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Berasain J, Ávila-Fernández P, Cárdenas-Pérez R, Cànaves-Llabrés AI, Etayo-Escanilla M, Alaminos M, Carriel V, García-García ÓD, Chato-Astrain J, Campos F. Genipin crosslinking promotes biomechanical reinforcement and pro-regenerative macrophage polarization in bioartificial tubular substitutes. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116449. [PMID: 38518607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic nerve injuries are nowadays a significant clinical challenge and new substitutes with adequate biological and mechanical properties are in need. In this context, fibrin-agarose hydrogels (FA) have shown the possibility to generate tubular scaffolds with promising results for nerve repair. However, to be clinically viable, these scaffolds need to possess enhanced mechanical properties. In this line, genipin (GP) crosslinking has demonstrated to improve biomechanical properties with good biological properties compared to other crosslinkers. In this study, we evaluated the impact of different GP concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% (m/v)) and reaction times (6, 12, 24, 72 h) on bioartificial nerve substitutes (BNS) consisting of nanostructured FA scaffolds. First, crosslinked BNS were studied histologically, ultrastructurally and biomechanically and then, its biocompatibility and immunomodulatory effects were ex vivo assessed with a macrophage cell line. Results showed that GP was able to improve the biomechanical resistance of BNS, which were dependent on both the GP treatment time and concentration without altering the structure. Moreover, biocompatibility analyses on macrophages confirmed high cell viability and a minimal reduction of their metabolic activity by WST-1. In addition, GP-crosslinked BNS effectively directed macrophage polarization from a pro-inflammatory (M1) towards a pro-regenerative (M2) phenotype, which was in line with the cytokines release profile. In conclusion, this study considers time and dose-dependent effects of GP in FA substitutes which exhibited increased biomechanical properties while reducing immunogenicity and promoting pro-regenerative macrophage shift. These tubular substitutes could be useful for nerve application or even other tissue engineering applications such as urethra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Berasain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Postgraduate Master Program in Tissue Engineering and Advanced Therapies, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Paula Ávila-Fernández
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - Rocío Cárdenas-Pérez
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Postgraduate Master Program in Tissue Engineering and Advanced Therapies, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Antoni Ignasi Cànaves-Llabrés
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Postgraduate Master Program in Tissue Engineering and Advanced Therapies, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Etayo-Escanilla
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - Óscar Darío García-García
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain.
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain.
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
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Pal P, Sambhakar S, Paliwal S, Kumar S, Kalsi V. Biofabrication paradigms in corneal regeneration: bridging bioprinting techniques, natural bioinks, and stem cell therapeutics. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:717-755. [PMID: 38214998 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2024.2301817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Corneal diseases are a major cause of vision loss worldwide. Traditional methods like corneal transplants from donors are effective but face challenges like limited donor availability and the risk of graft rejection. Therefore, new treatment methods are essential. This review examines the growing field of bioprinting and biofabrication in corneal tissue engineering. We begin by discussing various bioprinting methods such as stereolithography, inkjet, and extrusion printing, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses for eye-related uses. We also explore how biological tissues are made suitable for bioprinting through a process called decellularization, which can be achieved using chemical, physical, or biological methods. The review then looks at natural materials, known as bioinks, used in bioprinting. We focus on materials like gelatin, collagen, fibrin, chitin, chitosan, silk fibroin, and alginate, examining their mechanical and biological properties. The importance of hydrogel scaffolds, particularly those based on collagen and other materials, is also discussed in the context of repairing corneal tissue. Another key area we cover is the use of stem cells in corneal regeneration. We pay special attention to limbal epithelial stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells, highlighting their roles in this process. The review concludes with an overview of the latest advancements in corneal tissue bioprinting, from early techniques to advanced methods of delivering stem cells using bioengineered materials. In summary, this review presents the current state and future potential of bioprinting and biofabrication in creating functional corneal tissues, highlighting new developments and ongoing challenges with a view towards restoring vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Radha Kishnpura, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sharda Sambhakar
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Radha Kishnpura, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shailendra Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, L.L.R.M Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shobhit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vandna Kalsi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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3
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Ibáñez-Cortés M, Martín-Piedra MÁ, Blanco-Elices C, García-García ÓD, España-López A, Fernández-Valadés R, Sánchez-Quevedo MDC, Alaminos M, Chato-Astrain J, Garzón I. Histological characterization of the human masticatory oral mucosa. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1712-1724. [PMID: 37650503 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histology of human oral mucosa is closely related with its function and anatomical location, and a proper characterization of the human masticatory oral mucosa could be very useful in periodontal pathology. OBJECTIVE In the present work, we have carried out a comprehensive study in order to determine the main histological features of parakeratinized (POM) and orthokeratinized (OOM) masticatory human oral mucosa using light and electron microscopy. METHODS To perform this, we have used several histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to detect key markets at the epithelial, basement membrane and connective tissue levels. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that POM and OOM share many histological similarities, as expected. However, important differences were observed at the epithelial layer of POM, that was significantly thicker than the epithelial layer found in OOM, especially due to a higher number of cells at the stratum spinosum. The expression pattern of CK10 and filaggrin revealed intense signal expression in OOM as compared to POM. Collagen and proteoglycans were more abundant in OOM stroma than in POM. No differences were found for blood vessels and basement membrane. CONCLUSION These results may contribute to a better understanding of the pathological conditions affecting the human masticatory oral mucosa. In addition, these findings could be useful for the generation of different types of oral mucosa by tissue engineering techniques. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Microscopical features of parakeratinized and orthokeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa showed important differences at both, epithelial and stromal levels. Parakeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa exert thicker epithelial layer, especially, at the stratum spinosum in comparison to orthokeratinized human oral mucosa. Cytokeratin 10 and filaggrin human epithelial markers were intensively expressed in orthokeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa in comparison to parakeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa. At the stromal level, orthokeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa exhibit higher levels of collagen and proteoglycans than parakeratinized masticatory oral mucosa. The deep knowledge of histological features of masticatory oral mucosa could lead to a better understanding of oral mucosa pathology and advanced treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ibáñez-Cortés
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martín-Piedra
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Blanco-Elices
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar Darío García-García
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio España-López
- Craniofacial Malformations and Cleft Lip and Palate Management Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Fernández-Valadés
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Sánchez-Quevedo
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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4
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Lyu Y, Liu Y, He H, Wang H. Application of Silk-Fibroin-Based Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050431. [PMID: 37233022 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is an excellent protein-based biomaterial produced by the degumming and purification of silk from cocoons of the Bombyx mori through alkali or enzymatic treatments. SF exhibits excellent biological properties, such as mechanical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioabsorbability, low immunogenicity, and tunability, making it a versatile material widely applied in biological fields, particularly in tissue engineering. In tissue engineering, SF is often fabricated into hydrogel form, with the advantages of added materials. SF hydrogels have mostly been studied for their use in tissue regeneration by enhancing cell activity at the tissue defect site or counteracting tissue-damage-related factors. This review focuses on SF hydrogels, firstly summarizing the fabrication and properties of SF and SF hydrogels and then detailing the regenerative effects of SF hydrogels as scaffolds in cartilage, bone, skin, cornea, teeth, and eardrum in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Lyu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yusheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Houzhe He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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5
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Gila-Vilchez C, Mañas-Torres MC, García-García ÓD, Escribano-Huesca A, Rodríguez-Arco L, Carriel V, Rodriguez I, Alaminos M, Lopez-Lopez MT, Álvarez de Cienfuegos L. Biocompatible Short-Peptides Fibrin Co-assembled Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:2154-2165. [PMID: 36935654 PMCID: PMC10013376 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibrin hydrogels made by self-assembly of fibrinogen obtained from human plasma have shown excellent biocompatible and biodegradable properties and are widely used in regenerative medicine. The fibrinogen self-assembly process can be triggered under physiological conditions by the action of thrombin, allowing the injection of pregel mixtures that have been used as cell carriers, wound-healing systems, and bio-adhesives. However, access to fibrinogen from human plasma is expensive and fibrin gels have limited mechanical properties, which make them unsuitable for certain applications. One solution to these problems is to obtain composite gels made of fibrin and other polymeric compounds that improve their mechanical properties and usage. Herein, we prepared composite hydrogels made by the self-assembly of fibrinogen together with Fmoc-FF (Fmoc-diphenylalanine) and Fmoc-RGD (Fmoc-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid). We have shown that the mixture of these three peptides co-assembles and gives rise to a unique type of supramolecular fiber, whose morphology and mechanical properties can be modulated. We have carried out a complete characterization of these materials from chemical, physical, and biological points of view. Composite gels have improved mechanical properties compared to pure fibrin gels, as well as showing excellent biocompatibility ex vivo. In vivo experiments have shown that these gels do not cause any type of inflammatory response or tissue damage and are completely resorbed in short time, which would enable their use as vehicles for cell, drug, or growth factor release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gila-Vilchez
