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Kalimuthu AK, Parasuraman P, Sivakumar P, Murugesan S, Arunachalam S, Pandian SRK, Ravishankar V, Ammunje DN, Sampath M, Panneerselvam T, Kunjiappan S. In silico, in vitro screening of antioxidant and anticancer potentials of bioactive secondary metabolites from an endophytic fungus (Curvularia sp.) from Phyllanthus niruri L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:48908-48925. [PMID: 35201581 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this research work is to discover novel and efficient phytochemical substances from endophytic fungus found in medicinal plants. Curvularia geniculata L. (C. geniculata L.), an endophytic fungus isolated from Phyllanthus niruri L. (P. niruri L.), was tested against hepatoma cell lines (HepG2) in order to screen their antioxidant and anticancer potentials. The profiling of phytochemicals from the fungal extract was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and molecular docking was done for the identified compounds against one of the potential receptors predominantly present in the hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Among the phytochemicals found, 2-methyl-7-phenylindole had the highest binding affinity (- 8.8 kcal mol-1) for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The stability of 2-methyl-7-phenylindole in the EGFR-binding pockets was tested using in silico molecular dynamics simulation. The fungal extract showed the highest antioxidant activity as measured by DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and FRAP assays. In vitro cytotoxicity assay of fungal extract demonstrated the concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells after 24 h, and the IC50 (50% cell death) value was estimated to be 62.23 μg mL-1. Typical morphological changes such as condensation of nuclei and deformed membrane structures are indicative of ongoing apoptosis. The mitochondria of HepG2 cells were also targeted by the endophytic fungal extract, which resulted in substantial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to the destruction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential integrity. These outcomes suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of C. geniculata L. has the potential to be an antioxidant agent and further to be exploited in developing potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kumar Kalimuthu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Srivilliputhur, 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pavadai Parasuraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Pandian Sivakumar
- School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, Gujarat, India
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sankarganesh Arunachalam
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Srivilliputhur, 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sureshbabu Ram Kumar Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Srivilliputhur, 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vigneshwaran Ravishankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, 626005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Damodar Nayak Ammunje
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Muthukumar Sampath
- Department of Bioengineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi-835215, Mesra, Jharkhand, India
| | - Theivendran Panneerselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swamy Vivekanandha College of Pharmacy, Tiruchengodu, 637205, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Srivilliputhur, 626126, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Assessment of the potential of Dunaliella microalgae for different biotechnological applications: A systematic review. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kunjiappan S, Sankaranarayanan M, Karan Kumar B, Pavadai P, Babkiewicz E, Maszczyk P, Glodkowska-Mrowka E, Arunachalam S, Ram Kumar Pandian S, Ravishankar V, Baskararaj S, Vellaichamy S, Arulmani L, Panneerselvam T. Capsaicin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: design, biodistribution, in silico modeling and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:095101. [PMID: 33113518 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc57e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lower doses of capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) have the potential to serve as an anticancer drug, however, due to its pungency, irritant effect, poor water solubility and high distribution volume often linked to various off-target effects, its therapeutic use is limited. This study aimed to determine the biodistribution and anticancer efficacy of capsaicin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in human hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro. In this study, SLNs of stearic acid loaded with capsaicin was formulated by the solvent evaporation-emulsification technique and were instantly characterized for their encapsulation efficiency, morphology, loading capacity, stability, particle size, charge and in vitro drug release profile. Synthesized SLNs were predominantly spherical, 80 nm diameter particles that proved to be biocompatible with good stability in aqueous conditions. In vivo biodistribution studies of the formulated SLNs showed that 48 h after injection in the lateral tail vein, up to 15% of the cells in the liver, 1.04% of the cells in the spleen, 3.05% of the cells in the kidneys, 3.76% of the cells in the heart, 1.31% of the cells in the lungs and 0% of the cells in the brain of rats were determined. Molecular docking studies against the identified targets in HepG2 cells showed that the capsaicin is able to bind Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase, c-Src kinase, p38 MAP kinase and VEGF-receptor. Molecular dynamic simulation showed that capsaicin-VEGF receptor complex is highly stable at 50 nano seconds. The IC50 of capsaicin loaded SLNs in HepG2 cells in vitro was 21.36 μg × ml-1. These findings suggest that capsaicin loaded SLNs are stable in circulation for a period up to 3 d, providing a controlled release of loaded capsaicin and enhanced anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil-626126, India
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani-333031, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani-333031, India
| | - Parasuraman Pavadai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru-560054, India
