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Lee WY, Marc O'Donnell J, Kuo SY. Effects of preoperative oral care on bacterial colonisation and halitosis in patients undergoing elective surgery: A randomised controlled study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2024; 80:103532. [PMID: 37793316 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of single-dose chlorhexidine oral care on bacterial colonisation and halitosis in patients undergoing elective surgery. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY We conducted a two-arm parallel, single-blinded, randomised controlled trial. The intervention group (n = 102) received preoperative oral care with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, and the control group (n = 105) received standard care. The data of the microbiological cultures between the groups were compared at the time of tracheal intubation, at extubation and 30 min after surgery. The presence of halitosis was measured using a survey questionnaire administered to the anaesthesia nurses assigned to the patients. RESULTS At baseline, no significant differences were found between the intervention and control groups for bacterial colonisation or halitosis. After the intervention, there was no significant difference in microbiological culture, including gram-positive, gram-negative bacilli and cocci results, between the two groups (p > 0.05). The presence of halitosis in the intervention group was significantly lower than in the control group during intubation (p < 0.0001) and at 30 min after surgery (p < 0.02). Regression analysis indicated that receiving oral was protective towards halitosis, while poor oral health was a risk factor. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative oral care using a single dose of chlorhexidine significantly improved the patients' halitosis in the perioperative period, but no significant effect was found on bacterial colonisation. Further studies are needed regarding the safe use of chlorhexidine for oral care. IMPLICATION FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE Oral hygiene using chlorhexidine could be beneficial in improving halitosis for anaesthesia personnel who take care of intubated adult patients undergoing elective surgery with general anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Lee
- Second Degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - John Marc O'Donnell
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Director, University of Pittsburgh Nurse Anesthesia Program, Senior Associate Director, Winter Institute for Simulation, Education and Research (WISER) VB 360A, 3500 Victoria St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Shu-Yu Kuo
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Szalai E, Tajti P, Szabó B, Kói T, Hegyi P, Czumbel LM, Varga G, Kerémi B. ORGANOLEPTIC AND HALITOMETRIC ASSESSMENTS DO NOT CORRELATE WELL IN INTRA-ORAL HALITOSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2023; 23:101862. [PMID: 37689445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2023.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gold standard method for diagnosing oral halitosis is the subjective organoleptic measurement. Device-supported methods are also widespread worldwide. The challenges and safety concerns around performing organoleptic measurements during pandemics and the diversity of measuring device alternatives raised our clinical question: which halitometer is the most suitable for diagnosing halitosis? METHODS This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (ID CRD42022320024). The search was performed on March 23, 2022 in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL. Adult populations with or without halitosis were included, and patients with systemic diseases were excluded. Organoleptic (subjective) measurement and the device-supported (objective) methods were compared; the primary outcome was the correlation coefficient, and the secondary was the specificity and sensitivity of the devices. QUADAS-2 and QUADAS-C were used to evaluate the risk of bias in the studies. Random-effects meta analyses were performed on the outcomes, and the secondary outcomes were plotted on a common ROC plot. RESULTS A total of 1231 records were found in the 5 databases. After the selection process, 76 articles were eligible for the systematic review, and 14,635 patients were involved in the qualitative analysis. The pooled Spearman's correlation coefficient (c.c.) for sulfide monitors was 0.65; 95% CIs: [0.53-0.74]; I2 = 95%, P < .01. The pooled Spearman's c.c. for portable gas chromatographs was 0.69; 95% CIs: [0.63-0.74]; I2 = 12%, P < .01. The pooled Spearman's c.c. for gas chromatographs was 0.76; 95% CIs: [0.67-0.83]; I2 = 0%, P < .01. DISCUSSION None of the most commonly used halitometers proved to be significantly superior to the others. Halimeter and OralChroma measurements did not correlate well with the organoleptic level of oral halitosis in adults. Therefore, better halitometers need to be developed as an alternative to organoleptic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szalai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Tajti
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Szabó
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kói
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Stochastics, Institute of Mathematics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Márk Czumbel
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Periodontology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Kerémi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Alzoman H, Alzahrani A, Alwehaiby K, Alanazi W, AlSarhan M. Efficacy of Arabic Coffee and Black Tea in Reducing Halitosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:250. [PMID: 33804328 PMCID: PMC8000802 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to objectively evaluate the short-term effect of Arabic coffee and black tea on oral halitosis. This study was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial on 17 healthy individuals. During the initial visit, pre-treatment breath samples were collected from each subject and analyzed using portable gas chromatography (OralChroma™). Four interventions were evaluated, with Arabic coffee and black tea as the test intervention tools, mouthwash containing a solution (0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride, and 0.14% zinc lactate (CHX-CPC-Zn)) as a positive control, and drinking water as a negative control. Halitosis was induced by rinsing with 10 mL solution of L-cysteine for 30 s. Twenty minutes later, a breath sample was taken to record the baseline volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) levels (T0). Then, the participants were asked to rinse with 10 mL of a randomly-assigned solution for 30 s. Sixty minutes later, another breath sample was recorded (T1). Finally, after 120 min, the final breath sample was recorded (T2). It was found that rinsing with Arabic coffee decreased the level of H2S both in the first hour (T1) and the second hour (T2). The reduction was significantly greater at T1 (p = 0.017). There was a similar result after the volunteers rinsed with black tea. At T2, Arabic coffee showed a substantially greater reduction in H2S (p < 0.001). On the contrary, using CHX-CPC-Zn showed a significant and continuous decrease in H2S values in the breath throughout the experiment (p < 0.001). Water showed no significant impact on the level of VSC (p = 0.71). This study demonstrates that black tea and Arabic coffee had inhibitory effects on halitosis that was greater in the first hour and was not sustained over a long period. Additionally, Arabic coffee had a greater inhibitory effect on halitosis than black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Alzoman
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Alzahrani
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (K.A.); (W.A.)