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Universidad de
Granada (UGR), C. U. Fuentenueva, Avenida Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Avenida de Madrid, 15, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Mañas-Torres
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia Química
Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada (UGR), C. U. Fuentenueva, Avenida Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Avenida de Madrid, 15, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar Darío García-García
- Department
of Histology, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avenida de Madrid 11, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Avenida de Madrid, 15, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Alfredo Escribano-Huesca
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Universidad de
Granada (UGR), C. U. Fuentenueva, Avenida Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Arco
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Universidad de
Granada (UGR), C. U. Fuentenueva, Avenida Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Avenida de Madrid, 15, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Department
of Histology, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avenida de Madrid 11, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Avenida de Madrid, 15, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodriguez
- Department
of Histology, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avenida de Madrid 11, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Avenida de Madrid, 15, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Department
of Histology, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avenida de Madrid 11, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Avenida de Madrid, 15, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Modesto Torcuato Lopez-Lopez
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Universidad de
Granada (UGR), C. U. Fuentenueva, Avenida Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Avenida de Madrid, 15, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez de Cienfuegos
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia Química
Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada (UGR), C. U. Fuentenueva, Avenida Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Avenida de Madrid, 15, 18016, Granada, Spain
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Rosell-Valle C, Martín-López M, Campos F, Chato-Astrain J, Campos-Cuerva R, Alaminos M, Santos González M. Inactivation of human plasma alters the structure and biomechanical properties of engineered tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:908250. [PMID: 36082161 PMCID: PMC9445835 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.908250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin is widely used for tissue engineering applications. The use of blood derivatives, however, carries a high risk of transmission of infectious agents, necessitating the application of pathogen reduction technology (PRT). The impact of this process on the structural and biomechanical properties of the final products is unknown. We used normal plasma (PLc) and plasma inactivated by riboflavin and ultraviolet light exposure (PLi) to manufacture nanostructured cellularized fibrin-agarose hydrogels (NFAHs), and then compared their structural and biomechanical properties. We also measured functional protein C, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and coagulation factors [fibrinogen, Factor (F) V, FVIII, FX, FXI, FXIII] in plasma samples before and after inactivation. The use of PLi to manufacture cellularized NFAHs increased the interfibrillar spacing and modified their biomechanical properties as compared with cellularized NFAH manufactured with PLc. PLi was also associated with a significant reduction in functional protein C, FV, FX, and FXI, and an increase in the international normalized ratio (derived from the PT), APTT, and TT. Our findings demonstrate that the use of PRT for fibrin-agarose bioartificial tissue manufacturing does not adequately preserve the structural and biomechanical properties of the product. Further investigations into PRT-induced changes are warranted to determine the applications of NFAH manufactured with inactivated plasma as a medicinal product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rosell-Valle
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
| | - María Martín-López
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Campos-Cuerva
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Transfusiones, Tejidos y Células de Sevilla (CTTS), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud en Sevilla (FISEVI), Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mónica Santos González
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Transfusiones, Tejidos y Células de Sevilla (CTTS), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud en Sevilla (FISEVI), Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mónica Santos González,
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7
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Zhu Y, Liu L, Chen S, Han D, Wang C. Silver Ion Loaded Agarose-Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel as a Potential Antibacterial Wound Dressing. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wound infection, especially chronic ones, not only increases the opportunity to generate superbacteria but also imposes significant burden, both physically and mentally, on the patients. Therefore, the development of suitable wound addressing is an important way to deal with this matter.
Here in this study, we employed the good gelling property of agarose (AR) and the wound healing promotion effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) to prepare an agarose-hyaluronic acid hydrogel. The AR-HA gel was loaded with silver ion (Ag+ from AgNO3) upon gelling (AR-HA/Ag) and
finally applied as a potential wound dressing for antibacterial treatment and healing promotion of wounds. Our results suggested that the AR-HA/Ag hydrogel maintained the antibacterial efficacy of Ag+ while significantly promoted the healing of human umbilical vein endothelial cells
(HUVEC) due to the cell proliferation promotion effect of HA. Taken together, AR-HA/Ag might be a potential antibacterial wound dressing for future application in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoqing Chen
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213000, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Ganjali F, Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi H, Maleki A, Pouri S, Ahangari Cohan R, Hashemi SM, Mahdavi M. Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Investigation of Agar-Tannic Acid Hydrogel Reinforced with Silk Fibroin and Zinc Manganese Oxide Magnetic Microparticles. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Utami Nike D, Md Fadilah NI, Sallehuddin N, Nor Azlan AYH, Imran FH, Maarof M, Fauzi MB. Genipin-Crosslinking Effects on Biomatrix Development for Cutaneous Wound Healing: A Concise Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:865014. [PMID: 35677301 PMCID: PMC9169157 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.865014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Split skin graft (SSG), a standard gold treatment for wound healing, has numerous limitations such as lack of fresh skin to be applied, tedious process, severe scarring, and keloid formation followed by higher risks of infection. Thus, there is a gap in producing polymeric scaffolds as an alternative for wound care management. Bioscaffold is the main component in tissue engineering technology that provides porous three-dimensional (3D) microarchitecture for cells to survive. Upon skin tissue reconstruction, the 3D-porous structure ensures sufficient nutrients and gaseous diffusion and cell penetration that improves cell proliferation and vascularization for tissue regeneration. Hence, it is highly considered a promising candidate for various skin wound healing applications. To date, natural-based crosslinking agents have been extensively used to tailor the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the skin biomatrix. Genipin (GNP) is preferable to other plant-based crosslinkers due to its biological activities, such as antiinflammatory and antioxidant, which are key players to boost skin wound healing. In addition, it has shown a noncytotoxic effect and is biocompatible with human skin cells. This review validated the effects of GNP in biomatrix fabrication for skin wound healing from the last 7 years of established research articles and stipulated the biomaterial development-scale point of view. Lastly, the possible role of GNP in the skin wound healing cascade is also discussed. Through the literature output, it can be concluded that GNP has the capability to increase the stability of biomatrix and maintain the skin cells viability, which will contribute in accelerating wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Utami Nike
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Izzah Md Fadilah
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nusaibah Sallehuddin
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Yasser Hamdi Nor Azlan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Farrah Hani Imran
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manira Maarof
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Mh Busra Fauzi,
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10
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Lin J, Jiao G, Kermanshahi-pour A. Algal Polysaccharides-Based Hydrogels: Extraction, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:306. [PMID: 35621958 PMCID: PMC9146341 DOI: 10.3390/md20050306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are three-dimensional crosslinked hydrophilic polymer networks with great potential in drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressing, agrochemicals application, food packaging, and cosmetics. However, conventional synthetic polymer hydrogels may be hazardous and have poor biocompatibility and biodegradability. Algal polysaccharides are abundant natural products with biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Polysaccharides and their derivatives also possess unique features such as physicochemical properties, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and tunable functionality. As such, algal polysaccharides have been widely exploited as building blocks in the fabrication of polysaccharide-based hydrogels through physical and/or chemical crosslinking. In this review, we discuss the extraction and characterization of polysaccharides derived from algae. This review focuses on recent advances in synthesis and applications of algal polysaccharides-based hydrogels. Additionally, we discuss the techno-economic analyses of chitosan and acrylic acid-based hydrogels, drawing attention to the importance of such analyses for hydrogels. Finally, the future prospects of algal polysaccharides-based hydrogels are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Lin
- Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St., Halifax, NS B3J 1Z1, Canada;
| | - Guangling Jiao
- AKSO Marine Biotech Inc., Suite 3, 1697 Brunswick St., Halifax, NS B3J 2G3, Canada;
| | - Azadeh Kermanshahi-pour
- Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St., Halifax, NS B3J 1Z1, Canada;
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11