| | - Ewa Babkiewicz
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw at Biology & Chemistry Research Center, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Maszczyk
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw at Biology & Chemistry Research Center, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eliza Glodkowska-Mrowka
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Indira Gandhi St. 14, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sankarganesh Arunachalam
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil-626126, India
| | | | | | - Suraj Baskararaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil-626126, India
| | - Sivakumar Vellaichamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Arulmigu Kalasalingam College of Pharmacy, Krishnankoil-626126, India
| | - Lalitha Arulmani
- Senior Scientist, Virtis Biolabs, Pvt., Ltd, Kannankurichi, Salem-636008, India
| | - Theivendren Panneerselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swamy Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Namakkal-637205, India
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Kunjiappan S, Panneerselvam T, Govindaraj S, Parasuraman P, Baskararaj S, Sankaranarayanan M, Arunachalam S, Babkiewicz E, Jeyakumar A, Lakshmanan M. Design, In Silico Modelling, and Functionality Theory of Novel Folate Receptor Targeted Rutin Encapsulated Folic Acid Conjugated Keratin Nanoparticles for Effective Cancer Treatment. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:1966-1982. [PMID: 31267878 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190702145609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Site-specific and toxic-free drug delivery, is an interesting area of research. Nanoengineered drug delivery systems possess a remarkable potential for effective treatment of various types of cancers. METHODS In this study, novel Folic Acid (FA) conjugated keratin nanoparticles (NPs) were assembled with encapsulation and delivery of Rutin (Rt) into breast cancer cells through the overexpressed folate receptor. The biocompatible, Rt encapsulated FA conjugated keratin NPs (FA@Ker NPs) were successfully formulated by a modified precipitation technique. Their morphological shape and size, size distribution, stability, and physical nature were characterized and confirmed. The drug (Rt) encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and release kinetics were also studied. RESULTS The observed results of molecular docking and density functionality theory of active drug (Rt) showed a strong interaction and non-covalent binding of the folate receptor and facilitation of endocytosis in breast cancer cells. Further, in vitro cytotoxic effect of FA@Ker NPs was screened against MCF-7 cancer cells, at 55.2 µg/mL of NPs and found to display 50% of cell death at 24h. Moreover, the NPs enhanced the uptake of Rt in MCF-7 cells, and the apoptotic effect of condensed nuclei and distorted membrane bodies was observed. Also, NPs entered into the mitochondria of MCF-7 cells and significantly increased the level of ROS which led to cell death. CONCLUSION The developed FA@Ker NPs might be a promising way to enhance anti-cancer activity without disturbing normal healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Sir CV Raman-KS Krishnan International Research Center, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil-626126, India
| | - Theivendren Panneerselvam
- Department of Research and Development, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, NH-24, Anwarpur, Pilkhuwa, Hapur-245304, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saravanan Govindaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MNR College of Pharmacy, Fasalwadi, Sangareddy-502294, Telangana, India
| | - Pavadai Parasuraman
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru-560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Suraj Baskararaj
- Sir CV Raman-KS Krishnan International Research Center, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil-626126, India
| | | | - Sankarganesh Arunachalam
- Sir CV Raman-KS Krishnan International Research Center, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil-626126, India
| | - Ewa Babkiewicz
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw at Biology & Chemistry Research Center, 02-189-Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aarthi Jeyakumar
- Sir CV Raman-KS Krishnan International Research Center, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil-626126, India
| | - Muthulakshmi Lakshmanan
- Sir CV Raman-KS Krishnan International Research Center, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil-626126, India
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Utilization of plant-derived Myricetin molecule coupled with ultrasound for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles against breast cancer. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1963-1976. [PMID: 32468137 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has gained great interest in the field of cancer therapeutics. We attempted a simple and stable synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with Myricetin (Myr) adopting ultrasound-assisted method. Further, we evaluated anticancer activity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The physico-chemical properties of biosynthesized Myr-AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and particle size analysis. The study reports of Myr-AuNPs showed spherical-shaped particles with a size of < 50 nm. Stability of the particles was increased in various physiological media. Furthermore, the graph theoretical network analysis of Myr-AuNPs indicated that the probable binding with the mTOR is an effective target for breast cancer cells. In silico molecular docking study of Myr-AuNPs in human mTOR kinase was found to be strong binding. The IC50 value of Myr-AuNPs was calculated as 13 μg mL-1 against MCF-7 cell line. The AO/EB and DAPI stainings confirmed the anticancer activity by Myr-AuNPs-treated cells showed a good proportion of dead cells evidenced with formation of pro-apoptotic bodies. In addition, Myr-AuNPs exhibited depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species. This study proves that Myr-AuNPs holds great promise to use against breast cancer as a potent anticancer drug. Graphical abstract A schematic representation for the biosynthesis of Myr-AuNPs.
