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Younes HM, Kadavil H, Ismail HM, Adib SA, Zamani S, Alany RG, Al-Kinani AA. Overview of Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications of Reactive Electrospinning and Crosslinking Techniques of Polymeric Nanofibers with Highlights on Their Biocompatibility Testing and Regulatory Aspects. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:32. [PMID: 38258043 PMCID: PMC10818558 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional electrospinning is a promising technique for fabricating nanofibers for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. The method is highly efficient in producing nanofibers with morphology and porosity similar to the extracellular matrix. Nonetheless, and in many instances, the process has faced several limitations, including weak mechanical strength, large diameter distributions, and scaling-up difficulties of its fabricated electrospun nanofibers. The constraints of the polymer solution's intrinsic properties are primarily responsible for these limitations. Reactive electrospinning constitutes a novel and modified electrospinning techniques developed to overcome those challenges and improve the properties of the fabricated fibers intended for various biomedical applications. This review mainly addresses reactive electrospinning techniques, a relatively new approach for making in situ or post-crosslinked nanofibers. It provides an overview of and discusses the recent literature about chemical and photoreactive electrospinning, their various techniques, their biomedical applications, and FDA regulatory aspects related to their approval and marketing. Another aspect highlighted in this review is the use of crosslinking and reactive electrospinning techniques to enhance the fabricated nanofibers' physicochemical and mechanical properties and make them more biocompatible and tailored for advanced intelligent drug delivery and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam M. Younes
- Tissue Engineering & Nanopharmaceuticals Research Laboratory (TENRL), Office of Vice President for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.K.); (H.M.I.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Hana Kadavil
- Tissue Engineering & Nanopharmaceuticals Research Laboratory (TENRL), Office of Vice President for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.K.); (H.M.I.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Hesham M. Ismail
- Tissue Engineering & Nanopharmaceuticals Research Laboratory (TENRL), Office of Vice President for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.K.); (H.M.I.); (S.A.A.)
- Charles River Laboratories, Montreal, QC H9X 3R3, Canada
| | - Sandi Ali Adib
- Tissue Engineering & Nanopharmaceuticals Research Laboratory (TENRL), Office of Vice President for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.K.); (H.M.I.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Somayeh Zamani
- Tissue Engineering & Nanopharmaceuticals Research Laboratory (TENRL), Office of Vice President for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.K.); (H.M.I.); (S.A.A.)
- Materials Science & Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Raid G. Alany
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (R.G.A.); (A.A.A.-K.)
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Theme, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, London KT2 7LB, UK
| | - Ali A. Al-Kinani
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (R.G.A.); (A.A.A.-K.)
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Ehrmann A. Non-Toxic Crosslinking of Electrospun Gelatin Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Biomedicine-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1973. [PMID: 34203958 PMCID: PMC8232702 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning can be used to prepare nanofiber mats from diverse polymers, polymer blends, or polymers doped with other materials. Amongst this broad range of usable materials, biopolymers play an important role in biotechnological, biomedical, and other applications. However, several of them are water-soluble, necessitating a crosslinking step after electrospinning. While crosslinking with glutaraldehyde or other toxic chemicals is regularly reported in the literature, here, we concentrate on methods applying non-toxic or low-toxic chemicals, and enzymatic as well as physical methods. Making gelatin nanofibers non-water soluble by electrospinning them from a blend with non-water soluble polymers is another method described here. These possibilities are described together with the resulting physical properties, such as swelling behavior, mechanical strength, nanofiber morphology, or cell growth and proliferation on the crosslinked nanofiber mats. For most of these non-toxic crosslinking methods, the degree of crosslinking was found to be lower than for crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and other common toxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ehrmann
- Working Group Textile Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
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Hajiabbas M, Alemzadeh I, Vossoughi M, Shamloo A. In-situ crosslinking of electrospun gelatin-carbodiimide nanofibers: fabrication, characterization, and modeling of solution parameters. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2020.1725491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hajiabbas
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iran Alemzadeh
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Vossoughi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Liguori A, Uranga J, Panzavolta S, Guerrero P, de la Caba K, Focarete ML. Electrospinning of Fish Gelatin Solution Containing Citric Acid: An Environmentally Friendly Approach to Prepare Crosslinked Gelatin Fibers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2808. [PMID: 31480538 PMCID: PMC6747780 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the crosslinking approaches employed to confer water resistance properties to electrospun gelatin mats are based on the use of potential cytotoxic agents, turning out to be not suitable for biomedical applications. Environmentally friendly chemical strategies based on the use of non-toxic agents are, therefore, strongly demanded. In the present work, the possibility to produce crosslinked electrospun fish gelatin mats by electrospinning an aqueous solution, containing citric acid as a crosslinking agent, is reported. The effect of pH on solution rheological properties, as well as on the electrospun mat morphology, chemistry, and crosslinking degree, is assessed. The increase of solution pH from 1.8 to 3.7 allows for obtaining fibers that maintain the fibrous morphology also in the mat. Subsequent thermal treatment of the electrospun mat (80 °C for 30 min) turns out to increase the crosslinking degree and morphological stability of the mat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Liguori
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jone Uranga