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Karimi F, Biazar E, Heidari-Keshel S, Pourjabbar B, Khataminezhad MR, Shirinbakhsh S, Zolfaghari-Moghaddam SY. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) gel modified by a carbodiimide crosslinker for tissue regeneration. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13472-13479. [PMID: 35527730 PMCID: PMC9069288 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00985d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as a rich source of effective growth factors has been used as a scaffold in tissue regeneration. It is known that PRF exhibits rapid degradability against enzymes, which should be decreased using crosslinking agents to reduce the release rate of growth factors and increase the effectiveness of tissue regeneration. In this study, a carbodiimide crosslinker with different concentrations (0.01%, 0.05%, 1%, and 2%) was used to modify and improve the properties of PRF gel. The crosslinked gels were evaluated with analyses such as SEM, swelling, degradability, mechanical strength, release test, cytotoxicity, and cell adhesion. The results showed that with increasing crosslinker concentration, the morphology of the fiber structure changes drastically, the swelling rate decreases from 300% (control) to 160% for the crosslinked gel, the degradation time for the control sample increases from 8 days to more than two weeks for the crosslinked gel, and the Young's modulus increases from 0.15 MPa (control) to 0.61 MPa for the crosslinked samples. Growth factors also showed lower release with increasing crosslinking ratio. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that by increasing the crosslinker concentration to 1% w/v, no cytotoxicity was observed. Cellular studies with DAPI staining showed that the cells penetrated well into the gels and were well distributed, especially in gels with lower crosslinker concentrations. In addition, the modified PRF gel can be used as a scaffold for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karimi
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University Tonekabon Branch Tonekabon Iran +00981154271105
| | - Esmaeil Biazar
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University Tonekabon Branch Tonekabon Iran +00981154271105
| | - Saeed Heidari-Keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Bahareh Pourjabbar
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | | | - Shervin Shirinbakhsh
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University Tonekabon Branch Tonekabon Iran +00981154271105
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12
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Jiao W, Li X, Shan J, Wang X. Study of Several Alginate-Based Hydrogels for In Vitro 3D Cell Cultures. Gels 2022; 8:147. [PMID: 35323260 PMCID: PMC8950797 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel, a special system of polymer solutions, can be obtained through the physical/chemical/enzymic crosslinking of polymer chains in a water-based dispersion medium. Different compositions and crosslinking methods endow hydrogel with diverse physicochemical properties. Those hydrogels with suitable physicochemical properties hold manifold functions in biomedical fields, such as cell transplantation, tissue engineering, organ manufacturing, drug releasing and pathological model analysis. In this study, several alginate-based composite hydrogels, including gelatin/alginate (G-A), gelatin/alginate/agarose (G-A-A), fibrinogen/alginate (F-A), fibrinogen/alginate/agarose (F-A-A) and control alginate (A) and alginate/agarose (A-A), were constructed. We researched the advantages and disadvantages of these hydrogels in terms of their microscopic structure (cell living space), water holding capacity, swelling rate, swelling-erosion ratio, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Briefly, alginate-based hydrogels can be used for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture alone. However, when mixed with other natural polymers in different proportions, a relatively stable network with a good cytocompatibility, mechanical strength and water holding capacity can be formed. The physical and chemical properties of the hydrogels can be adjusted by changing the composition, proportion and cross-linking methods of the polymers. Conclusively, the G-A-A and F-A-A hydrogels are the best hydrogels for the in vitro 3D cell cultures and pathological model construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Jiao
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang 110122, China; (W.J.); (X.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang 110122, China; (W.J.); (X.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jingxin Shan
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang 110122, China; (W.J.); (X.L.); (J.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, HE University, Shenyang 110163, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang 110122, China; (W.J.); (X.L.); (J.S.)
- Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Rosell-Valle C, Martín-López M, Campos F, Chato-Astrain J, Campos-Cuerva R, Alaminos M, Santos González M. Inactivation of human plasma alters the structure and biomechanical properties of engineered tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022. [PMID: 36082161 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.908250/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrin is widely used for tissue engineering applications. The use of blood derivatives, however, carries a high risk of transmission of infectious agents, necessitating the application of pathogen reduction technology (PRT). The impact of this process on the structural and biomechanical properties of the final products is unknown. We used normal plasma (PLc) and plasma inactivated by riboflavin and ultraviolet light exposure (PLi) to manufacture nanostructured cellularized fibrin-agarose hydrogels (NFAHs), and then compared their structural and biomechanical properties. We also measured functional protein C, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and coagulation factors [fibrinogen, Factor (F) V, FVIII, FX, FXI, FXIII] in plasma samples before and after inactivation. The use of PLi to manufacture cellularized NFAHs increased the interfibrillar spacing and modified their biomechanical properties as compared with cellularized NFAH manufactured with PLc. PLi was also associated with a significant reduction in functional protein C, FV, FX, and FXI, and an increase in the international normalized ratio (derived from the PT), APTT, and TT. Our findings demonstrate that the use of PRT for fibrin-agarose bioartificial tissue manufacturing does not adequately preserve the structural and biomechanical properties of the product. Further investigations into PRT-induced changes are warranted to determine the applications of NFAH manufactured with inactivated plasma as a medicinal product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rosell-Valle
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
| | - María Martín-López
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Campos-Cuerva
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Transfusiones, Tejidos y Células de Sevilla (CTTS), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud en Sevilla (FISEVI), Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mónica Santos González
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Transfusiones, Tejidos y Células de Sevilla (CTTS), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud en Sevilla (FISEVI), Seville, Spain
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14
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Martin-Piedra MA, Gironés-Camarasa B, España-López A, Fernández-Valadés Gámez R, Blanco-Elices C, Garzón I, Alaminos M, Fernández-Valadés R. Usefulness of a Nanostructured Fibrin-Agarose Bone Substitute in a Model of Severely Critical Mandible Bone Defect. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3939. [PMID: 34833238 PMCID: PMC8618832 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical defects of the mandibular bone are very difficult to manage with currently available materials and technology. In the present work, we generated acellular and cellular substitutes for human bone by tissue engineering using nanostructured fibrin-agarose biomaterials, with and without adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiated to the osteogenic lineage using inductive media. Then, these substitutes were evaluated in an immunodeficient animal model of severely critical mandibular bone damage in order to assess the potential of the bioartificial tissues to enable bone regeneration. The results showed that the use of a cellular bone substitute was associated with a morpho-functional improvement of maxillofacial structures as compared to negative controls. Analysis of the defect site showed that none of the study groups fully succeeded in generating dense bone tissue at the regeneration area. However, the use of a cellular substitute was able to improve the density of the regenerated tissue (as determined via CT radiodensity) and form isolated islands of bone and cartilage. Histologically, the regenerated bone islands were comparable to control bone for alizarin red and versican staining, and superior to control bone for toluidine blue and osteocalcin in animals grafted with the cellular substitute. Although these results are preliminary, cellular fibrin-agarose bone substitutes show preliminary signs of usefulness in this animal model of severely critical mandibular bone defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel-Angel Martin-Piedra
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, E18016 Granada, Spain; (M.-A.M.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (I.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, E18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Gironés-Camarasa
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, E18014 Granada, Spain;
- Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, University of Granada, E18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio España-López
- Craniofacial Malformations and Cleft Lip and Palate Management Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, E18014 Granada, Spain;
| | | | - Cristina Blanco-Elices
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, E18016 Granada, Spain; (M.-A.M.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (I.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, E18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, E18016 Granada, Spain; (M.-A.M.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (I.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, E18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, E18016 Granada, Spain; (M.-A.M.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (I.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, E18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Fernández-Valadés
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, E18012 Granada, Spain
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, E18014 Granada, Spain;
- Craniofacial Malformations and Cleft Lip and Palate Management Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, E18014 Granada, Spain;
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15
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Linares-Gonzalez L, Rodenas-Herranz T, Campos F, Ruiz-Villaverde R, Carriel V. Basic Quality Controls Used in Skin Tissue Engineering. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1033. [PMID: 34685402 PMCID: PMC8541591 DOI: 10.3390/life11101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of skin defects is often a challenging effort due to the currently limited reconstructive options. In this sense, tissue engineering has emerged as a possible alternative to replace or repair diseased or damaged tissues from the patient's own cells. A substantial number of tissue-engineered skin substitutes (TESSs) have been conceived and evaluated in vitro and in vivo showing promising results in the preclinical stage. However, only a few constructs have been used in the clinic. The lack of standardization in evaluation methods employed may in part be responsible for this discrepancy. This review covers the most well-known and up-to-date methods for evaluating the optimization of new TESSs and orientative guidelines for the evaluation of TESSs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Linares-Gonzalez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.L.-G.); (T.R.-H.)
