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Ma J, Sun R, Xia K, Xia Q, Liu Y, Zhang X. Design and Application of Fluorescent Probes to Detect Cellular Physical Microenvironments. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1738-1861. [PMID: 38354333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The microenvironment is indispensable for functionality of various biomacromolecules, subcellular compartments, living cells, and organisms. In particular, physical properties within the biological microenvironment could exert profound effects on both the cellular physiology and pathology, with parameters including the polarity, viscosity, pH, and other relevant factors. There is a significant demand to directly visualize and quantitatively measure the fluctuation in the cellular microenvironment with spatiotemporal resolution. To satisfy this need, analytical methods based on fluorescence probes offer great opportunities due to the facile, sensitive, and dynamic detection that these molecules could enable in varying biological settings from in vitro samples to live animal models. Herein, we focus on various types of small molecule fluorescent probes for the detection and measurement of physical parameters of the microenvironment, including pH, polarity, viscosity, mechanical force, temperature, and electron potential. For each parameter, we primarily describe the chemical mechanisms underlying how physical properties are correlated with changes of various fluorescent signals. This review provides both an overview and a perspective for the development of small molecule fluorescent probes to visualize the dynamic changes in the cellular environment, to expand the knowledge for biological process, and to enrich diagnostic tools for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbao Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rui Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaifu Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiuxuan Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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2
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Pivovarenko VG, Klymchenko AS. Fluorescent Probes Based on Charge and Proton Transfer for Probing Biomolecular Environment. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300321. [PMID: 38158338 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes for sensing fundamental properties of biomolecular environment, such as polarity and hydration, help to study assembly of lipids into biomembranes, sensing interactions of biomolecules and imaging physiological state of the cells. Here, we summarize major efforts in the development of probes based on two photophysical mechanisms: (i) an excited-state intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), which is represented by fluorescent solvatochromic dyes that shift their emission band maximum as a function of environment polarity and hydration; (ii) excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), with particular focus on 5-membered cyclic systems, represented by 3-hydroxyflavones, because they exhibit dual emission sensitive to the environment. For both ICT and ESIPT dyes, the design of the probes and their biological applications are summarized. Thus, dyes bearing amphiphilic anchors target lipid membranes and report their lipid organization, while targeting ligands direct them to specific organelles for sensing their local environment. The labels, amino acid and nucleic acid analogues inserted into biomolecules enable monitoring their interactions with membranes, proteins and nucleic acids. While ICT probes are relatively simple and robust environment-sensitive probes, ESIPT probes feature high information content due their dual emission. They constitute a powerful toolbox for addressing multitude of biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl G Pivovarenko
- Department of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, ITI SysChem, Université de Strasbourg, 67401, Illkirch, France
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3
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Niu J, Ma Y, Yang Y, Lv H, Wang J, Wang T, Liu F, Xu S, Jiang Z, Lin W. Lighting up the changes of plasma membranes during apoptosis with fluorescent probes. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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It Takes More than Two to Tango: Complex, Hierarchal, and Membrane-Modulated Interactions in the Regulation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040944. [PMID: 35205690 PMCID: PMC8869822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for an understanding of how cell fate and motility are regulated is not a purely scientific undertaking, but it can also lead to rationally designed therapies against cancer. The discovery of tyrosine kinases about half a century ago, the subsequent characterization of certain transmembrane receptors harboring tyrosine kinase activity, and their connection to the development of human cancer ushered in a new age with the hope of finding a treatment for malignant diseases in the foreseeable future. However, painstaking efforts were required to uncover the principles of how these receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity are regulated. Developments in molecular and structural biology and biophysical approaches paved the way towards better understanding of these pathways. Discoveries in the past twenty years first resulted in the formulation of textbook dogmas, such as dimerization-driven receptor association, which were followed by fine-tuning the model. In this review, the role of molecular interactions taking place during the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, with special attention to the epidermal growth factor receptor family, will be discussed. The fact that these receptors are anchored in the membrane provides ample opportunities for modulatory lipid-protein interactions that will be considered in detail in the second part of the manuscript. Although qualitative and quantitative alterations in lipids in cancer are not sufficient in their own right to drive the malignant transformation, they both contribute to tumor formation and also provide ways to treat cancer. The review will be concluded with a summary of these medical aspects of lipid-protein interactions.
