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Hu JC, Sethi S. New methods to detect bacterial or viral infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2024. [PMID: 39175157 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2024.2396413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are frequently colonized and infected by respiratory pathogens. Identifying these infectious etiologies is critical for understanding the microbial dynamics of COPD and for the appropriate use of antimicrobials during exacerbations. AREAS COVERED Traditional methods, such as bacterial and viral cultures, have been standard in diagnosing respiratory infections. However, these methods have significant limitations, including lack of sensitivity and prolonged turnaround time. Modern molecular approaches offer rapid, sensitive, and specific detection, though they also come with their own challenges. This review explores and evaluates the clinical utility of the latest advancements in detecting bacterial and viral respiratory infections in COPD, encompassing molecular techniques, biomarkers, and emerging technologies. EXPERT OPINION In the evolving landscape of COPD management, integrating molecular diagnostics and emerging technologies holds great promise. The enhanced sensitivity of molecular techniques has significantly advanced our understanding of the role of microbes in COPD. However, many of these technologies have primarily been developed for pneumonia diagnosis or research applications, and their clinical utility in managing COPD requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Hu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sanjay Sethi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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2
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Heranjal S, Maciel M, Kamalapally SNR, Ramrakhiani I, Schulz E, Cao S, Liu X, Relich RF, Wek R, Woollam M, Agarwal M. Establishing Healthy Breath Baselines With Tin Oxide Sensors: Fundamental Building Blocks for Noninvasive Health Monitoring. Mil Med 2024; 189:221-229. [PMID: 39160864 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath serve as a source of biomarkers for medical conditions relevant to warfighter health including Corona Virus Disease and other potential biological threats. Electronic noses are integrated arrays of gas sensors that are cost-effective and miniaturized devices that rapidly respond to VOCs in exhaled breath. The current study seeks to qualify healthy breath baselines of exhaled VOC profiles through analysis using a commercialized array of metal oxide (MOX) sensors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects were recruited/consented through word of mouth and using posters. For each sample, breath was analyzed using an array of MOX sensors with parameters that were previously established. Data were also collected using a lifestyle questionnaire and from a blood test to assess markers of general health. Sensor data were processed using a feature extraction algorithm, which were analyzed through statistical approaches to identify correlations with confounding factors. Reproducibility was also assessed through relative standard deviation values of sensor features within a single subject and between different volunteers. RESULTS A total of 164 breath samples were collected from different individuals, and 10 of these volunteers provided an additional 9 samples over 6 months for the longitudinal study. First, data from different subjects were analyzed, and the trends of the 17 extracted features were elucidated. This revealed not only a high degree of correlation between sensors within the array but also between some of the features extracted within a single sensor. This helped guide the removal of multicollinear features for multivariate statistical analyses. No correlations were identified between sensor features and confounding factors of interest (age, body mass index, smoking, and sex) after P-value adjustment, indicating that these variables have an insignificant impact on the observed sensor signal. Finally, the longitudinal replicates were analyzed, and reproducibility assessment showed that the variability between subjects was significantly higher than within replicates of a single volunteer (P-value = .002). Multivariate analyses within the longitudinal data displayed that subjects could not be distinguished from one another, indicating that there may be a universal healthy breath baseline that is not specific to particular individuals. CONCLUSIONS The current study sought to qualify healthy baselines of VOCs in exhaled breath using a MOX sensor array that can be leveraged in the future to detect medical conditions relevant to warfighter health. For example, the results of the study will be useful, as the healthy breath VOC data from the sensor array can be cross-referenced in future studies aiming to use the device to distinguish disease states. Ultimately, the sensors may be integrated into a portable breathalyzer or current military gear to increase warfighter readiness through rapid and noninvasive health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaum Heranjal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mariana Maciel
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sai Nishith Reddy Kamalapally
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ishan Ramrakhiani
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Eray Schulz
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sha Cao
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ryan F Relich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ronald Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark Woollam