- Ibs. GRANADA, Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.C.); (V.C.)
- Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Rodenas-Herranz
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.L.-G.); (T.R.-H.)
- Ibs. GRANADA, Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.C.); (V.C.)
- Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Ibs. GRANADA, Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.C.); (V.C.)
- Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ruiz-Villaverde
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.L.-G.); (T.R.-H.)
- Ibs. GRANADA, Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.C.); (V.C.)
- Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Ibs. GRANADA, Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.C.); (V.C.)
- Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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16
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A Chitosan-Agarose Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel for Biomimetic Remineralization of Dental Enamel. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081137. [PMID: 34439803 PMCID: PMC8392529 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing multifunctional systems for the biomimetic remineralization of human enamel is a challenging task, since hydroxyapatite (HAP) rod structures of tooth enamel are difficult to replicate artificially. The paper presents the first report on the simultaneous use of chitosan (CS) and agarose (A) in a biopolymer-based hydrogel for the biomimetic remineralization of an acid-etched native enamel surface during 4–10-day immersion in artificial saliva with or without (control group) fluoride. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, and microhardness tests were applied to investigate the properties of the acid-etched and remineralized dental enamel layers under A and CS-A hydrogels. The results show that all biomimetic epitaxial reconstructed layers consist mostly of a similar hierarchical HAP structure to the native enamel from nano- to microscale. An analogous Ca/P ratio (1.64) to natural tooth enamel and microhardness recovery of 77.4% of the enamel-like layer are obtained by a 7-day remineralization process in artificial saliva under CS-A hydrogels. The CS component reduced carbonation and moderated the formation of HAP nanorods in addition to providing an extracellular matrix to support growing enamel-like structures. Such activity lacked in samples exposed to A-hydrogel only. These data suggest the potential of the CS-A hydrogel in guiding the formation of hard tissues as dental enamel.
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17
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Ali AF, Ahmed MM, El-Kady AM, Abd El-Hady BM, Ibrahim AM. Synthesis of Gelatin-Agarose Scaffold for Controlled Antibiotic Delivery and its Modification by Glass Nanoparticles Addition as a Potential Osteomyelitis Treatment. SILICON 2021; 13:2011-2028. [DOI: 10.1007/s12633-020-00576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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18
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Biocompatibility and Angiogenic Effect of Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Hydrogel Scaffolds on EPCs. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5594370. [PMID: 34113384 PMCID: PMC8154284 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5594370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis in the field of tissue engineering has attracted significant attention. Graphene oxide has become a promising nanomaterial in tissue engineering for its unique biochemical properties. Therefore, herein, a series of chitosan (CS)/graphene oxide (GO) hydrogel scaffolds were synthesized by crosslinking CS and GO at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt.%) using genipin. Compared with the CS hydrogel scaffolds, the CS/GO hydrogel scaffolds have a better network structure and mechanical strength. Then, we used endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) extracted from human umbilical cord blood and cocultured these EPCs with the as-prepared scaffolds. The scaffolds with 0.1 and 0.5 wt.%GO showed no considerable cytotoxicity, could promote the proliferation of EPCs and tube formation, and upregulated the expressions of CD34, VEGF, MMP9, and SDF-1 in EPCs compared to the case of the scaffold with 1.0 wt.%GO. This study shows that the addition of graphene oxide improves the structure of chitosan hydrogel and enhances the proliferation activity and angiogenic capacity of EPCs.
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Garzón I, Jaimes-Parra BD, Pascual-Geler M, Cózar JM, Sánchez-Quevedo MDC, Mosquera-Pacheco MA, Sánchez-Montesinos I, Fernández-Valadés R, Campos F, Alaminos M. Biofabrication of a Tubular Model of Human Urothelial Mucosa Using Human Wharton Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1568. [PMID: 34068343 PMCID: PMC8153323 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several models of bioartificial human urothelial mucosa (UM) have been described recently. In this study, we generated novel tubularized UM substitutes using alternative sources of cells. Nanostructured fibrin-agarose biomaterials containing fibroblasts isolated from the human ureter were used as stroma substitutes. Then, human Wharton jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (HWJSC) were used to generate an epithelial-like layer on top. Three differentiation media were used for 7 and 14 days. Results showed that the biofabrication methods used here succeeded in generating a tubular structure consisting of a stromal substitute with a stratified epithelial-like layer on top, especially using a medium containing epithelial growth and differentiation factors (EM), although differentiation was not complete. At the functional level, UM substitutes were able to synthesize collagen fibers, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, although the levels of control UM were not reached ex vivo. Epithelial differentiation was partially achieved, especially with EM after 14 days of development, with expression of keratins 7, 8, and 13 and pancytokeratin, desmoplakin, tight-junction protein-1, and uroplakin 2, although at lower levels than controls. These results confirm the partial urothelial differentiative potential of HWJSC and suggest that the biofabrication methods explored here were able to generate a potential substitute of the human UM for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.G.); (B.D.J.-P.); (M.d.C.S.-Q.); (M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
| | - Boris Damián Jaimes-Parra
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.G.); (B.D.J.-P.); (M.d.C.S.-Q.); (M.A.)