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Kunjiappan S, Govindaraj S, Parasuraman P, Sankaranarayanan M, Arunachalam S, Palanisamy P, Mohan UP, Babkiewicz E, Maszczyk P, Vellaisamy S, Panneerselvam T. Design, in silico modelling and functionality theory of folate-receptor-targeted myricetin-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticle formulation for cancer treatment. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:155102. [PMID: 31775133 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5c56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery systems are a promising field of research. Nano-engineered material-mediated drug delivery possesses remarkable potential for the treatment of various malignancies. Here, folic acid (FA)-conjugated bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles (NPs) were used to encapsulate myricetin (Myr). Subsequently, the delivery of Myr via naturally overexpressed folate receptor (FR) to FR-positive breast cancer cells was studied. Myr-loaded BSA NPs were assembled by modified desolvation cross-linking technique. An FA-conjugated carrier, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-FA ester, was successfully synthesized. Its functional and structural characteristics were confirmed by ultraviolet, Fourier-transform infrared, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biocompatible FA-conjugated, Myr-loaded BSA NPs (FA-Myr-BSA NPs) were successfully formulated using a carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. Their morphology, size, shape, physiological stability, and drug release kinetics were studied. Molecular docking studies revealed that FA-Myr-BSA NPs readily bound non-covalently to folate receptors and facilitated active drug endocytosis. FA-Myr-BSA NPs could trigger fast release of Myr in an acidic medium (pH 5.4), and showed high biocompatibility in a physiological medium. FA-Myr-BSA NPs effectively decreased the viability of MCF-7 cells after 24 h with 72.45 μg ml-1 IC50 value. In addition, FA-Myr-BSA NPs enhanced the uptake of Myr in MCF-7 cells. After incubation, a typical apoptotic morphology of condensed nuclei and distorted membrane bodies was observed. The NPs also targeted mitochondria of MCF-7 cells, significantly increasing reactive oxygen species release and contributing to the loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity. The observed results confirm that the newly developed FA-Myr-BSA NPs can serve as a potential carrier for Myr to increase the anticancer activity of this chemotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, Tamilnadu, India
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Kunjiappan S, Theivendren P, Pavadai P, Govindaraj S, Sankaranarayanan M, Somasundaram B, Arunachalam S, Ram Kumar Pandian S, Ammunje DN. Design and in silico modeling of Indoloquinoxaline incorporated keratin nanoparticles for modulation of glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2904. [PMID: 31496124 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The following study was done to assess the glucose utilizing efficiency of Indoloquinoxaline derivative incorporated keratin nanoparticles (NPs) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Indoloquinoxaline derivative had wide range of biological activities including antidiabetic activity. In this view, Indoloquinoxaline moiety containing N, N-dimethyl (3-fluoro-6H-indolo [3,2-b] quinoxalin-6-yl) methanamine compound was designed and synthesized, and further it is incorporated into keratin nanoparticles. The formulated NPs, drug entrapment efficiency, releasing capacity, stability, and physicochemical properties were characterized by various spectral analyzer and obtained results of characterizations were confirmed the properties of NPs. The analysis of mechanism underlying the glucose utilization of NPs was examined through molecular docking with identified target, and observed in silico study reports shown strong interaction of NPs in the binding pockets of AMPK and PTP1B. Based on the in silico screening, the formulated NPs was performed for in vitro cellular viability and glucose uptake studies on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Interestingly, 40 μg of NPs displayed 78.2 ± 2.76% cellular viability, and no cell death was observed at lower concentrations. Further, the concentration dependent glucose utilization was observed at different concentrations of NPs in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results of NPs (40 μg) on glucose utilization have revealed eminent result 58.56 ± 4.54% compared to that of Metformin (10 μM) and Insulin (10 μM). The identified results clearly indicated that Indoloquinoxaline derivative incorporated keratin NPs significantly increased glucose utilization efficiency and protect the cells against the insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Parasuraman Pavadai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Saravanan Govindaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | | | - Balasubramanian Somasundaram
