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Recombinant Proteins-Based Strategies in Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010003. [PMID: 35053152 PMCID: PMC8773742 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in fracture rates and/or problems associated with missing bones due to accidents or various pathologies generates socio-health problems with a very high impact. Tissue engineering aims to offer some kind of strategy to promote the repair of damaged tissue or its restoration as close as possible to the original tissue. Among the alternatives proposed by this specialty, the development of scaffolds obtained from recombinant proteins is of special importance. Furthermore, science and technology have advanced to obtain recombinant chimera’s proteins. This review aims to offer a synthetic description of the latest and most outstanding advances made with these types of scaffolds, particularly emphasizing the main recombinant proteins that can be used to construct scaffolds in their own right, i.e., not only to impregnate them, but also to make scaffolds from their complex structure, with the purpose of being considered in bone regenerative medicine in the near future.
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Yang T, Xie P, Wu Z, Liao Y, Chen W, Hao Z, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Teng W. The Injectable Woven Bone-Like Hydrogel to Perform Alveolar Ridge Preservation With Adapted Remodeling Performance After Tooth Extraction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:119. [PMID: 32154241 PMCID: PMC7047753 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Grafting bone substitute is paramount to prevent the alveolar ridge resorption after tooth extraction and facilitate the subsequent implant treatment. An ideal bone substitute should acquire the excellent osteogenic property, more importantly, possess the suitable remodeling rate in balance with bone formation and desirable clinical manageability. However, none of bone substitute is simultaneously characterized by these features, and currently, the limited remodeling property leads to the excessive waiting time before implantation. Enlightened by woven bone, the transitional tissue that is able to induce osteogenesis during bone healing could be easily remodeled within a short period and depend on the favorable injectability of hydrogel, an injectable woven bone-like hydrogel (IWBLH) was constructed in this study to address the above problems. To mimic the component and hierarchical structure of woven bone, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and mineralized collagen fibril were synthesized and compounded with alginate to form IWBLHs with various ratio. Screened by physiochemical characterization and in vitro biological assays, an optimal IWBLH was selected and further explored in rat model of tooth extraction. Compared with the most widely used bone substitute, we showed that IWBLH could be easily handled to fully fill the tooth socket, perform a comparable function to prevent the alveolar bone resorption, and completely remodeled within 4 weeks. This IWBLH stands as a promising candidate for alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunmao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenchuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhichao Hao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yushu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Zhimin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Teng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Ortega Z, Alemán ME, Donate R. Nanofibers and Microfibers for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1058:97-123. [PMID: 29691819 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of fibers into scaffolds is a way to mimic natural tissues, in which fibrils are embedded in a matrix. The use of fibers can improve the mechanical properties of the scaffolds and may act as structural support for cell growth. Also, as the morphology of fibrous scaffolds is similar to the natural extracellular matrix, cells cultured on these scaffolds tend to maintain their phenotypic shape. Different materials and techniques can be used to produce micrfibers- and nanofibers for scaffolds manufacturing; cells, in general, adhere and proliferate very well on PCL, chitosan, silk fibroin, and other nanofibers. One of the most important techniques to produce microfibers/nanofibers is electrospinning. Nanofibrous scaffolds are receiving increasing attention in bone tissue engineering, because they are able to offer a favorable microenvironment for cell attachment and growth. Different polymers can be electrospun, i.e., polyester, polyurethane, PLA, PCL, collagen, and silk. Other materials such as bioglass fibers, nanocellulose, and even carbon fiber and fabrics have been used to help increase bioactivity, mechanical properties of the scaffold, and cell proliferation. A compilation of mechanical properties and most common biological tests performed on fibrous scaffolds is included in this chapter. HIGHLIGHTS The use of microfibers and nanofibers allows for tailoring the scaffold properties. Electrospinning is one of the most important techniques nowadays to produce fibrous scaffolds. Microfibers and nanofibers use in scaffolds is a promising field to improve the behavior of scaffolds in osteochondral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Ortega
- Grupo de investigación en Fabricación Integrada y Avanzada, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - María Elena Alemán
- Grupo de investigación en Fabricación Integrada y Avanzada, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Ricardo Donate
- Grupo de investigación en Fabricación Integrada y Avanzada, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
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Coletta DJ, Ibáñez-Fonseca A, Missana LR, Jammal MV, Vitelli EJ, Aimone M, Zabalza F, Issa JPM, Alonso M, Rodríguez-Cabello JC, Feldman S. Bone Regeneration Mediated by a Bioactive and Biodegradable Extracellular Matrix-Like Hydrogel Based on Elastin-Like Recombinamers. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:1361-1371. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dante J. Coletta
- LABOATEM, Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory, School of Medicine, National Rosario University, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Liliana R. Missana
- Experimental Pathology and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Dental School, National Tucumán University, Tucumán, Argentina
- Tissues Laboratory, Proimi-Biotechnology-Conicet, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María V. Jammal
- Experimental Pathology and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Dental School, National Tucumán University, Tucumán, Argentina
- Tissues Laboratory, Proimi-Biotechnology-Conicet, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel J. Vitelli
- LABOATEM, Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory, School of Medicine, National Rosario University, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariangeles Aimone