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Capuano R, Ciotti M, Catini A, Bernardini S, Di Natale C. Clinical applications of volatilomic assays. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-20. [PMID: 39129534 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2387038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The study of metabolomics is revealing immense potential for diagnosis, therapy monitoring, and understanding of pathogenesis processes. Volatilomics is a subcategory of metabolomics interested in the detection of molecules that are small enough to be released in the gas phase. Volatile compounds produced by cellular processes are released into the blood and lymph, and can reach the external environment through different pathways, such as the blood-air interface in the lung that are detected in breath, or the blood-water interface in the kidney that leads to volatile compounds detected in urine. Besides breath and urine, additional sources of volatile compounds such as saliva, blood, feces, and skin are available. Volatilomics traces its roots back over fifty years to the pioneering investigations in the 1970s. Despite extensive research, the field remains in its infancy, hindered by a lack of standardization despite ample experimental evidence. The proliferation of analytical instrumentations, sample preparations and methods of volatilome sampling still make it difficult to compare results from different studies and to establish a common standard approach to volatilomics. This review aims to provide an overview of volatilomics' diagnostic potential, focusing on two key technical aspects: sampling and analysis. Sampling poses a challenge due to the susceptibility of human samples to contamination and confounding factors from various sources like the environment and lifestyle. The discussion then delves into targeted and untargeted approaches in volatilomics. Some case studies are presented to exemplify the results obtained so far. Finally, the review concludes with a discussion on the necessary steps to fully integrate volatilomics into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Naseem R, Howe N, Williams CJ, Pretorius S, Green K. What diagnostic tests are available for respiratory infections or pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis: A scoping literature review. Respir Investig 2024; 62:817-831. [PMID: 39024929 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
A scoping review methodological framework formed the basis of this review. A search of two electronic databases captured relevant literature published from 2013. 1184 articles were screened, 200 of which met inclusion criteria. Included studies were categorised as tests for either respiratory infections OR pulmonary exacerbations. Data were extracted to ascertain test type, sample type, and indication of use for each test type. For infection, culture is the most common testing method, particularly for bacterial infections, whereas PCR is utilised more for the diagnosis of viral infections. Spirometry tests, indicating lung function, facilitate respiratory infection diagnoses. There is no clear definition of what an exacerbation is in persons with CF. A clinical checklist with risk criteria can determine if a patient is experiencing an exacerbation event, however the diagnosis is clinician-led and will vary between individuals. Fuchs criteria are one of the most frequently used tests to assess signs and symptoms of exacerbation in persons with CF. This scoping review highlights the development of home monitoring tests to facilitate earlier and easier diagnoses, and the identification of novel biomarkers for indication of infections/exacerbations as areas of current research and development. Research is particularly prevalent regarding exhaled breath condensate and volatile organic compounds as an alternative sampling/biomarker respectively for infection diagnosis. Whilst there are a wide range of tests available for diagnosing respiratory infections and/or exacerbations, these are typically used clinically in combination to ensure a rapid, accurate diagnosis which will ultimately benefit both the patient and clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raasti Naseem
- NIHR Newcastle HealthTech Research Centre in Diagnostic and Technology Evaluation, Fourth floor William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Howe
- NIHR Newcastle HealthTech Research Centre in Diagnostic and Technology Evaluation, Fourth floor William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Cameron J Williams
- NIHR Newcastle HealthTech Research Centre in Diagnostic and Technology Evaluation, Fourth floor William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Pretorius
- NIHR Newcastle HealthTech Research Centre in Diagnostic and Technology Evaluation, Fourth floor William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Kile Green
- NIHR Newcastle HealthTech Research Centre in Diagnostic and Technology Evaluation, Fourth floor William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Nessen E, Toussaint B, Israëls J, Brinkman P, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Haarman E. The Non-Invasive Detection of Pulmonary Exacerbations in Disorders of Mucociliary Clearance with Breath Analysis: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3372. [PMID: 38929901 PMCID: PMC11203742 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Disorders of mucociliary clearance, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and bronchiectasis of unknown origin, are characterised by periods with increased respiratory symptoms, referred to as pulmonary exacerbations. These exacerbations are hard to predict and associated with lung function decline and the loss of quality of life. To optimise treatment and preserve lung function, there is a need for non-invasive and reliable methods of detection. Breath analysis might be such a method. Methods: We systematically reviewed the existing literature on breath analysis to detect pulmonary exacerbations in mucociliary clearance disorders. Extracted data included the study design, technique of measurement, definition of an exacerbation, identified compounds and diagnostic accuracy. Results: Out of 244 identified articles, 18 were included in the review. All studies included patients with CF and two also with PCD. Age and the definition of exacerbation differed between the studies. There were five that measured volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, two using an electronic nose and eleven measured organic compounds in exhaled breath condensate. Most studies showed a significant correlation between pulmonary exacerbations and one or multiple compounds, mainly hydrocarbons and cytokines, but the validation of these results in other studies was lacking. Conclusions: The detection of pulmonary exacerbations by the analysis of compounds in exhaled breath seems possible but is not near clinical application due to major differences in results, study design and the definition of an exacerbation. There is a need for larger studies, with a longitudinal design, international accepted definition of an exacerbation and validation of the results in independent cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nessen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (B.T.)