- Sir CV Raman-KS Krishnan International Research Center, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sankarganesh Arunachalam
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Damodar Nayak Ammunje
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Baskararaj S, Theivendren P, Palanisamy P, Kannan S, Pavadai P, Arunachalam S, Sankaranarayanan M, Mohan UP, Ramasamy L, Kunjiappan S. Optimization of bioactive compounds extraction assisted by microwave parameters from Kappaphycus alvarezii using RSM and ANFIS modeling. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kunjiappan S, Theivendren P, Sankaranarayanan M, Somasundaram B, Subbarayan S, Arunachalam S, Parasuraman P, Sivakumar V, Murugan I, Baskararaj S. Design, graph theoretical analysis and bioinformatic studies of proanthocyanidins encapsulated ethyl cellulose nanoparticles for effective anticancer activity. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aaf2a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Saravanan G, Panneerselvam T, Kunjiappan S, Parasuraman P, Alagarsamy V, Udayakumar P, Soundararajan M, Joshi SD, Ramalingam S, Ammunje DN. Graph theoretical analysis, in silico modeling, prediction of toxicity, metabolism and synthesis of novel 2-(methyl/phenyl)-3-(4-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) phenyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-ones as NMDA receptor inhibitor. Drug Dev Res 2019; 80:368-385. [PMID: 30609096 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hit, Lead & Candidate Discovery A variety of novel 2-(methyl/phenyl)-3-(4-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-ones have been synthesized by treating 3-(4-(5-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-2-(methyl/phenyl)-quinazolin-4(3H)-one with a variety of secondary amines. Graph theoretical analysis was used in identification of drug target that is, NMDAR (N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors). The observed reports of in silico modeling and ligand based toxicity, metabolism prediction studies were encouraging us to synthesize of title compounds and evaluate their antiepileptic effects. The title compounds were tested for its antiepileptic potency by MES and scPTZ model. Rotorod test is used to assess its neurotoxicity. In the preliminary test it was found that in MES test, analogs 6d, 6e, 6f, and 6l were potent; whereas in scPTZ test analogs 6d, 6e, 6f, and 6k displayed potent antiepileptic activity. Additionally these five derivatives were tested in rats orally at a dose of 30 mg/kg and found that compounds 2-methyl-3-(4-(5-morpholino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one 6e and 2-methyl-3-(4-(5-(piperidin-1-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one 6f exhibited superior activity than reference Phenytoin. In MES test, these derivatives 6e and 6f showed activity at 30 mg/kg i.p. dose after 0.5 hr and 4.0 hr. In scPTZ test these derivatives 6e and 6f showed activity at 100 and 300 mg/kg i.p. dose after 0.5 hr and 4.0 hr, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindaraj Saravanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | | | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- International Research Center, Kalasalingam University, Krishnan Koil, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pavadai Parasuraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Veerachamy Alagarsamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Padmaja Udayakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Muthukrishnan Soundararajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karavali College of Pharmacy, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Karavali College of Pharmacy, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shrinivas D Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sonia Education Trust's College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresh Ramalingam
- Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Damodar Nayak Ammunje
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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