1
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Diederich P, Ruf A, Geisberger T, Weidner L, Seitz C, Eisenreich W, Huber C, Schmitt-Kopplin P. C2-addition patterns emerging from acetylene and nickel sulfide in simulated prebiotic hydrothermal conditions. Commun Chem 2023; 6:220. [PMID: 37828122 PMCID: PMC10570370 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical complexity is vital not only for the origin of life but also for biological evolution. The chemical evolution of a complex prebiotic mixture containing acetylene, carbon monoxide (CO), and nickel sulfide (NiS) has been analyzed with mass spectrometry as an untargeted approach to reaction monitoring. Here we show through isotopic 13C-labelling, multiple reaction products, encompassing diverse CHO and CHOS compounds within the complex reaction mixture. Molecules within the same chemical spaces displayed varying degrees of 13C-labelling, enabling more robust functional group characterization based on targeted investigations and differences in saturation levels among the described classes. A characteristic C2-addition pattern was detected in all compound classes in conjunction with a high diversity of thio acids, reminiscent of extant microbial C2-metabolism. The analysis involved a time-resolved molecular network, which unveiled the behavior of sulfur in the system. At the onset of the reaction, early formed compounds contain more sulfur atoms compared to later emerging compounds. These results give an essential insight into the still elusive role of sulfur dynamics in the origin of life. Moreover, our results provide temporally resolved evidence of the progressively increasing molecular complexity arising from a limited number of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Diederich
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Ruf
- Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
- LMU Munich, Faculty of Physics, Schellingstraße 4, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Geisberger
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Leopold Weidner
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Seitz
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
- Center for Astrochemical Studies, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Gießebachstraße 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany.
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2
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Traquete F, Luz J, Cordeiro C, Sousa Silva M, Ferreira AEN. Graph Properties of Mass-Difference Networks for Profiling and Discrimination in Untargeted Metabolomics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:917911. [PMID: 35936789 PMCID: PMC9353772 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.917911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics seeks to identify and quantify most metabolites in a biological system. In general, metabolomics results are represented by numerical matrices containing data that represent the intensities of the detected variables. These matrices are subsequently analyzed by methods that seek to extract significant biological information from the data. In mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, if mass is detected with sufficient accuracy, below 1 ppm, it is possible to derive mass-difference networks, which have spectral features as nodes and chemical changes as edges. These networks have previously been used as means to assist formula annotation and to rank the importance of chemical transformations. In this work, we propose a novel role for such networks in untargeted metabolomics data analysis: we demonstrate that their properties as graphs can also be used as signatures for metabolic profiling and class discrimination. For several benchmark examples, we computed six graph properties and we found that the degree profile was consistently the property that allowed for the best performance of several clustering and classification methods, reaching levels that are competitive with the performance using intensity data matrices and traditional pretreatment procedures. Furthermore, we propose two new metrics for the ranking of chemical transformations derived from network properties, which can be applied to sample comparison or clustering. These metrics illustrate how the graph properties of mass-difference networks can highlight the aspects of the information contained in data that are complementary to the information extracted from intensity-based data analysis.