| | - Khaled Alwehaiby
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (K.A.); (W.A.)
| | - Waleed Alanazi
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (K.A.); (W.A.)
| | - Mohammed AlSarhan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
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Romano F, Pigella E, Guzzi N, Manavella V, Campanelli L, Aimetti M. Etiology and characteristics of halitosis in patients of a halitosis center in Northern Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:174-182. [PMID: 32610725 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As there are few studies in Europe describing characteristics of breath malodor for large groups of patients, this retrospective study was designed to analyse the etiology of halitosis among patients attending a breath malodor center in Northern Italy. METHODS Clinical records of 547 consecutive patients were reviewed and data on self-perceived halitosis, organoleptic scores, volatile sulphur compound (VSC) levels, and oral health condition were extracted and analysed. RESULTS The prevalence of intra-oral halitosis was 90.7%. In 21 patients no objective signs of breath malodor could be found. Periodontitis and gingivitis were the main cause of bad breath in 33.9% of subjects and in combination with tongue coating in 55.2%. Only eight subjects have tongue coating as the only cause of halitosis. Ear, nose and throat (ENT)/extra-oral causes were found in 5.2% of the patients. VSC concentrations were lower in the psychogenic halitosis group, whereas no statistically significant differences were detected when comparing intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis except for (CH3)2S. CONCLUSIONS Psychogenic halitosis is a rare condition among subjects complaining of suffering from bad breath. The most prevalent cause of halitosis is intra-oral, in particular a combination of tongue coating and periodontal disease. Tongue coating is rarely the primary cause of oral malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy -
| | - Enrico Pigella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Guzzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Manavella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena Campanelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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The OralChromaTM CHM-2: a comparison with the OralChromaTM CHM-1. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:2829-2836. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Laleman I, De Geest S, Dekeyser C, Teughels W, Quirynen M. A new method of choice for organoleptic scoring: The negative-pressure technique. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:1319-1325. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Laleman
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; KU Leuven & Dentistry; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Sophie De Geest
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; KU Leuven & Dentistry; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Christel Dekeyser
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; KU Leuven & Dentistry; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; KU Leuven & Dentistry; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; KU Leuven & Dentistry; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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Kim SR, Nam DH. Reliability, Accuracy, and Use Frequency of Evaluation Methods for Amount of Tongue Coating. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 25:378-385. [PMID: 29700763 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To classify the evaluation methods for amount of tongue coating (TC) and investigate their reliability, accuracy, and frequency of use. METHODS Articles published from 1985 to 2015 were searched for evaluation methods for the amount of TC in PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Only clinical researches were included except protocol articles. The methods were classified according to their characteristics. RESULTS Finally, 113 articles were selected. The evaluation method for the amount of TC from the articles was classified into 4 types: intuitive, specificative, computerized, and weighing TC. The reliability in the intuitive and specificative methods (κ =0.33-0.92) showed varying levels among the studies. In general, the amount of TC calculated by the specificative method (Spearman's r=0.68-0.80) was more strongly related to the directly measured value than to the value estimated by the computerized method (Pearson's r=0.442). The number of articles published on this topic has increased consistently, and the specificative method was the most frequently used. Despite the higher reliability of the computerized method, it has not been widely used. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of the specificative method would continue in clinical practice because of its convenience and accuracy. However, to establish higher reliability, the limitation of the subjectivity of the assessors should be overcome through calibration training. In the computerized method, novel algorithms are needed to obtain a higher accuracy so that it can help the practitioners confidently estimate the amount of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ryun Kim
- Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnosis, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Nam
- Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnosis, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea.