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Autónoma de Bucaramanga, 680003 Santander, Colombia
| | | | - José Manuel Cózar
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
- Division of Urology, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - María del Carmen Sánchez-Quevedo
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.G.); (B.D.J.-P.); (M.d.C.S.-Q.); (M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
| | | | - Indalecio Sánchez-Montesinos
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Fernández-Valadés
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.G.); (B.D.J.-P.); (M.d.C.S.-Q.); (M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.G.); (B.D.J.-P.); (M.d.C.S.-Q.); (M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
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20
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Mahendiran B, Muthusamy S, Sampath S, Jaisankar SN, Popat KC, Selvakumar R, Krishnakumar GS. Recent trends in natural polysaccharide based bioinks for multiscale 3D printing in tissue regeneration: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:564-588. [PMID: 33933542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biofabrication by three-dimensional (3D) printing has been an attractive technology in harnessing the possibility to print anatomical shaped native tissues with controlled architecture and resolution. 3D printing offers the possibility to reproduce complex microarchitecture of native tissues by printing live cells in a layer by layer deposition to provide a biomimetic structural environment for tissue formation and host tissue integration. Plant based biomaterials derived from green and sustainable sources have represented to emulate native physicochemical and biological cues in order to direct specific cellular response and formation of new tissues through biomolecular recognition patterns. This comprehensive review aims to analyze and identify the most commonly used plant based bioinks for 3D printing applications. An overview on the role of different plant based biomaterial of terrestrial origin (Starch, Nanocellulose and Pectin) and marine origin (Ulvan, Alginate, Fucoidan, Agarose and Carrageenan) used for 3D printing applications are discussed elaborately. Furthermore, this review will also emphasis in the functional aspects of different 3D printers, appropriate printing material, merits and demerits of numerous plant based bioinks in developing 3D printed tissue-like constructs. Additionally, the underlying potential benefits, limitations and future perspectives of plant based bioinks for tissue engineering (TE) applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Mahendiran
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced studies, Coimbatore 641004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shalini Muthusamy
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced studies, Coimbatore 641004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowndarya Sampath
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S N Jaisankar
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ketul C Popat
- Biomaterial Surface Micro/Nanoengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering/School of Biomedical Engineering/School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado-80523, USA
| | - R Selvakumar
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced studies, Coimbatore 641004, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Crespo PV, Campos F, Leal M, Maraver F. Effects of Sodium Chloride-Rich Mineral Water on Intestinal Epithelium. Experimental Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063261. [PMID: 33809886 PMCID: PMC8004238 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since knowledge concerning the cellular and tissue substrate that explains the therapeutic action of mineral waters is generally very scarce, we address the different effects that Lanjarón-Capuchina mineral water exerts on the intestinal epithelium in an experimental model as a prototype of the sodium chloride-rich mineral waters used in digestive disorders. In the experimental protocol, two groups of five adult Wistar rats received unrestricted mineral water in their diet or mineral water directly into the gastrointestinal tract through a catheter. A third control group was given a standard diet and water ad libitum. Intestinal samples for scanning electron microscopy were analyzed according to standardized methods. The observations carried out by microscope after the administration of the sodium chloride-rich mineral water clearly indicate that the hypertonic action of this mineral water affects the structure of the intestinal epithelium. It modifies the microvilli absorption in terms of the groups of enterocytes and the secretion of goblet cells, but it particularly affects the epithelial renewal process, accelerating and stimulating cell extrusion. The type of extrusion mechanism observed by microscope allows us to affirm that, although this increased after direct administration, it does not generate an epithelial disruption as it occurs in other circumstances with other extrusion modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascual-Vicente Crespo
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.-V.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.-V.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Manuel Leal
- Professional School of Medical Hydrology, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francisco Maraver
- Professional School of Medical Hydrology, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Medical Hydrology Group, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation & Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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22
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Sánchez-Porras D, Durand-Herrera D, Paes AB, Chato-Astrain J, Verplancke R, Vanfleteren J, Sánchez-López JD, García-García ÓD, Campos F, Carriel V. Ex Vivo Generation and Characterization of Human Hyaline and Elastic Cartilaginous Microtissues for Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030292. [PMID: 33809387 PMCID: PMC8001313 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the high prevalence of cartilage-associated pathologies, low self-repair capacity and limitations of current repair techniques, tissue engineering (TE) strategies have emerged as a promising alternative in this field. Three-dimensional culture techniques have gained attention in recent years, showing their ability to provide the most biomimetic environment for the cells under culture conditions, enabling the cells to fabricate natural, 3D functional microtissues (MTs). In this sense, the aim of this study was to generate, characterize and compare scaffold-free human hyaline and elastic cartilage-derived MTs (HC-MTs and EC-MTs, respectively) under expansion (EM) and chondrogenic media (CM). MTs were generated by using agarose microchips and evaluated ex vivo for 28 days. The MTs generated were subjected to morphometric assessment and cell viability, metabolic activity and histological analyses. Results suggest that the use of CM improves the biomimicry of the MTs obtained in terms of morphology, viability and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis with respect to the use of EM. Moreover, the overall results indicate a faster and more sensitive response of the EC-derived cells to the use of CM as compared to HC chondrocytes. Finally, future preclinical in vivo studies are still needed to determine the potential clinical usefulness of these novel advanced therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez-Porras
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.-P.); (D.D.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.C.-A.); (Ó.D.G.-G.)
- Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, Doctoral School, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Durand-Herrera
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.-P.); (D.D.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.C.-A.); (Ó.D.G.-G.)
| | - Ana B. Paes
- Master Program in Tissue Engineering and Advanced Therapies, International School for Postgraduate Studies, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.-P.); (D.D.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.C.-A.); (Ó.D.G.-G.)
| | - Rik Verplancke
- Centre for Microsystems Technology (CMST), imec and Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (R.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Jan Vanfleteren
- Centre for Microsystems Technology (CMST), imec and Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (R.V.); (J.V.)
| | - José Darío Sánchez-López
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18013 Granada, Spain;
| | - Óscar Darío García-García
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.-P.); (D.D.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.C.-A.); (Ó.D.G.-G.)
| | - Fernando Campos
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.-P.); (D.D.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.C.-A.); (Ó.D.G.-G.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (V.C.); Tel.: +34-958-248-295 (V.C.)
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.-P.); (D.D.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.C.-A.); (Ó.D.G.-G.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (V.C.); Tel.: +34-958-248-295 (V.C.)
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23
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Evaluation of Marine Agarose Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041923. [PMID: 33672027 PMCID: PMC7919481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five agarose types (D1LE, D2LE, LM, MS8 and D5) were evaluated in tissue engineering and compared for the first time using an array of analysis methods. Acellular and cellular constructs were generated from 0.3–3%, and their biomechanical properties, in vivo biocompatibility (as determined by LIVE/DEAD, WST-1 and DNA release, with n = 6 per sample) and in vivo biocompatibility (by hematological and biochemical analyses and histology, with n = 4 animals per agarose type) were analyzed. Results revealed that the biomechanical properties of each hydrogel were related to the agarose concentration (p < 0.001). Regarding the agarose type, the highest (p < 0.001) Young modulus, stress at fracture and break load were D1LE, D2LE and D5, whereas the strain at fracture was higher in D5 and MS8 at 3% (p < 0.05). All agaroses showed high biocompatibility on human skin cells, especially in indirect contact, with a correlation with agarose concentration (p = 0.0074 for LIVE/DEAD and p = 0.0014 for WST-1) and type, although cell function tended to decrease in direct contact with highly concentrated agaroses. All agaroses were safe in vivo, with no systemic effects as determined by hematological and biochemical analysis and histology of major organs. Locally, implants were partially encapsulated and a pro-regenerative response with abundant M2-type macrophages was found. In summary, we may state that all these agarose types can be safely used in tissue engineering and that the biomechanical properties and biocompatibility were strongly associated to the agarose concentration in the hydrogel and partially associated to the agarose type. These results open the door to the generation of specific agarose-based hydrogels for definite clinical applications such as the human skin, cornea or oral mucosa.
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García-García ÓD, El Soury M, González-Quevedo D, Sánchez-Porras D, Chato-Astrain J, Campos F, Carriel V. Histological, Biomechanical, and Biological Properties of Genipin-Crosslinked Decellularized Peripheral Nerves. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020674. [PMID: 33445493 PMCID: PMC7826762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acellular nerve allografts (ANGs) represent a promising alternative in nerve repair. Our aim is to improve the structural and biomechanical properties of biocompatible Sondell (SD) and Roosens (RS) based ANGs using genipin (GP) as a crosslinker agent ex vivo. The impact of two concentrations of GP (0.10% and 0.25%) on Wistar rat sciatic nerve-derived ANGs was assessed at the histological, biomechanical, and biocompatibility levels. Histology confirmed the differences between SD and RS procedures, but not remarkable changes were induced by GP, which helped to preserve the nerve histological pattern. Tensile test revealed that GP enhanced the biomechanical properties of SD and RS ANGs, being the crosslinked RS ANGs more comparable to the native nerves used as control. The evaluation of the ANGs biocompatibility conducted with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured within the ANGs confirmed a high degree of biocompatibility in all ANGs, especially in RS and RS-GP 0.10% ANGs. Finally, this study demonstrates that the use of GP could be an efficient alternative to improve the biomechanical properties of ANGs with a slight impact on the biocompatibility and histological pattern. For these reasons, we hypothesize that our novel crosslinked ANGs could be a suitable alternative for future in vivo preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Darío García-García
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (Ó.D.G.-G.); (M.E.S.); (D.G.-Q.); (D.S.-P.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Marwa El Soury
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (Ó.D.G.-G.); (M.E.S.); (D.G.-Q.); (D.S.-P.); (J.C.-A.)