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3
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Laber S, Forcisi S, Bentley L, Petzold J, Moritz F, Smirnov KS, Al Sadat L, Williamson I, Strobel S, Agnew T, Sengupta S, Nicol T, Grallert H, Heier M, Honecker J, Mianne J, Teboul L, Dumbell R, Long H, Simon M, Lindgren C, Bickmore WA, Hauner H, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Claussnitzer M, Cox RD. Linking the FTO obesity rs1421085 variant circuitry to cellular, metabolic, and organismal phenotypes in vivo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg0108. [PMID: 34290091 PMCID: PMC8294759 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Variants in FTO have the strongest association with obesity; however, it is still unclear how those noncoding variants mechanistically affect whole-body physiology. We engineered a deletion of the rs1421085 conserved cis-regulatory module (CRM) in mice and confirmed in vivo that the CRM modulates Irx3 and Irx5 gene expression and mitochondrial function in adipocytes. The CRM affects molecular and cellular phenotypes in an adipose depot-dependent manner and affects organismal phenotypes that are relevant for obesity, including decreased high-fat diet-induced weight gain, decreased whole-body fat mass, and decreased skin fat thickness. Last, we connected the CRM to a genetically determined effect on steroid patterns in males that was dependent on nutritional challenge and conserved across mice and humans. Together, our data establish cross-species conservation of the rs1421085 regulatory circuitry at the molecular, cellular, metabolic, and organismal level, revealing previously unknown contextual dependence of the variant's action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Laber
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Forcisi
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Liz Bentley
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Julia Petzold
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franco Moritz
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kirill S Smirnov
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Loubna Al Sadat
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Iain Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sophie Strobel
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Agnew
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Shahana Sengupta
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Tom Nicol
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Margit Heier
- KORA Study Center Augsburg, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julius Honecker
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joffrey Mianne
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Lydia Teboul
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Rebecca Dumbell
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Helen Long
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Michelle Simon
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Cecilia Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Wendy A Bickmore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hans Hauner
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roger D Cox
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK.
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4
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Bookmeyer C, Soltwisch J, Röhling U, Dreisewerd K. Low-Pressure Photoionization in a Dual-Ion Funnel Injector Coupled to an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer for Direct Analysis of Human Breath and Head-Space Sampled Coffee Roasts. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1559-1563. [PMID: 32725968 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Low-pressure photoionization (LPPI) is a versatile tool for the mass spectrometric detection of (semi-)volatile organic compounds, (s)VOC. Here, a dual-ion funnel MALDI/ESI ion injector was equipped with a direct-inlet LPPI module. A radio-frequency (RF) drive enabled the implementation of three Kr discharge lamps in a novel design optimized for efficient photoionization and undisturbed ion trajectories. Supported by expansion and collisional cooling and, optionally, dopant vapor, primarily intact radical ions and protonated molecules were generated. Molecular identification was supported by the high-resolving power of an Orbitrap mass analyzer. In our proof-of-concept study, exhaled human breath and head-space sampled coffee grounds were characterized with this high-throughput technique. From breath, a few hundred and for the coffee roasts more than thousand distinct (s)VOC features were recorded. Principal component analysis enabled the differentiation of coffee grounds by origin and roasting protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bookmeyer
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Soltwisch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Röhling
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
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5
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Hemmler D, Gonsior M, Powers LC, Marshall JW, Rychlik M, Taylor AJ, Schmitt‐Kopplin P. Simulated Sunlight Selectively Modifies Maillard Reaction Products in a Wide Array of Chemical Reactions. Chemistry 2019; 25:13208-13217. [PMID: 31314140 PMCID: PMC6856810 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical transformation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) under simulated sunlight into mostly unexplored photoproducts is reported herein. Non-enzymatic glycation of amino acids leads to a heterogeneous class of intermediates with extreme chemical diversity, which is of particular relevance in processed and stored food products as well as in diabetic and age-related protein damage. Here, three amino acids (lysine, arginine, and histidine) were reacted with ribose at 100 °C in water for ten hours. Exposing these model systems to simulated sunlight led to a fast decay of MRPs. The photodegradation of MRPs and the formation of new compounds have been studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and nontargeted (ultra)high-resolution mass spectrometry. Photoreactions showed strong selectivity towards the degradation of electron-rich aromatic heterocycles, such as pyrroles and pyrimidines. The data show that oxidative cleavage mechanisms dominate the formation of photoproducts. The photochemical transformations differed fundamentally from "traditional" thermal Maillard reactions and indicated a high amino acid specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hemmler
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Analytical Food ChemistryTechnical University MunichMaximus-von-Imhof-Forum 285354FreisingGermany
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC)Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenIngolstädter Landstrasse 185764NeuherbergGermany
| | - Michael Gonsior
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceChesapeake Biological LaboratorySolomonsUSA
| | - Leanne C. Powers
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceChesapeake Biological LaboratorySolomonsUSA
| | - James W. Marshall
- The Waltham Centre for Pet NutritionMars Petcare (UK)Waltham-on-the-WoldsLeicestershireLE14 4RTUK
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Analytical Food ChemistryTechnical University MunichMaximus-von-Imhof-Forum 285354FreisingGermany
| | - Andrew J. Taylor
- The Waltham Centre for Pet NutritionMars Petcare (UK)Waltham-on-the-WoldsLeicestershireLE14 4RTUK
| | - Philippe Schmitt‐Kopplin
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Analytical Food ChemistryTechnical University MunichMaximus-von-Imhof-Forum 285354FreisingGermany
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC)Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenIngolstädter Landstrasse 185764NeuherbergGermany
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceChesapeake Biological LaboratorySolomonsUSA
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6
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Peel AM, Loke YK, Wilson AM. Asthma Breathomics and Biomedium Consideration. Chest 2019; 153:1283. [PMID: 29731046 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Peel
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, United Kingdom.
