Characterization of alginate-brushite in-situ hydrogel composites”. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 70:930-931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bjørnøy SH, Mandaric S, Bassett DC, Åslund AK, Ucar S, Andreassen JP, Strand BL, Sikorski P. Gelling kinetics and in situ mineralization of alginate hydrogels: A correlative spatiotemporal characterization toolbox. Acta Biomater 2016; 44:243-53. [PMID: 27497844 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Due to their large water content and structural similarities to the extracellular matrix, hydrogels are an attractive class of material in the tissue engineering field. Polymers capable of ionotropic gelation are of special interest due to their ability to form gels at mild conditions. In this study we have developed an experimental toolbox to measure the gelling kinetics of alginate upon crosslinking with calcium ions. A reaction-diffusion model for gelation has been used to describe the diffusion of calcium within the hydrogel and was shown to match experimental observations well. In particular, a single set of parameters was able to predict gelation kinetics over a wide range of gelling ion concentrations. The developed model was used to predict the gelling time for a number of geometries, including microspheres typically used for cell encapsulation. We also demonstrate that this toolbox can be used to spatiotemporally investigate the formation and evolution of mineral within the hydrogel network via correlative Raman microspectroscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Hydrogels show great promise in cell-based tissue engineering, however new fabrication and modification methods are needed to realize the full potential of hydrogel based materials. The inclusion of an inorganic phase is one such approach and is known to affect both cell-material interactions and mechanical properties. This article describes the development of a correlative experimental approach where gel formation and mineralization has been investigated with spatial and temporal resolution by applying Raman microspectroscopy, optical and electron microscopy and a reaction-diffusion modeling scheme. Modeling allows us to predict gelling kinetics for other geometries and sizes than those investigated experimentally. Our experimental system enables non-destructive study of composite hydrogel systems relevant for, but not limited to, applications within bone tissue engineering.
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Bjørnøy SH, Bassett DC, Ucar S, Strand BL, Andreassen JP, Sikorski P. A correlative spatiotemporal microscale study of calcium phosphate formation and transformation within an alginate hydrogel matrix. Acta Biomater 2016; 44:254-66. [PMID: 27567962 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The modification of soft hydrogels with hard inorganic components is a method used to form composite materials with application in non-load-bearing bone tissue engineering. The inclusion of an inorganic component may provide mechanical enhancement, introduce osteoconductive or osteoinductive properties, or change other aspects of interactions between native or implanted cells and the material. A thorough understanding of the interactions between such components is needed to improve the rational design of such biomaterials. To achieve this goal, model systems which could allow study of the formation and transformation of mineral phases within a hydrogel network with a range of experimental methods and high spatial and time resolution are needed. Here, we report a detailed investigation of the formation and transformation process of calcium phosphate mineral within an alginate hydrogel matrix. A combination of optical microscopy, confocal Raman microspectroscopy and electron microscopy was used to investigate the spatial distribution, morphology and crystal phase of the calcium phosphate mineral, as well as to study transformation of the mineral phases during the hydrogel mineralization process and upon incubation in a simulated body fluid. It was found, that under the conditions used in this work, mineral initially formed as a metastable amorphous calcium phosphate phase (ACP). The ACP particles had a distinctive spherical morphology and transformed within minutes into brushite in the presence of brushite seed crystals or into octacalcium phosphate, when no seeds were present in the hydrogel matrix. Incubation of brushite-alginate composites in simulated body fluid resulted in formation of hydroxyapatite. The characterization strategy presented here allows for non-destructive, in situ observation of mineralization processes in optically transparent hydrogels with little to no sample preparation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The precipitation and transformations of calcium phosphates (CaP) is a complex process, where both formation kinetics and the stability of different mineral phases control the outcome. This situation is even more complex if CaP is precipitated in a hydrogel matrix, where one can expect the organic matrix to modulate crystallization by introducing supersaturation gradients or changing the nucleation and growth kinetics of crystals. In this study we apply a range of characterization techniques to study the mineral formation and transformations of CaP within an alginate matrix with spatiotemporal resolution. It demonstrates how a detailed investigation of the mineral precipitation and transformations can aid in the future rational design of hydrogel-based materials for bone tissue engineering and studies of biomineralization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre H Bjørnøy
- Department of Physics, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - David C Bassett
- Department of Physics, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Seniz Ucar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Berit L Strand
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jens-Petter Andreassen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Pawel Sikorski
- Department of Physics, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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