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - David González-Quevedo
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (Ó.D.G.-G.); (M.E.S.); (D.G.-Q.); (D.S.-P.); (J.C.-A.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Porras
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (Ó.D.G.-G.); (M.E.S.); (D.G.-Q.); (D.S.-P.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (Ó.D.G.-G.); (M.E.S.); (D.G.-Q.); (D.S.-P.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (Ó.D.G.-G.); (M.E.S.); (D.G.-Q.); (D.S.-P.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (V.C.)
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (Ó.D.G.-G.); (M.E.S.); (D.G.-Q.); (D.S.-P.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (V.C.)
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Abbass MMS, El-Rashidy AA, Sadek KM, Moshy SE, Radwan IA, Rady D, Dörfer CE, Fawzy El-Sayed KM. Hydrogels and Dentin-Pulp Complex Regeneration: From the Benchtop to Clinical Translation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2935. [PMID: 33316886 PMCID: PMC7763835 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin-pulp complex is a term which refers to the dental pulp (DP) surrounded by dentin along its peripheries. Dentin and dental pulp are highly specialized tissues, which can be affected by various insults, primarily by dental caries. Regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex is of paramount importance to regain tooth vitality. The regenerative endodontic procedure (REP) is a relatively current approach, which aims to regenerate the dentin-pulp complex through stimulating the differentiation of resident or transplanted stem/progenitor cells. Hydrogel-based scaffolds are a unique category of three dimensional polymeric networks with high water content. They are hydrophilic, biocompatible, with tunable degradation patterns and mechanical properties, in addition to the ability to be loaded with various bioactive molecules. Furthermore, hydrogels have a considerable degree of flexibility and elasticity, mimicking the cell extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly that of the DP. The current review presents how for dentin-pulp complex regeneration, the application of injectable hydrogels combined with stem/progenitor cells could represent a promising approach. According to the source of the polymeric chain forming the hydrogel, they can be classified into natural, synthetic or hybrid hydrogels, combining natural and synthetic ones. Natural polymers are bioactive, highly biocompatible, and biodegradable by naturally occurring enzymes or via hydrolysis. On the other hand, synthetic polymers offer tunable mechanical properties, thermostability and durability as compared to natural hydrogels. Hybrid hydrogels combine the benefits of synthetic and natural polymers. Hydrogels can be biofunctionalized with cell-binding sequences as arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), can be used for local delivery of bioactive molecules and cellularized with stem cells for dentin-pulp regeneration. Formulating a hydrogel scaffold material fulfilling the required criteria in regenerative endodontics is still an area of active research, which shows promising potential for replacing conventional endodontic treatments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M. S. Abbass
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Aiah A. El-Rashidy
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
- Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Khadiga M. Sadek
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
- Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Sara El Moshy
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Israa Ahmed Radwan
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Dina Rady
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Christof E. Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Karim M. Fawzy El-Sayed
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Campos F, Bonhome-Espinosa AB, Carmona R, Durán JDG, Kuzhir P, Alaminos M, López-López MT, Rodriguez IA, Carriel V. In vivo time-course biocompatibility assessment of biomagnetic nanoparticles-based biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111476. [PMID: 33255055 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel artificial tissues with potential usefulness in local-based therapies have been generated by tissue engineering using magnetic-responsive nanoparticles (MNPs). In this study, we performed a comprehensive in vivo characterization of bioengineered magnetic fibrin-agarose tissue-like biomaterials. First, in vitro analyses were performed and the cytocompatibility of MNPs was demonstrated. Then, bioartificial tissues were generated and subcutaneously implanted in Wistar rats and their biodistribution, biocompatibility and functionality were analysed at the morphological, histological, haematological and biochemical levels as compared to injected MNPs. Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI), histology and magnetometry confirmed the presence of MNPs restricted to the grafting area after 12 weeks. Histologically, we found a local initial inflammatory response that decreased with time. Structural, ultrastructural, haematological and biochemical analyses of vital organs showed absence of damage or failure. This study demonstrated that the novel magnetic tissue-like biomaterials with improved biomechanical properties fulfil the biosafety and biocompatibility requirements for future clinical use and support the use of these biomaterials as an alternative delivery route for magnetic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Campos
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana B Bonhome-Espinosa
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ramón Carmona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan D G Durán
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Pavel Kuzhir
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7010, Institute of Physics of Nice, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Modesto T López-López
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - Ismael A Rodriguez
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Histology, Faculty of Dentistry, Nacional University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina.
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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27
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Chato-Astrain J, Chato-Astrain I, Sánchez-Porras D, García-García ÓD, Bermejo-Casares F, Vairo C, Villar-Vidal M, Gainza G, Villullas S, Oruezabal RI, Ponce-Polo Á, Garzón I, Carriel V, Campos F, Alaminos M. Generation of a novel human dermal substitute functionalized with antibiotic-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) with antimicrobial properties for tissue engineering. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:174. [PMID: 33228673 PMCID: PMC7686763 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of patients affected by severe burns is challenging, especially due to the high risk of Pseudomonas infection. In the present work, we have generated a novel model of bioartificial human dermis substitute by tissue engineering to treat infected wounds using fibrin-agarose biomaterials functionalized with nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with two anti-Pseudomonas antibiotics: sodium colistimethate (SCM) and amikacin (AMK). RESULTS Results show that the novel tissue-like substitutes have strong antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas cultures, directly proportional to the NLC concentration. Free DNA quantification, WST-1 and Caspase 7 immunohistochemical assays in the functionalized dermis substitute demonstrated that neither cell viability nor cell proliferation were affected by functionalization in most study groups. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry for PCNA and KI67 and histochemistry for collagen and proteoglycans revealed that cells proliferated and were metabolically active in the functionalized tissue with no differences with controls. When functionalized tissues were biomechanically characterized, we found that NLCs were able to improve some of the major biomechanical properties of these artificial tissues, although this strongly depended on the type and concentration of NLCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that functionalization of fibrin-agarose human dermal substitutes with antibiotic-loaded NLCs is able to improve the antibacterial and biomechanical properties of these substitutes with no detectable side effects. This opens the door to future clinical use of functionalized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Porras
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar-Darío García-García
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Fabiola Bermejo-Casares
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Claudia Vairo
- BioKeralty Research Institute AIE, Albert Einstein, 25-E3, 01510, Miñano, Spain
| | | | - Garazi Gainza
- BioKeralty Research Institute AIE, Albert Einstein, 25-E3, 01510, Miñano, Spain
| | - Silvia Villullas
- BioKeralty Research Institute AIE, Albert Einstein, 25-E3, 01510, Miñano, Spain
| | | | - Ángela Ponce-Polo
- Red Andaluza de Diseño Y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Zhang Y, Leng H, Du Z, Huang Y, Liu X, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Cai Q, Yang X. Efficient regeneration of rat calvarial defect with gelatin-hydroxyapatite composite cryogel. Biomed Mater 2020; 15:065005. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab9422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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González-Quevedo D, Díaz-Ramos M, Chato-Astrain J, Sánchez-Porras D, Tamimi I, Campos A, Campos F, Carriel V. Improving the regenerative microenvironment during tendon healing by using nanostructured fibrin/agarose-based hydrogels in a rat Achilles tendon injury model. Bone Joint J 2020; 102-B:1095-1106. [PMID: 32731821 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.102b8.bjj-2019-1143.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Achilles tendon injuries are a frequent problem in orthopaedic surgery due to their limited healing capacity and the controversy surrounding surgical treatment. In recent years, tissue engineering research has focused on the development of biomaterials to improve this healing process. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of tendon augmentation with a nanostructured fibrin-agarose hydrogel (NFAH) or genipin cross-linked nanostructured fibrin-agarose hydrogel (GP-NFAH), on the healing process of the Achilles tendon in rats. METHODS NFAH, GP-NFAH, and MatriDerm (control) scaffolds were generated (five in each group). A biomechanical and cell-biomaterial-interaction characterization of these biomaterials was then performed: Live/Dead Cell Viability Assay, water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) assay, and DNA-released after 48 hours. Additionally, a complete section of the left Achilles tendon was made in 24 Wistar rats. Animals were separated into four treatment groups (six in each group): direct repair (Control), tendon repair with MatriDerm, or NFAH, or GP-NFAH. Animals were euthanized for further histological analyses after four or eight weeks post-surgery. The Achilles tendons were harvested and a histopathological analysis was performed. RESULTS Tensile test revealed that NFAH and GP-NFAH had significantly higher overall biomechanical properties compared with MatriDerm. Moreover, biological studies confirmed a high cell viability in all biomaterials, especially in NFAH. In addition, in vivo evaluation of repaired tendons using biomaterials (NFAH, GP-NFAH, and MatriDerm) resulted in better organization of the collagen fibres and cell alignment without clinical complications than direct repair, with a better histological score in GP-NFAH. CONCLUSION In this animal model we demonstrated that NFAH and GP-NFAH had the potential to improve tendon healing following a surgical repair. However, future studies are needed to determine the clinical usefulness of these engineered strategies. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(8):1095-1106.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Quevedo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miriam Díaz-Ramos
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Porras
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Iskandar Tamimi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Campos
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs, Granada, Spain
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Wahab RA, Elias N, Abdullah F, Ghoshal SK. On the taught new tricks of enzymes immobilization: An all-inclusive overview. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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31
