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Durán-Rosas C, Priego-Parra BA, Morel-Cerda E, Mercado-Jauregui LA, Aquino-Ruiz CA, Triana-Romero A, Amieva-Balmori M, Velasco JAVR, Remes-Troche JM. Incidence of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Symptoms After 7 Days of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use: A Study on Healthy Volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:209-215. [PMID: 37910339 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly prescribed drugs. Chronic PPI use has recently been associated with the risk for developing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). It is not known whether the short-term prescription of a PPI can trigger SIBO. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of SIBO and gastrointestinal symptoms after 7 days of PPI use. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective, pilot, open-label study was conducted on asymptomatic healthy volunteers. The incidence of SIBO was evaluated at the baseline and after administration of 40 mg of pantoprazole once a day for 7 days, through a glucose breath test. In addition, the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, the number of bowel movements, and the consistency of stools, according to the Bristol scale, were assessed. RESULTS Thirty-eight healthy subjects (71.1% women, mean age 25.18 ± 6.5 years) were analyzed. The incidence of SIBO after 7 days of PPI administration was 7.8% (95% CI 1.6-21.3%). The patients that developed SIBO had a greater prevalence of bloating (p = 0.0002) and flatulence (p = 0.004) after 7 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that a short-term 7-day PPI course produced SIBO in 7.8% of healthy subjects. Although, inappropriate use of PPIs should be discouraged, but since more than 90% of subjects who received PPIs for one week did not develop SIBO, the advantages of PPI administration seem to outweigh the disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Durán-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Digestiva y Motilidad Gastrointestinal, Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Iturbide S/N Entre Carmen Serdán y 20 de Noviembre, Col. Centro, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Bryan Adrián Priego-Parra
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Digestiva y Motilidad Gastrointestinal, Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Iturbide S/N Entre Carmen Serdán y 20 de Noviembre, Col. Centro, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Eliana Morel-Cerda
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Digestiva y Motilidad Gastrointestinal, Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Iturbide S/N Entre Carmen Serdán y 20 de Noviembre, Col. Centro, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Arturo Aquino-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Digestiva y Motilidad Gastrointestinal, Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Iturbide S/N Entre Carmen Serdán y 20 de Noviembre, Col. Centro, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Arturo Triana-Romero
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Digestiva y Motilidad Gastrointestinal, Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Iturbide S/N Entre Carmen Serdán y 20 de Noviembre, Col. Centro, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Mercedes Amieva-Balmori
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Digestiva y Motilidad Gastrointestinal, Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Iturbide S/N Entre Carmen Serdán y 20 de Noviembre, Col. Centro, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | - José María Remes-Troche
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Digestiva y Motilidad Gastrointestinal, Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Iturbide S/N Entre Carmen Serdán y 20 de Noviembre, Col. Centro, Veracruz, Mexico.
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DE Bastiani R, Lopetuso LR, DE Bastiani M, Bacchin P, Benedetto E, Boscariolo L, Caneve R, Chesani F, Chiumeo F, Civic Z, Dainese A, DE Polo M, Disclafani G, Grattagliano I, Mana O, Mancuso M, Mastronuzzi T, Pati A, Pirrotta E, Salandini M, Sanna G, Scoglio R, Severino P, Tosetti C, Turnava L, Zamparella M, Elisei W, Gasbarrini A, Tursi A. Assessment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and methane production in patients on chronic proton-pump inhibitor treatment: prevalence and role of rifaximin in its management in primary care. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2023; 69:523-528. [PMID: 36943203 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.21.03118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although proton pump inhibitor (PPI) drugs have considered able to induce small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), no data are so far available from primary care (PC). We assessed the prevalence of SIBO and methane (CH4) production consequent to chronic PPI therapy using Lactulose Breath Test (LBT). Secondary aim was to explore the possible role of rifaximin in treating PPI-induced SIBO patients. METHODS One hundred twenty-five gastroesophageal reflux disease patients, constantly treated with PPI for at least 6 months and undergoing to LBT, were retrospectively assessed. An age-matched control population (control) of 100 patients, which had not used PPI in the last 6 months, was also enrolled. In the PPI group, SIBO positive patients and CH4 producers were treated with rifaximin 1200 mg/daily for 14 days and re-checked with LBT one month after the end of treatment. The area under the curve (AUC) before and after treatment was also calculated for both SIBO positive patients and CH4 producers. RESULTS In the PPI group, SIBO prevalence was significantly higher vs. controls (38/125 [30.4%] vs. 27/100 [27%], P<0.05). 77/125 (61.6%) PPI patients were found to be CH4 producers vs. 21/100 (21%) controls (P<0.05). Among SIBO patients in the PPI group, 34 (89.4%) were also CH4 producers vs. 17/27 (63%) controls (P<0.05). After treatment, LBT resulted negative in 15/22 SIBO patients (68.1%) (P<0.05) and in 18/34 CH4 producers (52.9%) (P<0.05). At the AUC analysis, an overall reduction of 54.2% for H2 in SIBO patients and of 47.7% for CH4 was assessed after rifaximin treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that chronic use of PPI could be able to increase the prevalence of SIBO and to shift the intestinal microbial composition towards a CH4-producing flora. rifaximin could represent a useful therapeutical option for PPI-induced SIBO and for modulating CH4-producing flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi DE Bastiani