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5
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Junqueira H, Schroder AP, Thalmann F, Klymchenko A, Mély Y, Baptista MS, Marques CM. Molecular organization in hydroperoxidized POPC bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183659. [PMID: 34052197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid hydroperoxides are the primary reaction products of lipid oxidation, a natural outcome of life under oxygen. While playing a major role in cell metabolism, the microscopic origins of the effects of lipid hydroperoxidation on biomembranes remain elusive. Here we probe the polar structure of partially to fully hydroperoxidized bilayers of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) by a combination of environment-sensitive fluorescent probes and coarse-grained Martini numerical simulations. We find that the inserted organic hydroperoxide group -OOH migrates preferentially to the surface for bilayers with small fractions of hydroperoxidized lipids, but populates also significantly the bilayer interior for larger fractions. Our findings suggest that by modifying the intimate polarity of biomembranes, lipid peroxidation will have a significant impact on the activity of transmembrane proteins and on the bio-medical efficiency of membrane active molecules such as cell-penetrating and antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Junqueira
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, 05314970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André P Schroder
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Fabrice Thalmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, CS 60024, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, CS 60024, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos M Marques
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Sych T, Gurdap CO, Wedemann L, Sezgin E. How Does Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Model Membranes Reflect Cell Membrane Heterogeneity? MEMBRANES 2021; 11:323. [PMID: 33925240 PMCID: PMC8146956 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although liquid-liquid phase separation of cytoplasmic or nuclear components in cells has been a major focus in cell biology, it is only recently that the principle of phase separation has been a long-standing concept and extensively studied in biomembranes. Membrane phase separation has been reconstituted in simplified model systems, and its detailed physicochemical principles, including essential phase diagrams, have been extensively explored. These model membrane systems have proven very useful to study the heterogeneity in cellular membranes, however, concerns have been raised about how reliably they can represent native membranes. In this review, we will discuss how phase-separated membrane systems can mimic cellular membranes and where they fail to reflect the native cell membrane heterogeneity. We also include a few humble suggestions on which phase-separated systems should be used for certain applications, and which interpretations should be avoided to prevent unreliable conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden; (T.S.); (C.O.G.); (L.W.)
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7
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Zakany F, Szabo M, Batta G, Kárpáti L, Mándity IM, Fülöp P, Varga Z, Panyi G, Nagy P, Kovacs T. An ω-3, but Not an ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Decreases Membrane Dipole Potential and Stimulates Endo-Lysosomal Escape of Penetratin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:647300. [PMID: 33912562 PMCID: PMC8074792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.647300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the largely positive intramembrane dipole potential (DP) may substantially influence the function of transmembrane proteins, its investigation is deeply hampered by the lack of measurement techniques suitable for high-throughput examination of living cells. Here, we describe a novel emission ratiometric flow cytometry method based on F66, a 3-hydroxiflavon derivative, and demonstrate that 6-ketocholestanol, cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol, saturated stearic acid (SA) and ω-6 γ-linolenic acid (GLA) increase, while ω-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) decreases the DP. These changes do not correlate with alterations in cell viability or membrane fluidity. Pretreatment with ALA counteracts, while SA or GLA enhances cholesterol-induced DP elevations. Furthermore, ALA (but not SA or GLA) increases endo-lysosomal escape of penetratin, a cell-penetrating peptide. In summary, we have developed a novel method to measure DP in large quantities of individual living cells and propose ALA as a physiological DP lowering agent facilitating cytoplasmic entry of penetratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Zakany
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mate Szabo
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Levente Kárpáti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István M. Mándity
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Lendület-Artificial Chloride Ion Transporter Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Fülöp
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Nagy
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamas Kovacs
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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8