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Campos F, Bonhome-Espinosa AB, Chato-Astrain J, Sánchez-Porras D, García-García ÓD, Carmona R, López-López MT, Alaminos M, Carriel V, Rodriguez IA. Evaluation of Fibrin-Agarose Tissue-Like Hydrogels Biocompatibility for Tissue Engineering Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:596. [PMID: 32612984 PMCID: PMC7308535 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of biocompatible and biomimetic tissue-like biomaterials is crucial to ensure the success of engineered substitutes in tissue repair. Natural biomaterials able to mimic the structure and composition of native extracellular matrices typically show better results than synthetic biomaterials. The aim of this study was to perform an in vivo time-course biocompatibility analysis of fibrin-agarose tissue-like hydrogels at the histological, imagenological, hematological, and biochemical levels. Tissue-like hydrogels were produced by a controlled biofabrication process allowing the generation of biomechanically and structurally stable hydrogels. The hydrogels were implanted subcutaneously in 25 male Wistar rats and evaluated after 1, 5, 9, and 12 weeks of in vivo follow-up. At each period of time, animals were analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hematological analyses, and histology of the local area in which the biomaterials were implanted, along with major vital organs (liver, kidney, spleen, and regional lymph nodes). MRI results showed no local or distal alterations during the whole study period. Hematology and biochemistry showed some fluctuation in blood cells values and in some biochemical markers over the time. However, these parameters were progressively normalized in the framework of the homeostasis process. Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural analyses showed that implantation of fibrin-agarose scaffolds was followed by a progressive process of cell invasion, synthesis of components of the extracellular matrix (mainly, collagen) and neovascularization. Implanted biomaterials were successfully biodegraded and biointegrated at 12 weeks without any associated histopathological alteration in the implanted zone or distal vital organs. In summary, our in vivo study suggests that fibrin-agarose tissue-like hydrogels could have potential clinical usefulness in engineering applications in terms of biosafety and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Campos
- Department of Histology and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Bonhome-Espinosa
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Department of Histology and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Porras
- Department of Histology and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar Darío García-García
- Department of Histology and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ramón Carmona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Modesto T López-López
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Department of Histology and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Department of Histology and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ismael A Rodriguez
- Department of Histology and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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Kalai Selvan N, Shanmugarajan T, Uppuluri VNVA. Hydrogel based scaffolding polymeric biomaterials: Approaches towards skin tissue regeneration. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Bonhome-Espinosa AB, Campos F, Durand-Herrera D, Sánchez-López JD, Schaub S, Durán JDG, Lopez-Lopez MT, Carriel V. In vitro characterization of a novel magnetic fibrin-agarose hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 104:103619. [PMID: 32174386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation of cells into biopolymer matrices enables the preparation of engineered substitute tissues. Here we report the generation of novel 3D magnetic biomaterials by encapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles and human hyaline chondrocytes within fibrin-agarose hydrogels, with potential use as articular hyaline cartilage-like tissues. By rheological measurements we observed that, (i) the incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles resulted in increased values of the storage and loss moduli for the different times of cell culture; and (ii) the incorporation of human hyaline chondrocytes into nonmagnetic and magnetic fibrin-agarose biomaterials produced a control of their swelling capacity in comparison with acellular nonmagnetic and magnetic fibrin-agarose biomaterials. Interestingly, the in vitro viability and proliferation results showed that the inclusion of magnetic nanoparticles did not affect the cytocompatibility of the biomaterials. What is more, immunohistochemistry showed that the inclusion of magnetic nanoparticles did not negatively affect the expression of type II collagen of the human hyaline chondrocytes. Summarizing, our results suggest that the generation of engineered hyaline cartilage-like tissues by using magnetic fibrin-agarose hydrogels is feasible. The resulting artificial tissues combine a stronger and stable mechanical response, with promising in vitro cytocompatibility. Further research would be required to elucidate if for longer culture times additional features typical of the extracellular matrix of cartilage could be expressed by human hyaline chondrocytes within magnetic fibrin-agarose hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Bonhome-Espinosa
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Faculty of Science, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Histology & Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Durand-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Histology & Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan D G Durán
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Faculty of Science, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Modesto T Lopez-Lopez
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Faculty of Science, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Histology & Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
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Roberts IV, Bukhary D, Valdivieso CYL, Tirelli N. Fibrin Matrices as (Injectable) Biomaterials: Formation, Clinical Use, and Molecular Engineering. Macromol Biosci 2019; 20:e1900283. [PMID: 31769933 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on fibrin, starting from biological mechanisms (its production from fibrinogen and its enzymatic degradation), through its use as a medical device and as a biomaterial, and finally discussing the techniques used to add biological functions and/or improve its mechanical performance through its molecular engineering. Fibrin is a material of biological (human, and even patient's own) origin, injectable, adhesive, and remodellable by cells; further, it is nature's most common choice for an in situ forming, provisional matrix. Its widespread use in the clinic and in research is therefore completely unsurprising. There are, however, areas where its biomedical performance can be improved, namely achieving a better control over mechanical properties (and possibly higher modulus), slowing down degradation or incorporating cell-instructive functions (e.g., controlled delivery of growth factors). The authors here specifically review the efforts made in the last 20 years to achieve these aims via biomimetic reactions or self-assembly, as much via formation of hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Vaughan Roberts
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Deena Bukhary
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nicola Tirelli
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
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35
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Tamura A, Hiramoto K, Ino K, Taira N, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Genipin Crosslinking of Electrodeposited Chitosan/Gelatin Hydrogels for Cell Culture. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Tamura
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kaoru Hiramoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Noriko Taira
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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36
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Zhou H, Wang Z, Cao H, Hu H, Luo Z, Yang X, Cui M, Zhou L. Genipin-crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol/silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite hydrogel for fabrication of artificial cornea scaffolds-a novel approach to corneal tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2019; 30:1604-1619. [PMID: 31438806 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2019.1652418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Design of artificial corneal scaffolds substitute is crucial for replacement of impaired cornea. In this paper, porous polyvinyl alcohol/silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite (PVA/SF/n-HA) composite hydrogel was prepared via the genipin (GP) cross-linking, the pore diameter of the hydrogel ranged from 8.138 nm and 90.269 nm, and the physical and physiological function of hydrogel were investigated. The resulting hydrogel exhibited favourable physical properties. With the GP content increasing, the structural regularity of PVA/SF/n-HA composite hydrogel was enhanced and the thermal stability was improved. The moisture content was slightly decreased and generally maintained at approximately 70%. The tensile strength was heightened up to 0.64 MPa, while the breaking elongation was decreased slightly. Moreover, the biofunction was investigated. The in vitro degradation test demonstrated that with the addition of GP, the stability of the composite hydrogels in protease XIV solution was promoted and the three-dimensional porosity structure of composite hydrogels was maintained as ever. And the human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) were employed to examine the cells cytotoxicity of the PVA/SF/n-HA composite hydrogels with different GP content by CCK-8 assay. Based on confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), HCFs had individually commendable adhesion and proliferation on PVA/n-HA/SF composite hydrogel. HCFs proliferated and grew into the pores of composite hydrogel. The results of biocompatibility experiments of composite hydrogel suggested that it was no acute toxicity, in vitro cytotoxicity was 0 or 1 grade. Overall, results from this paper, PVA/n-HA/SF composite hydrogel was a qualified medical material which conformed to the national standard, could be a promising alternative for artificial cornea scaffold material-a novel approach to corneal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Zegong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Huiqun Cao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Huiyuan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Zhongkuan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Xinlin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
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Carriel V, Vizcaíno-López G, Chato-Astrain J, Durand-Herrera D, Alaminos M, Campos A, Sánchez-Montesinos I, Campos F. Scleral surgical repair through the use of nanostructured fibrin/agarose-based films in rabbits. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107717. [PMID: 31265829 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Scleral defects can result as a consequence of trauma, infectious diseases or cancer and surgical repair with allogeneic scleral grafts can be required. However, this method has limitations and novel alternatives are needed. Here, the efficacy of acellular nanostructured fibrin-agarose hydrogel-based substitutes (NFAH) in the repair of scleral defects in rabbits was studied. For this, scleral defects of 5-mm diameter were made on 18 adult-male New Zealand rabbits and repaired with acellular NFAH, NFAH crosslinked with genipin (NFAH-GP) or glutaraldehyde (NFAH-GA), allogeneic scleral grafts as control (C-CTR) or not repaired (negative control N-CTR) (n = 3 each). Macroscopic and histological analyses were performed after 40-days. Macroscopy confirmed the repair of all defects in a comparable manner than the C-CTR. Histology showed no degradation nor integration in C-CTR while NFAH-GP and NFAH-GA biomaterials were encapsulated by connective and inflammatory tissues with partial biodegradation. The NFAH were fully biodegraded and replaced by a loose connective tissue and sclera covering the defects. This in vivo study demonstrated that the NFAH are a promising biocompatible and pro-regenerative alternative to the use of allogeneic cadaveric grafts. However, large defects and long-term studies are needed to demonstrate the potential clinical usefulness of these substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Carriel
- Department of Histology & Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Spain.