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Loris R Lopetuso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco DE Bastiani
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Paolo Bacchin
- General Pratictioner, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Veneto 1, Santa Giustina, Belluno, Italy
| | - Edoardo Benedetto
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Laura Boscariolo
- General Pratictioner, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Veneto 1, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Rosanna Caneve
- General Pratictioner, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Veneto 1, Lamon, Belluno, Italy
| | - Fabio Chesani
- General Pratictioner, Azienda Provinciale Socio-Sanitaria Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiumeo
- General Pratictioner, Azienda Provinciale Socio-Sanitaria Trento, Civezzano, Trento, Italy
| | - Zinaida Civic
- General Pratictioner, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Veneto 1, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Antonio Dainese
- General Pratictioner, Azienda Provinciale Socio-Sanitaria Trento, Stenico, Trento, Italy
| | - Manuela DE Polo
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Disclafani
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Ignazio Grattagliano
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Ornella Mana
- General Pratictioner, Azienda Provinciale Socio-Sanitaria Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mancuso
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Tecla Mastronuzzi
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Antonino Pati
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Enzo Pirrotta
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy -
| | - Maurizio Salandini
- General Pratictioner, Azienda Provinciale Socio-Sanitaria Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Guido Sanna
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Riccardo Scoglio
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Pietro Severino
- General Pratictioner, Azienda Provinciale Socio-Sanitaria Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Cesare Tosetti
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Leyla Turnava
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Maria Zamparella
- GIGA-CP Italian Association for Primary Care Gastroenterology, Feltre, Belluno, Italy
| | - Walter Elisei
- Division of Gastroenterology, S. Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Tursi
- Territorial Gastroenterology Service, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Barletta-Andria-Trani, Andria, Barletta-Andria-Trani, Italy
- Post-graduate School of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Antibiotic Therapy for Culture-Proven Bacterial Overgrowth in Children With Intestinal Failure Results in Improved Symptoms and Growth. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 75:345-350. [PMID: 35653418 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate symptoms, enteral tolerance, growth, and antibiotic regimens in pediatric intestinal failure (IF) patients after treated with antibiotic therapy for small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO). METHODS Single-center retrospective review of children 0-18 years with IF with endoscopic cultures demonstrating >10 5 CFU/mL from 2010 to 2017. Symptoms, enteral tolerance, growth, and antibiotic regimens were evaluated at the time of endoscopy and 6 months later. RESULTS Of 505 patients followed in our intestinal rehabilitation program, 104 underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and 78 had positive duodenal cultures. Clinical data pre- and post-endoscopy were available for 56 patients. Compared to baseline, in the 6 months following targeted antibiotic treatment, children showed significant improvement in emesis or feeding intolerance (58.9% vs 23.2%, P < 0.001), abdominal pain (16.1% vs 7.1%, P = 0.02), high stool output (42.9% vs 19.6%, P = 0.002), and gross GI bleeding (19.6% vs 3.6%, P = 0.003). Mean BMI-for-age z scores increased significantly (-0.03 ± 0.94 vs 0.27 ± 0.82, P = 0.03); however, height-for-age z scores, weight-for-age z scores, and percent of calories from enteral intake were not significantly different after therapy. Antibiotic regimens remained highly variable. CONCLUSIONS Children with IF and culture-positive SBBO showed significant improvement in symptoms and BMI-for-age z scores after duodenal culture with subsequent targeted antibiotic therapy. Longer follow-up may be needed to detect improvements in linear growth and percent of calories from enteral feeds. Antibiotic regimens remain highly variable. Long-term consequences of chronic antimicrobial therapy, including antimicrobial resistance, remain unknown. Prospective studies focused on standardizing duodenal sampling technique, correlating culture and pathology data, and evaluating antibiotic resistance patterns are needed.