| | - Yoon K Loke
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Wilson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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7
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Sobus JR, Grossman JN, Chao A, Singh R, Williams AJ, Grulke CM, Richard AM, Newton SR, McEachran AD, Ulrich EM. Using prepared mixtures of ToxCast chemicals to evaluate non-targeted analysis (NTA) method performance. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:835-851. [PMID: 30612177 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis (NTA) methods are increasingly used to discover contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), but the extent to which these methods can support exposure and health studies remains to be determined. EPA's Non-Targeted Analysis Collaborative Trial (ENTACT) was launched in 2016 to address this need. As part of ENTACT, 1269 unique substances from EPA's ToxCast library were combined to make ten synthetic mixtures, with each mixture containing between 95 and 365 substances. As a participant in the trial, we first performed blinded NTA on each mixture using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). We then performed an unblinded evaluation to identify limitations of our NTA method. Overall, at least 60% of spiked substances could be observed using selected methods. Discounting spiked isomers, true positive rates from the blinded and unblinded analyses reached a maximum of 46% and 65%, respectively. An overall reproducibility rate of 75% was observed for substances spiked into more than one mixture and observed at least once. Considerable discordance in substance identification was observed when comparing a subset of our results derived from two separate reversed-phase chromatography methods. We conclude that a single NTA method, even when optimized, can likely characterize only a subset of ToxCast substances (and, by extension, other CECs). Rigorous quality control and self-evaluation practices should be required of labs generating NTA data to support exposure and health studies. Accurate and transparent communication of performance results will best enable meaningful interpretations and defensible use of NTA data. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon R Sobus
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Jarod N Grossman
- Student Contractor, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.,Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, 95051, USA
| | - Alex Chao
- Student Contractor, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Randolph Singh
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Participant, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Antony J Williams
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Christopher M Grulke
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Ann M Richard
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Seth R Newton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Andrew D McEachran
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Participant, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Elin M Ulrich
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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8
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Schmitt-Kopplin P, Hemmler D, Moritz F, Gougeon RD, Lucio M, Meringer M, Müller C, Harir M, Hertkorn N. Systems chemical analytics: introduction to the challenges of chemical complexity analysis. Faraday Discuss 2019; 218:9-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We present concepts of complexity, and complex chemistry in systems subjected to biotic and abiotic transformations, and introduce analytical possibilities to disentangle chemical complexity into its elementary parts as a global integrated approach termed systems chemical analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- HelmholtzZentrum Muenchen
- German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Daniel Hemmler
- HelmholtzZentrum Muenchen
- German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Franco Moritz
- HelmholtzZentrum Muenchen
- German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Régis D. Gougeon
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup Dijon
- Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin
- Dijon
- France
| | - Marianna Lucio
- HelmholtzZentrum Muenchen
- German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Markus Meringer
- German Aerospace Center (DLR)
- Earth Observation Center (EOC)
- 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling
- Germany
| | - Constanze Müller
- HelmholtzZentrum Muenchen
- German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Mourad Harir
- HelmholtzZentrum Muenchen
- German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- HelmholtzZentrum Muenchen
- German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
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9
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Winters BR, Pleil JD, Angrish MM, Stiegel MA, Risby TH, Madden MC. Standardization of the collection of exhaled breath condensate and exhaled breath aerosol using a feedback regulated sampling device. J Breath Res 2017; 11:047107. [PMID: 28894051 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa8bbc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and associated exhaled breath aerosols (EBA) are valuable non-invasive biological media used for the quantification of biomarkers. EBC contains exhaled water vapor, soluble gas-phase (polar) organic compounds, ionic species, plus other species including semi- and non-volatile organic compounds, proteins, cell fragments, DNA, dissolved inorganic compounds, ions, and microbiota (bacteria and viruses) dissolved in the co-collected EBA. EBC is collected from subjects who breathe 'normally' through a chilled tube assembly for approximately 10 min and is then harvested into small vials for analysis. Aerosol filters without the chilled tube assembly are also used to separately collect EBA. Unlike typical gas-phase breath samples used for environmental and clinical applications, the constituents of EBC and EBA are not easily characterized by total volume or carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, because the gas-phase is vented. Furthermore, EBC and associated EBA are greatly affected by breathing protocol, more specifically, depth of inhalation and expelled breath velocity. We have tested a new instrument developed by Loccioni Gruppa Humancare (Ancona, Italy) for implementation of EBC collection from human subjects to assess EBC collection parameters. The instrument is the first EBC collection device that provides instantaneous visual feedback to the subjects to control breathing patterns. In this report we describe the operation of the instrument, and present an overview of performance and analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Winters