| | - Gerson Vizcaíno-López
- Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Histology, Autonomous University of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Department of Histology & Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Durand-Herrera
- Department of Histology & Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Department of Histology & Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - Antonio Campos
- Department of Histology & Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - Indalecio Sánchez-Montesinos
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Fernando Campos
- Department of Histology & Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Spain
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Chato-Astrain J, Campos F, Roda O, Miralles E, Durand-Herrera D, Sáez-Moreno JA, García-García S, Alaminos M, Campos A, Carriel V. In vivo Evaluation of Nanostructured Fibrin-Agarose Hydrogels With Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Peripheral Nerve Repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:501. [PMID: 30627086 PMCID: PMC6309160 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capability of peripheral nerves is very limited, and several strategies have been proposed to increase nerve regeneration. In the present work, we have analyzed the in vivo usefulness of a novel nanostructured fibrin-agarose bio-artificial nerve substitute (Nano) used alone or in combination with NeuraGen® collagen type I conduits (Coll-Nano) in laboratory rats with a 10-mm sciatic nerve defect. Control animals were subjected to the gold-standard autograft technique (Auto). Results first demonstrated that the percentage of self-amputations was lower in Nano and Coll-Nano groups as compared to the Auto group. Neurotrophic ulcers were more abundant in the Auto group (60%, with 66.6% of them being >2-mm) than Nano and Coll-Nano groups (0%) at 4 weeks, although Nano showed more ulcers after 12 weeks. Foot length was significantly altered in Auto animals due to neurogenic retraction, but not in Nano and Coll-Nano groups after 12 weeks. At the functional level, all animals showed a partial sensory recovery as determined by the pinch test, especially in Nano and Auto groups, but did not reach the levels of native animals. Toe-spread test revealed a partial motor function recovery only in Nano animals at 4 weeks and Auto and Nano at 12 weeks. Electromyography showed clear denervation signs in all experimental groups, with few differences between Auto and Nano animals. After 12 weeks, an important denervation decrease and an increase of the reinnervation process was found in Auto and Nano groups, with no differences between these groups. Histological analyses demonstrated an active peripheral nerve regeneration process with newly formed peripheral nerve fascicles showing S-100, GAP-43 and myelin in all experimental groups. The peripheral nerve regeneration process was more abundant in Auto group, followed by Nano group, and both were better than Coll-Nano group. Muscle histology confirmed the electromyography results and showed some atrophy and fibrosis signs and an important weight and volume loss in all groups, especially in the Coll-Nano group (56.8% weight and 60.4% volume loss). All these results suggest that the novel Nano substitutes used in in vivo were able to contribute to bridge a 10-mm peripheral nerve defect in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Olga Roda
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Miralles
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Durand-Herrera
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Salomé García-García
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Campos
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Philips C, Campos F, Roosens A, Sánchez-Quevedo MDC, Declercq H, Carriel V. Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of a Novel Detergent-Based Method for Decellularization of Peripheral Nerves. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:1921-1937. [PMID: 29987538 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-2082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an emerging strategy for the development of nerve substitutes for peripheral nerve repair. Especially decellularized peripheral nerve allografts are interesting alternatives to replace the gold standard autografts. In this study, a novel decellularization protocol was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by histological, biochemical, ultrastructural and mechanical methods and compared to the protocol described by Sondell et al. and a modified version of the protocol described by Hudson et al. Decellularization by the method described by Sondell et al. resulted in a reduction of the cell content, but was accompanied by a loss of essential extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules such as laminin and glycosaminoglycans. This decellularization also caused disruption of the endoneurial tubes and an increased stiffness of the nerves. Decellularization by the adapted method of Hudson et al. did not alter the ECM composition of the nerves, but an efficient cell removal could not be obtained. Finally, decellularization by the method developed in our lab by Roosens et al. led to a successful removal of nuclear material, while maintaining the nerve ultrastructure and ECM composition. In addition, the resulting ECM scaffold was found to be cytocompatible, allowing attachment and proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells. These results show that our decellularization combining Triton X-100, DNase, RNase and trypsin created a promising scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlot Philips
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Building B3, 6th floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Annelies Roosens
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Building B3, 6th floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - María Del Carmen Sánchez-Quevedo
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Heidi Declercq
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Building B3, 6th floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Durand-Herrera D, Campos F, Jaimes-Parra BD, Sánchez-López JD, Fernández-Valadés R, Alaminos M, Campos A, Carriel V. Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal cells as a new source for the generation of microtissues for tissue engineering applications. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:379-393. [PMID: 29931444 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microtissues (MT) are currently considered as a promising alternative for the fabrication of natural, 3D biomimetic functional units for the construction of bio-artificial substitutes by tissue engineering (TE). The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of generating mesenchymal cell-based MT using human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly stromal cells (WJSC-MT). MT were generated using agarose microchips and evaluated ex vivo during 28 days. Fibroblasts MT (FIB-MT) were used as control. Morphometry, cell viability and metabolism, MT-formation process and ECM synthesis were assessed by phase-contrast microscopy, functional biochemical assays, and histological analyses. Morphometry revealed a time-course compaction process in both MT, but WJSC-MT resulted to be larger than FIB-MT in all days analyzed. Cell viability and functionality evaluation demonstrated that both MT were composed by viable and metabolically active cells, especially the WJSC during 4-21 days ex vivo. Histology showed that WJSC acquired a peripheral pattern and synthesized an extracellular matrix-rich core over the time, what differed from the homogeneous pattern observed in FIB-MT. This study demonstrates the possibility of using WJSC to create MT containing viable and functional cells and abundant extracellular matrix. We hypothesize that WJSC-MT could be a promising alternative in TE protocols. However, future cell differentiation and in vivo studies are still needed to demonstrate the potential usefulness of WJSC-MT in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Durand-Herrera
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Doctoral Programme in Biomedicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - F Campos
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - B D Jaimes-Parra
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - J D Sánchez-López
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Complex of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R Fernández-Valadés
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Complex of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Alaminos
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - A Campos
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - V Carriel
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
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