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Haastrup PF, Jarbøl DE, Thompson W, Hansen JM, Søndergaard J, Rasmussen S. When does proton pump inhibitor treatment become long term? A scoping review. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2021; 8:bmjgast-2020-000563. [PMID: 33589415 PMCID: PMC7887363 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use has risen substantially, primarily driven by ongoing use over months to years. However, there is no consensus on how to define long-term PPI use. Our objectives were to review and compare definitions of long-term PPI use in existing literature and describe the rationale for each definition. Moreover, we aimed to suggest generally applicable definitions for research and clinical use. Design The databases PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched for publications concerning long-term use of PPIs and ClinicalTrials.gov was searched for registered studies. Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts in two series and subsequently extracted data. Results A total of 742 studies were identified, and 59 met the eligibility criteria. In addition, two ongoing studies were identified. The definition of long-term PPI use varied from >2 weeks to >7 years. The most common definition was ≥1 year or ≥6 months. A total of 12/61 (20%) of the studies rationalised their definition. Conclusion The definitions of long-term PPI treatment varied substantially between studies and were seldom rationalised. In a clinical context, use of PPI for more than 8 weeks could be a reasonable definition of long-term use in patients with reflux symptoms and more than 4 weeks in patients with dyspepsia or peptic ulcer. For research purposes, 6 months could be a possible definition in pharmacoepidemiological studies, whereas studies of adverse effects may require a tailored definition depending on the necessary exposure time. We recommend to always rationalise the choice of definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fentz Haastrup
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorte Ejg Jarbøl
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Wade Thompson
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Møller Hansen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sanne Rasmussen
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Ducarmon QR, Zwittink RD, Hornung BVH, van Schaik W, Young VB, Kuijper EJ. Gut Microbiota and Colonization Resistance against Bacterial Enteric Infection. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00007-19. [PMID: 31167904 PMCID: PMC6710460 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is critical in providing resistance against colonization by exogenous microorganisms. The mechanisms via which the gut microbiota provide colonization resistance (CR) have not been fully elucidated, but they include secretion of antimicrobial products, nutrient competition, support of gut barrier integrity, and bacteriophage deployment. However, bacterial enteric infections are an important cause of disease globally, indicating that microbiota-mediated CR can be disturbed and become ineffective. Changes in microbiota composition, and potential subsequent disruption of CR, can be caused by various drugs, such as antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, antidiabetics, and antipsychotics, thereby providing opportunities for exogenous pathogens to colonize the gut and ultimately cause infection. In addition, the most prevalent bacterial enteropathogens, including Clostridioides difficile, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Listeria monocytogenes, can employ a wide array of mechanisms to overcome colonization resistance. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on how the gut microbiota can mediate colonization resistance against bacterial enteric infection and on how bacterial enteropathogens can overcome this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q R Ducarmon
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R D Zwittink
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - B V H Hornung
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - W van Schaik
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - V B Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases Division, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - E J Kuijper
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden, Netherlands
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Fuchs BB, Tharmalingam N, Mylonakis E. Vulnerability of long-term care facility residents to Clostridium difficile infection due to microbiome disruptions. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1537-1547. [PMID: 30311778 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging presents a significant risk factor for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). A disproportionate number of CDIs affect individuals in long-term care facilities compared with the general population, likely due to the vulnerable nature of the residents and shared environment. Review of the literature cites a number of underlying medical conditions such as the use of antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, chemotherapy, renal disease and feeding tubes as risk factors. These conditions alter the intestinal environment through direct bacterial killing, changes to pH that influence bacterial stabilities or growth, or influence nutrient availability that direct population profiles. In this review, we examine some of the contributing risk factors for elderly associated CDI and the toll they take on the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School & Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Nagendran Tharmalingam
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School & Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School & Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
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