- BIOMAT research group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Engineering College of Gipuzkoa, Plaza de Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Silvia Panzavolta
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pedro Guerrero
- BIOMAT research group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Engineering College of Gipuzkoa, Plaza de Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Koro de la Caba
- BIOMAT research group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Engineering College of Gipuzkoa, Plaza de Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Mehta P, Zaman A, Smith A, Rasekh M, Haj‐Ahmad R, Arshad MS, der Merwe S, Chang M, Ahmad Z. Broad Scale and Structure Fabrication of Healthcare Materials for Drug and Emerging Therapies via Electrohydrodynamic Techniques. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prina Mehta
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort University Leicester LE1 9BH UK
| | - Aliyah Zaman
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort University Leicester LE1 9BH UK
| | - Ashleigh Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's BuildingUniversity of Portsmouth White Swan Road Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
| | - Manoochehr Rasekh
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort University Leicester LE1 9BH UK
| | - Rita Haj‐Ahmad
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort University Leicester LE1 9BH UK
| | | | - Susanna der Merwe
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's BuildingUniversity of Portsmouth White Swan Road Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
| | - M.‐W. Chang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument ScienceZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio‐Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness AppraisalZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Z. Ahmad
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort University Leicester LE1 9BH UK
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Biomedical application and controlled drug release of electrospun fibrous materials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 90:750-763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Shakibaie M, Tabandeh F, Shariati P, Norouzy A. Synthesis of a thin-layer gelatin nanofiber mat for cultivating retinal cell. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911518776337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thin-layer gelatin nanofiber mats were fabricated as a biodegradable scaffold for proliferating human retinal pigment epithelium. Together with MTT assay, the glucose consumption rate, lactate formation, and lactate dehydrogenase activity of the human retinal pigment epithelium cells—on the gelatin nanofibers—were analyzed as indicators for cell growth and viability. The results showed that gelatin nanofiber did not make any toxic effect on the cells and the growth rate was comparable to the tissue culture plates. Using the fabricated thin-layer nanofibers let the by-product to leave which in turn cause less adverse effect on the cells. The biodegradability and stability of the gelatin nanofibers were optimized as a function of reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shakibaie
- Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tabandeh
- Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Shariati
- Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Norouzy
- Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Shamsi M, Karimi M, Ghollasi M, Nezafati N, Shahrousvand M, Kamali M, Salimi A. In vitro proliferation and differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts on nanocomposite scaffolds based on bioactive glass (64SiO 2-31CaO-5P 2O 5)-poly-l-lactic acid nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning method. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:114-123. [PMID: 28575950 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning method was employed for fabrication of SiO2-CaO-P2O5 bioactive glass (BG) nanofibers, poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofibers and nanocomposite scaffolds fabricated from as-prepared nanofibers. Characterization of the prepared nanofibers and scaffolds by XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques revealed the formation of nanofibers with mean diameter of about 500nm and fully fibrous scaffolds with porous structure and interconnected pores. The growth, viability and proliferation of cultured human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the fabricated nanofibers and bioactive glass-poly-l-lactic acid (BG-PLLA) nanocomposite scaffolds were studied using various biological assays including MTT, ALP activity, calcium deposit content, Alizarin red staining, and RT-PCR test. Based on the obtained results, incorporation of BG nanofibers in the nanocomposite scaffolds causes the better biological behavior of the scaffolds. In addition, three-dimensional and fibrous-porous structure of the scaffolds further contributes to their improved cell behavior compared to the components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shamsi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Karimi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran
| | - M Ghollasi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Nezafati
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran
| | - M Shahrousvand
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875/4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Kamali
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Salimi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Atmospheric Pressure Non-Equilibrium Plasma as a Green Tool to Crosslink Gelatin Nanofibers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38542. [PMID: 27924840 PMCID: PMC5141472 DOI: 10.1038/srep38542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospun gelatin nanofibers attract great interest as a natural biomaterial for cartilage and tendon repair despite their high solubility in aqueous solution, which makes them also difficult to crosslink by means of chemical agents. In this work, we explore the efficiency of non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma in stabilizing gelatin nanofibers. We demonstrate that plasma represents an innovative, easy and environmentally friendly approach to successfully crosslink gelatin electrospun mats directly in the solid state. Plasma treated gelatin mats display increased structural stability and excellent retention of fibrous morphology after immersion in aqueous solution. This method can be successfully applied to induce crosslinking both in pure gelatin and genipin-containing gelatin electrospun nanofibers, the latter requiring an even shorter plasma exposure time. A complete characterization of the crosslinked nanofibres, including mechanical properties, morphological observations, stability in physiological solution and structural modifications, has been carried out in order to get insights on the occurring reactions triggered by plasma.
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