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Nakamura K, Di Caprio N, Burdick JA. Engineered Shape-Morphing Transitions in Hydrogels Through Suspension Bath Printing of Temperature-Responsive Granular Hydrogel Inks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2410661. [PMID: 39358935 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202410661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
4D printing of hydrogels is an emerging technology used to fabricate shape-morphing soft materials that are responsive to external stimuli for use in soft robotics and biomedical applications. Soft materials are technically challenging to process with current 4D printing methods, which limits the design and actuation potential of printed structures. Here, a simple multi-material 4D printing technique is developed that combines dynamic temperature-responsive granular hydrogel inks based on hyaluronic acid, whose actuation is modulated via poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) crosslinker design, with granular suspension bath printing that provides structural support during and after the printing process. Granular hydrogels are easily extruded upon jamming due to their shear-thinning properties and their porous structure enables rapid actuation kinetics (i.e., seconds). Granular suspension baths support responsive ink deposition into complex patterns due to shear-yielding to fabricate multi-material objects that can be post-crosslinked to obtain anisotropic shape transformations. Dynamic actuation is explored by varying printing patterns and bath shapes, achieving complex shape transformations such as 'S'-shaped and hemisphere structures. Furthermore, stepwise actuation is programmed into multi-material structures by using microgels with varied transition temperatures. Overall, this approach offers a simple method to fabricate programmable soft actuators with rapid kinetics and precise control over shape morphing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nakamura
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Nikolas Di Caprio
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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Daly AC. Granular Hydrogels in Biofabrication: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301388. [PMID: 37317658 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Granular hydrogels, which are formed by densely packing microgels, are promising materials for bioprinting due to their extrudability, porosity, and modularity. However, the multidimensional parameter space involved in granular hydrogel design makes material optimization challenging. For example, design inputs such as microgel morphology, packing density, or stiffness can influence multiple rheological properties that govern printability and the behavior of encapsulated cells. This review provides an overview of fabrication methods for granular hydrogels, and then examines how important design inputs can influence material properties associated with printability and cellular responses across multiple scales. Recent applications of granular design principles in bioink engineering are described, including the development of granular support hydrogels for embedded printing. Further, the paper provides an overview of how key physical properties of granular hydrogels can influence cellular responses, highlighting the advantages of granular materials for promoting cell and tissue maturation after the printing process. Finally, potential future directions for advancing the design of granular hydrogels for bioprinting are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Daly
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
- CÚRAM the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
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Fatima R, Almeida B. Methods to achieve tissue-mimetic physicochemical properties in hydrogels for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:8505-8522. [PMID: 39149830 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00716f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels are water-swollen polymeric matrices with properties that are remarkably similar in function to the extracellular matrix. For example, the polymer matrix provides structural support and adhesion sites for cells in much of the same way as the fibers of the extracellular matrix. In addition, depending on the polymer used, bioactive sites on the polymer may provide signals to initiate certain cell behavior. However, despite their potential as biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, fabricating hydrogels that truly mimic the physicochemical properties of the extracellular matrix to physiologically-relevant values is a challenge. Recent efforts in the field have sought to improve the physicochemical properties of hydrogels using advanced materials science and engineering methods. In this review, we highlight some of the most promising methods, including crosslinking strategies and manufacturing approaches such as 3D bioprinting and granular hydrogels. We also provide a brief perspective on the future outlook of this field and how these methods may lead to the clinical translation of hydrogel biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Fatima
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
| | - Bethany Almeida
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
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Chen YW, Lin YH, Ho CC, Chen CY, Yu MH, Lee AKX, Chiu SC, Cho DY, Shie MY. High-yield extracellular vesicle production from HEK293T cells encapsulated in 3D auxetic scaffolds with cyclic mechanical stimulation for effective drug carrier systems. Biofabrication 2024; 16:045035. [PMID: 39173665 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad728b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) show promise in drug loading and delivery for medical applications. However, the lack of scalable manufacturing processes hinders the generation of clinically suitable quantities, thereby impeding the translation of EV-based therapies. Current EV production relies heavily on non-physiological two-dimensional (2D) cell culture or bioreactors, requiring significant resources. Additionally, EV-derived ribonucleic acid cargo in three-dimensional (3D) and 2D culture environments remains largely unknown. In this study, we