- LABOATEM, Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory, School of Medicine, National Rosario University, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Facundo Zabalza
- LABOATEM, Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory, School of Medicine, National Rosario University, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Matilde Alonso
- BIOFORGE Lab, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Sara Feldman
- LABOATEM, Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory, School of Medicine, National Rosario University, Rosario, Argentina
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Eftekhari H, Jahandideh A, Asghari A, Akbarzadeh A, Hesaraki S. Assessment of polycaprolacton (PCL) nanocomposite scaffold compared with hydroxyapatite (HA) on healing of segmental femur bone defect in rabbits. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:961-968. [PMID: 27356956 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1198360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Segmental bone loss due to trauma, infection, and tumor resection and even non-union results in the vast demand for replacement and restoration of the function of the lost bone. The objective of this study is to utilize novel inorganic-organic nanocomposites for biomedical applications. Biodegradable implants have shown great promise for the repair of bone defects and have been commonly used as bone substitutes, which traditionally would be treated using metallic implants. In this study, 45 mature male New Zealand white rabbits 6-8 months and weighting 3-3.5 kg were examined. Rabbits were divided into three groups. Surgical procedures were done after an intramuscular injection of Ketamine 10% (ketamine hydrochloride, 50 mg/kg), Rompun 5% (xylazine, 5 mg/kg). Then an approximately 6 mm diameter - 5 mm cylinder bone defect was created in the femur of one of the hind limbs. After inducing the surgical wound, all rabbits were colored and randomly divided into three experimental groups of nine animals each: Group 1 received medical pure nanocomposite polycaprolactone (PCL) granules, Group 2 received hydroxyapatite and Group 3 was a control group with no treatment. Histopathological evaluation was performed on days 15, 30 and 45 after surgery. On day 45 after surgery, the quantity of newly formed lamellar bone in the healing site in PCL group was better than onward compared with HA and control groups. Finally, nanocomposite PCL granules exhibited a reproducible bone-healing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Eftekhari
- a Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences , Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Jahandideh
- a Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences , Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ahmad Asghari
- a Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences , Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- b Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tabriz , Iran.,c Drug Applied Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Saeed Hesaraki
- d Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences , Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
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Shamosi A, Mehrabani D, Azami M, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Siavashi V, Ghanbari H, Sharifi E, Roozafzoon R, Ai J. Differentiation of human endometrial stem cells into endothelial-like cells on gelatin/chitosan/bioglass nanofibrous scaffolds. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:163-173. [PMID: 26878747 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1138493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of gelatin/chitosan/bioactive glass nanopowders (GEL/CS/BGNPs) scaffolds was investigated for increasing human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) differentiation into the endothelial cells in the presence of angiogenic factors. GEL/CS nanofibrous scaffold with different contents of BGNPs were fabricated and assessed. Expression of endothelial markers (CD31, vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), and KDR) in differentiated cells was evaluated. Results showed the diameter of nanofiber increases with decreasing the BG content in GEL/CS scaffolds. Moreover, in vitro study indicated that the GEL/CS/BGNPs scaffold with 1.5% BGNPs content provided a suitable three-dimensional structure for endothelial cells differentiation. Thus, the GEL/CS/BGNPs scaffold can be recommended for blood vessels repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Shamosi
- a Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Davood Mehrabani
- b Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,c Department of Regenerative Medicine , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- a Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- a Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Vahid Siavashi
- d Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbari
- e Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- a Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Reza Roozafzoon
- a Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- a Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,f Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Electrospun Gelatin/β-TCP Composite Nanofibers Enhance Osteogenic Differentiation of BMSCs and In Vivo Bone Formation by Activating Ca (2+) -Sensing Receptor Signaling. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:507154. [PMID: 26124840 PMCID: PMC4466496 DOI: 10.1155/2015/507154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphate- (CaP-) based composite scaffolds have been used extensively for the bone regeneration in bone tissue engineering. Previously, we developed a biomimetic composite nanofibrous membrane of gelatin/β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and confirmed their biological activity in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo. However, how these composite nanofibers promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is unknown. Here, gelatin/β-TCP composite nanofibers were fabricated by incorporating 20 wt% β-TCP nanoparticles into electrospun gelatin nanofibers. Electron microscopy showed that the composite β-TCP nanofibers had a nonwoven structure with a porous network and a rough surface. Spectral analyses confirmed the presence and chemical stability of the β-TCP and gelatin components. Compared with pure gelatin nanofibers, gelatin/β-TCP composite nanofibers caused increased cell attachment, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteogenic gene expression in rat BMSCs. Interestingly, the expression level of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) was significantly higher on the composite nanofibrous scaffolds than on pure gelatin. For rat calvarial critical sized defects, more extensive osteogenesis and neovascularization occurred in the composite scaffolds group compared with the gelatin group. Thus, gelatin/β-TCP composite scaffolds promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo by activating Ca2+-sensing receptor signaling.