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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10
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Villaseñor A, Rosace D, Obeso D, Pérez-Gordo M, Chivato T, Barbas C, Barber D, Escribese MM. Answer to: "Biomarkers in allergic asthma: Which matrix should we use?". Clin Exp Allergy 2017. [PMID: 28639292 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Villaseñor
- Faculty of Medicine, IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Rosace
- Faculty of Medicine, IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Obeso
- Faculty of Medicine, IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Pharmacy, CEMBIO, Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pérez-Gordo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CEMBIO, Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences Department, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - T Chivato
- Faculty of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences Department, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Barbas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CEMBIO, Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Barber
- Faculty of Medicine, IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - M M Escribese
- Faculty of Medicine, IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences Department, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Moritz F, Kaling M, Schnitzler JP, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Characterization of poplar metabotypes via mass difference enrichment analysis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1057-1073. [PMID: 27943315 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Instrumentation technology for metabolomics has advanced drastically in recent years in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Despite these technical advances, data analytical strategies are still in their infancy in comparison with other 'omics'. Plants are known to possess an immense diversity of secondary metabolites. Typically, more than 70% of metabolomics data are not amenable to systems biological interpretation because of poor database coverage. Here, we propose a new general strategy for mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics that incorporates all exact mass features with known sum formulas into the evaluation and interpretation of metabolomics studies. We extend the use of mass differences, commonly used for feature annotation, by redefining them as variables that reflect the remaining 'omic' domains. The strategy uses exact mass difference network analyses exemplified for the metabolomic description of two grey poplar (Populus × canescens) genotypes that differ in their capability to emit isoprene. This strategy established a direct connection between the metabotype and the non-isoprene-emitting phenotype, as mass differences pertaining to prenylation reactions were over-represented in non-isoprene-emitting poplars. Not only was the analysis of mass differences able to grasp the known chemical biology of poplar, but it also improved the interpretability of yet unknown biochemical relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Moritz
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Kaling
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München (TUM), Freising, Germany
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12
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Horváth I, Barnes PJ, Loukides S, Sterk PJ, Högman M, Olin AC, Amann A, Antus B, Baraldi E, Bikov A, Boots AW, Bos LD, Brinkman P, Bucca C, Carpagnano GE, Corradi M, Cristescu S, de Jongste JC, Dinh-Xuan AT, Dompeling E, Fens N, Fowler S, Hohlfeld JM, Holz O, Jöbsis Q, Van De Kant K, Knobel HH, Kostikas K, Lehtimäki L, Lundberg J, Montuschi P, Van Muylem A, Pennazza G, Reinhold P, Ricciardolo FLM, Rosias P, Santonico M, van der Schee MP, van Schooten FJ, Spanevello A, Tonia T, Vink TJ. A European Respiratory Society technical standard: exhaled biomarkers in lung disease. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/4/1600965. [PMID: 28446552 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00965-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breath tests cover the fraction of nitric oxide in expired gas (FeNO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), variables in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and other measurements. For EBC and for FeNO, official recommendations for standardised procedures are more than 10 years old and there is none for exhaled VOCs and particles. The aim of this document is to provide technical standards and recommendations for sample collection and analytic approaches and to highlight future research priorities in the field. For EBC and FeNO, new developments and advances in technology have been evaluated in the current document. This report is not intended to provide clinical guidance on disease diagnosis and management.Clinicians and researchers with expertise in exhaled biomarkers were invited to participate. Published studies regarding methodology of breath tests were selected, discussed and evaluated in a consensus-based manner by the Task Force members.Recommendations for standardisation of sampling, analysing and reporting of data and suggestions for research to cover gaps in the evidence have been created and summarised.Application of breath biomarker measurement in a standardised manner will provide comparable results, thereby facilitating the potential use of these biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Horváth