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Silva MF, Cademartori MG, Leite FRM, López R, Demarco FF, Nascimento GG. Is periodontitis associated with halitosis? A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:1003-1009. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela F. Silva
- Graduate Program in Dentistry; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
| | | | - Fábio R. M. Leite
- Graduate Program in Dentistry; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Dentistry and Oral Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Rodrigo López
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Dentistry and Oral Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Flávio F. Demarco
- Graduate Program in Dentistry; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
| | - Gustavo G. Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Dentistry; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Dentistry and Oral Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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Estimated prevalence of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:47-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Avincsal M, Altundag A, Dinc M, Cayonu M, Topak M, Kulekci M. Evaluation of halitosis using OralChroma™ in patients with allergic rhinitis. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2016; 133:243-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dinc ME, Altundag A, Dizdar D, Avincsal MO, Sahin E, Ulusoy S, Paltura C. An objective assessment of halitosis in children with adenoid vegetation during pre- and post-operative period. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 88:47-51. [PMID: 27497386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although most specialists in otorhinolaryngology and pediatrics find halitosis to be a common problem in children with adenoid hypertrophy, there are no objective data on this topic in the literature. Whether adenoid hypertrophy is a risk factor for halitosis or whether halitosis is a sign of adenoid hypertrophy remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether children diagnosed with adenoid hypertrophy have a higher probability of halitosis than do children in the normal population and whether adenoidectomy can decrease oral malodor. METHODS Forty children with adenoid hypertrophy and 40 healthy subjects aged 5-15 years were included in the study. The children with adenoid hypertrophy underwent adenoidectomy operations and were followed for 3 months. We measured volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S using an objective method, a portable gas chromatograph (OralChroma; AbiMedical, Osaka, Japan). RESULTS The mean CH3SH and (CH3)2S levels were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the adenoid hypertrophy group and the controls. The H2S, CH3SH, and (CH3)2S levels in the third postoperative month were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those in the preoperative period, and there was no significant difference postoperatively between the patients with adenoid hypertrophy and controls. There was a positive correlation between age and VSC levels, and CH3SH levels were significantly higher in patients with ventilation tube insertion, rather than just adenoidectomy. CONCLUSIONS There was a statistically significant association between halitosis and adenoid hypertrophy, and a significant improvement in halitosis was obtained following adenoidectomy. The present study provides an association between halitosis and adenoid hypertrophy. If there is no other oral pathology causing halitosis, halitosis can be a sign of adenoid hypertrophy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emre Dinc
- Istanbul Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Research and Training Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Istanbul Surgery Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Denizhan Dizdar
- Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozgur Avincsal
- Istanbul Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Research and Training Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ethem Sahin
- Bayındır Hospital Icerenkoy, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seckin Ulusoy
- Istanbul Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Research and Training Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceki Paltura
- Istanbul Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Research and Training Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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Altundag A, Cayonu M, Salihoglu M, Yazıcı H, Kurt O, Yalcınkaya E, Saglam O. Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Has Negative Effects on Taste and Smell Functions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 155:117-21. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599816640249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective We evaluated the halimetric, olfactory, and taste functions of patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Study Design Prospective clinical study. Setting Multicenter tertiary care hospital. Methods Patients who were diagnosed with LPR for the first time on the basis of a Reflux Finding Score (RFS) >11 and a Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) >13 were enrolled in this study. A control group was selected from patients without a complaint of LPR. OralChroma was used for the halimetric measurement; Sniffin’ Sticks were used for the smelling test; Taste Strips were used for the taste test; and monosodium L-glutamate was used for the umami test. Results A total of 110 subjects were included, with a mean age of 36.8 ± 10 years (range, 19-57 years). The differences in odor threshold scores were significant between the groups ( P < .001), but no change was detected for the odor identification or discrimination scores between the groups. Bitter taste scores were significantly diminished in the reflux group compared with those in the control group ( P = .001), whereas no impairments were found in the other taste scores (sweet, salty, and sour). The reflux group had significantly higher umami taste scores than those of the control group for the posterior tongue and soft palate anatomic sites ( P < .001 and P < .001, respectively). Dimethyl sulfite levels were significantly higher in the reflux group than in the control ( P = .001). Conclusion Questioning patients who present with halitosis, taste, or smelling disorders is important to diagnose LPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Altundag
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Surgery Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Cayonu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amasya University SS Training and Research Hospital, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Murat Salihoglu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, GATA Haydarpasa Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasmet Yazıcı
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Onuralp Kurt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erzincan Military Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Esin Yalcınkaya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara Koru Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Saglam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kasımpasa Military Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Altundag A, Cayonu M, Kayabasoglu G, Salihoglu M, Tekeli H, Cayonu S, Akpinar ME, Hummel T. The Evaluation of Olfactory Function in Individuals With Chronic Halitosis. Chem Senses 2014; 40:47-51. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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