| | - Belle Toussaint
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (B.T.)
| | - Joël Israëls
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (B.T.)
| | | | - Eric Haarman
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schulz E, Woollam M, Vashistha S, Agarwal M. Quantifying exhaled acetone and isoprene through solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1301:342468. [PMID: 38553125 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetone, isoprene, and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath have been shown to be biomarkers for many medical conditions. Researchers use different techniques for VOC detection, including solid phase microextraction (SPME), to preconcentrate volatile analytes prior to instrumental analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These techniques include a previously developed method to detect VOCs in breath directly using SPME, but it is uncommon for studies to quantify exhaled volatiles because it can be time consuming due to the need of many external/internal standards, and there is no standardized or widely accepted method. The objective of this study was to develop an accessible method to quantify acetone and isoprene in breath by SPME GC-MS. RESULTS A system was developed to mimic human exhalation and expose VOCs to a SPME fiber in the gas phase at known concentrations. VOCs were bubbled/diluted with dry air at a fixed flow rate, duration, and volume that was comparable to a previously developed breath sampling method. Identification of acetone and isoprene through GC-MS was verified using standards and observing overlaps in chromatographic retention/mass spectral fragmentation. Calibration curves were developed for these two analytes, which showed a high degree of linear correlation. Acetone and isoprene displayed limits of detection/quantification equal to 12 ppb/37 ppb and 73 ppb/222 ppb respectively. Quantification results in healthy breath samples (n = 15) showed acetone concentrations spanned between 71 ppb and 294 ppb, and isoprene varied between 170 ppb and 990 ppb. Both concentration ranges for acetone and isoprene in this study overlap with those reported in existing literature. SIGNIFICANCE Results indicate the development of a system to quantify acetone and isoprene in breath that can be adapted to diverse sampling methods and instrumental analyses beyond SPME GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Schulz
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark Woollam
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sneha Vashistha
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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7
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Bajo-Fernández M, Souza-Silva ÉA, Barbas C, Rey-Stolle MF, García A. GC-MS-based metabolomics of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath: applications in health and disease. A review. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1295955. [PMID: 38298553 PMCID: PMC10828970 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1295955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis, with particular emphasis on volatile organic compounds, represents a growing area of clinical research due to its obvious advantages over other diagnostic tests. Numerous pathologies have been extensively investigated for the identification of specific biomarkers in exhalates through metabolomics. However, the transference of breath tests to clinics remains limited, mainly due to deficiency in methodological standardization. Critical steps include the selection of breath sample types, collection devices, and enrichment techniques. GC-MS is the reference analytical technique for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhalates, especially during the biomarker discovery phase in metabolomics. This review comprehensively examines and compares metabolomic studies focusing on cancer, lung diseases, and infectious diseases. In addition to delving into the experimental designs reported, it also provides a critical discussion of the methodological aspects, ranging from the experimental design and sample collection to the identification of potential pathology-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bajo-Fernández
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Érica A. Souza-Silva