- Dept of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Peter J Sterk
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieann Högman
- Centre for Research & Development, Uppsala University/Gävleborg County Council, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anton Amann
- Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Balazs Antus
- Dept of Pathophysiology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Andras Bikov
- Dept of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes W Boots
- Dept of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe D Bos
- Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina Bucca
- Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Universita' di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Cristescu
- Dept of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan C de Jongste
- Dept of Pediatrics/Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC-Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edward Dompeling
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niki Fens
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Respiratory Research Group, University of Manchester Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany.,Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Holz
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Quirijn Jöbsis
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Van De Kant
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo H Knobel
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jon Lundberg
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Pharmacology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Van Muylem
- Hopital Erasme Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabio L M Ricciardolo
- Clinic of Respiratory Disease, Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Philippe Rosias
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pediatrics, Maasland Hospital, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Santonico
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc P van der Schee
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomy Tonia
- European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teunis J Vink
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Sattler C, Moritz F, Chen S, Steer B, Kutschke D, Irmler M, Beckers J, Eickelberg O, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Adler H, Stoeger T. Nanoparticle exposure reactivates latent herpesvirus and restores a signature of acute infection. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:2. [PMID: 28069010 PMCID: PMC5223553 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inhalation of environmental (nano) particles (NP) as well as persistent herpesvirus-infection are potentially associated with chronic lung disease and as both are omnipresent in human society a coincidence of these two factors is highly likely. We hypothesized that NP-exposure of persistently herpesvirus-infected cells as a second hit might disrupt immune control of viral latency, provoke reactivation of latent virus and eventually lead to an inflammatory response and tissue damage. Results To test this hypothesis, we applied different NP to cells or mice latently infected with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) which provides a small animal model for the study of gammaherpesvirus-pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, NP-exposure induced expression of the typically lytic viral gene ORF50 and production of lytic virus. In vivo, lytic viral proteins in the lung increased after intratracheal instillation with NP and elevated expression of the viral gene ORF50 could be detected in cells from bronchoalveolar lavage. Gene expression and metabolome analysis of whole lung tissue revealed patterns with striking similarities to acute infection. Likewise, NP-exposure of human cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr-Virus also induced virus production. Conclusions Our results indicate that NP-exposure of persistently herpesvirus-infected cells – murine or human – restores molecular signatures found in acute virus infection, boosts production of lytic viral proteins, and induces an inflammatory response in the lung – a combination which might finally result in tissue damage and pathological alterations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0181-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sattler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Franco Moritz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Shanze Chen
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beatrix Steer
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - David Kutschke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technische Universität München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Adler
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377, Munich, Germany. .,University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-81377, Munich, Germany. .,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), D-81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Aim: Till now there is very limited knowledge on the molecular content of coelomic fluid and cells. This study presents the first attempt to elucidate the metabolic profile of such samples. Methodology: Samples were collected via coelocentesis from 41 women during the first trimester of gestation. Metabolic content was assessed using four different analytical platforms. For targeted analysis a hydrophilic interaction chromatography ultra high performance LC–MS/MS method was applied. Holistic analysis performed by GC–MS, NMR spectroscopy and ion cyclotron ultra-high resolution MS (FT–ICR–MS) instrumentation. Results & Conclusions: Our observations suggest coelomic fluid and cells as promising biosamples, rich in metabolites with potential use in mammalian system biology studies.