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Motamedian SR, Hosseinpour S, Ahsaie MG, Khojasteh A. Smart scaffolds in bone tissue engineering: A systematic review of literature. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:657-668. [PMID: 25914772 PMCID: PMC4404400 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i3.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To improve osteogenic differentiation and attachment of cells.
METHODS: An electronic search was conducted in PubMed from January 2004 to December 2013. Studies which performed smart modifications on conventional bone scaffold materials were included. Scaffolds with controlled release or encapsulation of bioactive molecules were not included. Experiments which did not investigate response of cells toward the scaffold (cell attachment, proliferation or osteoblastic differentiation) were excluded.
RESULTS: Among 1458 studies, 38 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main scaffold varied extensively among the included studies. Smart modifications included addition of growth factors (group I-11 studies), extracellular matrix-like molecules (group II-13 studies) and nanoparticles (nano-HA) (group III-17 studies). In all groups, surface coating was the most commonly applied approach for smart modification of scaffolds. In group I, bone morphogenetic proteins were mainly used as growth factor stabilized on polycaprolactone (PCL). In group II, collagen 1 in combination with PCL, hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate were the most frequent scaffolds used. In the third group, nano-HA with PCL and chitosan were used the most. As variable methods were used, a thorough and comprehensible compare between the results and approaches was unattainable.
CONCLUSION: Regarding the variability in methodology of these in vitro studies it was demonstrated that smart modification of scaffolds can improve tissue properties.
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Bao T, Wang H, Zhang W, Xia X, Zhou J, Weng W, Yu D. APPLICATION OF DENDRIMER/PLASMID hBMP-2 COMPLEXES LOADED INTO β-TCP/COLLAGEN SCAFFOLD IN THE TREATMENT OF FEMORAL DEFECTS IN RATS. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS BASIS COMMUNICATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.4015/s1016237214500057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Plasmid loading into scaffolds to enhance sustained release of growth factors is an important focus of regenerative medicine. The aim of this study was to build gene-activated matrices (GAMs) and examine the bone augmentation properties. Methods: Generation 5 polyamidoamine dendrimers (G5 dPAMAM)/plasmid recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) complexes were immobilized into beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/type I collagen porous scaffolds. After cultured with rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs), transfection efficiencies were examined. The secretion of rhBMP-2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were detected to evaluate the osteogenic properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe attachment and proliferation. Moreover, we applied these GAMs directly into freshly created segmental bone defects in rat femurs, and their osteogenic efficiencies were evaluated. Results: Released plasmid complexes were transfected into stem cells and were expressed, which caused osteogenic differentiations of rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs). SEM analysis showed excellent cell attachment. Bioactivity of plasmid rhBMP-2 was maintained in vivo, and the X-ray observation, histological analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of bone tissue demonstrated that the bone healing in segmental femoral defects was enhanced by implantation of GAMs. Conclusions: Such biomaterials offer therapeutic opportunities in critical-sized bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Bao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Faculty of Dentistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Huiming Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Faculty of Dentistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Faculty of Dentistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Key Laboratory of Multi-Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiabei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wenjian Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Faculty of Dentistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Brolese E, Buser D, Schaller B, Gruber R. In Vitro Cell Viability Tests on a Composite Graft Containing Alpha Tricalcium Phosphate, Chondroitin Sulfate and Disodium Succinate. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.23.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Renth AN, Detamore MS. Leveraging "raw materials" as building blocks and bioactive signals in regenerative medicine. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2012; 18:341-62. [PMID: 22462759 PMCID: PMC3458620 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Components found within the extracellular matrix (ECM) have emerged as an essential subset of biomaterials for tissue engineering scaffolds. Collagen, glycosaminoglycans, bioceramics, and ECM-based matrices are the main categories of "raw materials" used in a wide variety of tissue engineering strategies. The advantages of raw materials include their inherent ability to create a microenvironment that contains physical, chemical, and mechanical cues similar to native tissue, which prove unmatched by synthetic biomaterials alone. Moreover, these raw materials provide a head start in the regeneration of tissues by providing building blocks to be bioresorbed and incorporated into the tissue as opposed to being biodegraded into waste products and removed. This article reviews the strategies and applications of employing raw materials as components of tissue engineering constructs. Utilizing raw materials holds the potential to provide both a scaffold and a signal, perhaps even without the addition of exogenous growth factors or cytokines. Raw materials contain endogenous proteins that may also help to improve the translational success of tissue engineering solutions to progress from laboratory bench to clinical therapies. Traditionally, the tissue engineering triad has included cells, signals, and materials. Whether raw materials represent their own new paradigm or are categorized as a bridge between signals and materials, it is clear that they have emerged as a leading strategy in regenerative medicine. The common use of raw materials in commercial products as well as their growing presence in the research community speak to their potential. However, there has heretofore not been a coordinated or organized effort to classify these approaches, and as such we recommend that the use of raw materials be introduced into the collective consciousness of our field as a recognized classification of regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Renth
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Michael S. Detamore
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
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