optimized the biofabrication of 3D auxetic scaffolds encapsulated with human embryonic kidney 293 T (HEK293 T) cells, focusing on enhancing the mechanical properties of the scaffolds to significantly boost EV production through tensile stimulation in bioreactors. The proposed platform increased EV yields approximately 115-fold compared to conventional 2D culture, possessing properties that inhibit tumor progression. Further mechanistic examinations revealed that this effect was mediated by the mechanosensitivity of YAP/TAZ. EVs derived from tensile-stimulated HEK293 T cells on 3D auxetic scaffolds demonstrated superior capability for loading doxorubicin compared to their 2D counterparts for cancer therapy. Our results underscore the potential of this strategy for scaling up EV production and optimizing functional performance for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Research & Development Center for x-Dimensional Extracellular Vesicles, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hong Lin
- Research & Development Center for x-Dimensional Extracellular Vesicles, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Che Ho
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- High Performance Materials Institute for x-Dimensional Printing, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chen
- Research & Development Center for x-Dimensional Extracellular Vesicles, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hua Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Alvin Kai-Xing Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chih Chiu
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yang Cho
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Research & Development Center for x-Dimensional Extracellular Vesicles, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Ming-You Shie
- Research & Development Center for x-Dimensional Extracellular Vesicles, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Wang XH, Liu N, Zhang H, Yin ZS, Zha ZG. From cells to organs: progress and potential in cartilaginous organoids research. J Transl Med 2023; 21:926. [PMID: 38129833 PMCID: PMC10740223 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
While cartilage tissue engineering has significantly improved the speed and quality of cartilage regeneration, the underlying metabolic mechanisms are complex, making research in this area lengthy and challenging. In the past decade, organoids have evolved rapidly as valuable research tools. Methods to create these advanced human cell models range from simple tissue culture techniques to complex bioengineering approaches. Cartilaginous organoids in part mimic the microphysiology of human cartilage and fill a gap in high-fidelity cartilage disease models to a certain extent. They hold great promise to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of a diversity of cartilage diseases and prove crucial in the development of new drugs. This review will focus on the research progress of cartilaginous organoids and propose strategies for cartilaginous organoid construction, study directions, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-He Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Zong-Sheng Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen-Gang Zha
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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Grottkau BE, Hui Z, Pang Y. Articular Cartilage Regeneration through Bioassembling Spherical Micro-Cartilage Building Blocks. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203244. [PMID: 36291114 PMCID: PMC9600996 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage lesions are prevalent and affect one out of seven American adults and many young patients. Cartilage is not capable of regeneration on its own. Existing therapeutic approaches for articular cartilage lesions have limitations. Cartilage tissue engineering is a promising approach for regenerating articular neocartilage. Bioassembly is an emerging technology that uses microtissues or micro-precursor tissues as building blocks to construct a macro-tissue. We summarize and highlight the application of bioassembly technology in regenerating articular cartilage. We discuss the advantages of bioassembly and present two types of building blocks: multiple cellular scaffold-free spheroids and cell-laden polymer or hydrogel microspheres. We present techniques for generating building blocks and bioassembly methods, including bioprinting and non-bioprinting techniques. Using a data set of 5069 articles from the last 28 years of literature, we analyzed seven categories of related research, and the year trends are presented. The limitations and future directions of this technology are also discussed.
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Topuz F, Uyar T. Advances in the development of cyclodextrin-based nanogels/microgels for biomedical applications: Drug delivery and beyond. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Advances of Engineered Hydrogel Organoids within the Stem Cell Field: A Systematic Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060379. [PMID: 35735722 PMCID: PMC9222364 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are novel in vitro cell culture models that enable stem cells (including pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells) to grow and undergo self-organization within a three-dimensional microenvironment during the process of differentiation into target tissues. Such miniature structures not only recapitulate the histological and genetic characteristics of organs in vivo, but also form tissues with the capacity for self-renewal and further differentiation. Recent advances in biomaterial technology, particularly hydrogels, have provided opportunities to improve organoid cultures; by closely integrating the mechanical and chemical properties of the extracellular matrix microenvironment, with novel synthetic materials and stem cell biology. This systematic review critically examines recent advances in various strategies and techniques utilized for stem-cell-derived organoid culture, with particular emphasis on the application potential of hydrogel technology in organoid culture. We hope this will give a better understanding of organoid cultures for modelling diseases and tissue engineering applications.
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