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Departmento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Ma Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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Schulz E, Woollam M, Grocki P, Davis MD, Agarwal M. Methods to Detect Volatile Organic Compounds for Breath Biopsy Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114533. [PMID: 37299010 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are byproducts from metabolic pathways that can be detected in exhaled breath and have been reported as biomarkers for different diseases. The gold standard for analysis is gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which can be coupled with various sampling methods. The current study aims to develop and compare different methods for sampling and preconcentrating VOCs using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). An in-house sampling method, direct-breath SPME (DB-SPME), was developed to directly extract VOCs from breath using a SPME fiber. The method was optimized by exploring different SPME types, the overall exhalation volume, and breath fractionation. DB-SPME was quantitatively compared to two alternative methods involving the collection of breath in a Tedlar bag. In one method, VOCs were directly extracted from the Tedlar bag (Tedlar-SPME) and in the other, the VOCs were cryothermally transferred from the Tedlar bag to a headspace vial (cryotransfer). The methods were verified and quantitatively compared using breath samples (n = 15 for each method respectively) analyzed by GC-MS quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) for compounds including but not limited to acetone, isoprene, toluene, limonene, and pinene. The cryotransfer method was the most sensitive, demonstrating the strongest signal for the majority of the VOCs detected in the exhaled breath samples. However, VOCs with low molecular weights, including acetone and isoprene, were detected with the highest sensitivity using the Tedlar-SPME. On the other hand, the DB-SPME was less sensitive, although it was rapid and had the lowest background GC-MS signal. Overall, the three breath-sampling methods can detect a wide variety of VOCs in breath. The cryotransfer method may be optimal when collecting a large number of samples using Tedlar bags, as it allows the long-term storage of VOCs at low temperatures (-80 °C), while Tedlar-SPME may be more effective when targeting relatively small VOCs. The DB-SPME method may be the most efficient when more immediate analyses and results are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Schulz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark Woollam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Paul Grocki
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael D Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Grocki P, Woollam M, Wang L, Liu S, Kalra M, Siegel AP, Li BY, Yokota H, Agarwal M. Chemometric Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds to Monitor the Efficacy of Pitavastatin Treatments on Mammary Tumor Progression over Time. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134277. [PMID: 35807522 PMCID: PMC9268606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine are potential biomarkers of breast cancer. Previously, our group has investigated breast cancer through analysis of VOCs in mouse urine and identified a panel of VOCs with the ability to monitor tumor progression. However, an unanswered question is whether VOCs can be exploited similarly to monitor the efficacy of antitumor treatments over time. Herein, subsets of tumor-bearing mice were treated with pitavastatin at high (8 mg/kg) and low (4 mg/kg) concentrations, and urine was analyzed through solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Previous investigations using X-ray and micro-CT analysis indicated pitavastatin administered at 8 mg/kg had a protective effect against mammary tumors, whereas 4 mg/kg treatments did not inhibit tumor-induced damage. VOCs from mice treated with pitavastatin were compared to the previously analyzed healthy controls and tumor-bearing mice using chemometric analyses, which revealed that mice treated with pitavastatin at high concentrations were significantly different than tumor-bearing untreated mice in the direction of healthy controls. Mice treated with low concentrations demonstrated significant differences relative to healthy controls and were reflective of tumor-bearing untreated mice. These results show that urinary VOCs can accurately and noninvasively predict the efficacy of pitavastatin treatments over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grocki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.G.); (M.W.); (A.P.S.)
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Mark Woollam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.G.); (M.W.); (A.P.S.)
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Luqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (L.W.); (S.L.); (B.-Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (L.W.); (S.L.); (B.-Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maitri Kalra
- Hematology and Oncology, Ball Memorial Hospital, Indiana University Health, Muncie, IN 47303, USA;
| | - Amanda P. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.G.); (M.W.); (A.P.S.)
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (L.W.); (S.L.); (B.-Y.L.)
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Research Center, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.G.); (M.W.); (A.P.S.)
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence:
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