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15
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Pleil JD. Imputing defensible values for left-censored 'below level of quantitation' (LoQ) biomarker measurements. J Breath Res 2016; 10:045001. [PMID: 27753432 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/4/045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker datasets often include entries 'below the level of quantitation' (LoQ) wherein the instrumentation is no longer able to provide values that meet required analytical quality standards, a phenomenon referred to as 'left-censored' data. Generally, some form of imputation for missing values is required to allow calculating distributions and summary statistics for comparing datasets to each other. This article discusses the available options for imputing (modeling) left-censored data, presents the methods for implementing different procedures, and provides examples and guidelines using realistic data to assess relative performance. Ultimately, multiple ordered value imputation is identified as the best method; therein, the overall distribution of actual measures is used in conjunction with an estimate of relative order of the missing values to provide the most likely estimates below the LoQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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16
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Pleil JD. Breath biomarkers in toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2669-2682. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Smirnov KS, Maier TV, Walker A, Heinzmann SS, Forcisi S, Martinez I, Walter J, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Challenges of metabolomics in human gut microbiota research. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:266-279. [PMID: 27012595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The review highlights the role of metabolomics in studying human gut microbial metabolism. Microbial communities in our gut exert a multitude of functions with huge impact on human health and disease. Within the meta-omics discipline, gut microbiome is studied by (meta)genomics, (meta)transcriptomics, (meta)proteomics and metabolomics. The goal of metabolomics research applied to fecal samples is to perform their metabolic profiling, to quantify compounds and classes of interest, to characterize small molecules produced by gut microbes. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are main technologies that are applied in fecal metabolomics. Metabolomics studies have been increasingly used in gut microbiota related research regarding health and disease with main focus on understanding inflammatory bowel diseases. The elucidated metabolites in this field are summarized in this review. We also addressed the main challenges of metabolomics in current and future gut microbiota research. The first challenge reflects the need of adequate analytical tools and pipelines, including sample handling, selection of appropriate equipment, and statistical evaluation to enable meaningful biological interpretation. The second challenge is related to the choice of the right animal model for studies on gut microbiota. We exemplified this using NMR spectroscopy for the investigation of cross-species comparison of fecal metabolite profiles. Finally, we present the problem of variability of human gut microbiota and metabolome that has important consequences on the concepts of personalized nutrition and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill S Smirnov
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Tanja V Maier
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Alesia Walker
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Silke S Heinzmann
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Sara Forcisi
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Inés Martinez
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, T6G 2E1 Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, T6G 2E1 Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany; ZIEL, Institute for Food & Health, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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18
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Pleil JD, Isaacs KK. High-resolution mass spectrometry: basic principles for using exact mass and mass defect for discovery analysis of organic molecules in blood, breath, urine and environmental media. J Breath Res 2016; 10:012001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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