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Chumak AY, Mudrak VO, Kotlyar VM, Doroshenko AO. 4’-Nitroflavonol fluorescence: Excited state intramolecular proton transfer reaction from the non-emissive excited state. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Sayed SM, Jia HR, Jiang YW, Zhu YX, Ma L, Yin F, Hussain I, Khan A, Ma Q, Wu FG, Lu X. Photostable AIE probes for wash-free, ultrafast, and high-quality plasma membrane staining. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:4303-4308. [PMID: 33908594 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane (PM), a fundamental building component of a cell, is responsible for a variety of cell functions and biological processes. However, it is still challenging to acquire its morphology and morphological variation information via an effective approach. Herein, we report a PM imaging study regarding an aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) called tetraphenylethylene-naphthalimide+ (TPE-NIM+), which is derived from our previously reported tetraphenylethylene-naphthalimide (TPE-NIM). The designed AIEgen (TPE-NIM+) shows significant characteristics of ultrafast staining, high photostability, wash-free property, and long retention time at the PM, which can structurally be correlated with its positively charged quaternary amine and hydrophobic moiety. TPE-NIM+ is further applied for staining of different cell lines, proving its universal PM imaging capability. Most importantly, we demonstrate that TPE-NIM+ can clearly delineate the contours of densely packed living cells with high cytocompatibility. Therefore, TPE-NIM+ as a PM imaging reagent superior to currently available commercial PM dyes shall find a number of applications in the biological/biomedical fields and even beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mir Sayed
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Hao-Ran Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Yao-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Ya-Xuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Feifei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Imtiaz Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Arshad Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Qian Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Department of General Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
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10
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Concilio S, Di Martino M, Nardiello AM, Panunzi B, Sessa L, Miele Y, Rossi F, Piotto S. A Flavone-Based Solvatochromic Probe with A Low Expected Perturbation Impact on the Membrane Physical State. Molecules 2020; 25:E3458. [PMID: 32751363 PMCID: PMC7436088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the cell membrane is an ambitious and arduous objective since its physical state is regulated by a series of processes that guarantee its regular functionality. Among the different methods of analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique of election, non-invasive, and easy to use. Besides, molecular dynamics analysis (MD) on model membranes provides useful information on the possibility of using a new probe, following its positioning in the membrane, and evaluating the possible perturbation of the double layer. In this work, we report the rational design and the synthesis of a new fluorescent solvatochromic probe and its characterization in model membranes. The probe consists of a fluorescent aromatic nucleus of a 3-hydroxyflavone moiety, provided with a saturated chain of 18 carbon atoms and a zwitterionic head so to facilitate the anchoring to the polar heads of the lipid bilayer and avoid the complete internalization. It was possible to study the behavior of the probe in GUV model membranes by MD analysis and fluorescence microscopy, demonstrating that the new probe can efficiently be incorporated in the lipid bilayer, and give a color response, thanks to is solvatochromic properties. Moreover, MD simulation of the probe in the membrane supports the hypothesis of a reduced perturbation of the membrane physical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Concilio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Miriam Di Martino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.D.M.); (A.M.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Anna Maria Nardiello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.D.M.); (A.M.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Barbara Panunzi
- Department of Agriculture, University of Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Lucia Sessa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.D.M.); (A.M.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Ylenia Miele
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Federico Rossi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences “DEEP Sciences”, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Stefano Piotto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.D.M.); (A.M.N.); (L.S.)
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11
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4’-Methoxy-3-hydroxyflavone excited state intramolecular proton transfer reaction in alcoholic solutions: Intermolecular versus intramolecular hydrogen bonding effect. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Jiang M, Hu J, White FKH, Williamson J, Klymchenko AS, Murthy A, Workman SW, Tseng GN. S-Palmitoylation of junctophilin-2 is critical for its role in tethering the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13487-13501. [PMID: 31337710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctophilins (JPH1-JPH4) are expressed in excitable and nonexcitable cells, where they tether endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) and plasma membranes (PM). These ER/SR-PM junctions bring Ca-release channels in the ER/SR and Ca as well as Ca-activated K channels in the PM to within 10-25 nm. Such proximity is critical for excitation-contraction coupling in muscles, Ca modulation of excitability in neurons, and Ca homeostasis in nonexcitable cells. JPHs are anchored in the ER/SR through the C-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD). Their N-terminal Membrane-Occupation-Recognition-Nexus (MORN) motifs can bind phospholipids. Whether MORN motifs alone are sufficient to stabilize JPH-PM binding is not clear. We investigate whether S-palmitoylation of cysteine (Cys), a critical mechanism controlling peripheral protein binding to PM, occurs in JPHs. We focus on JPH2 that has four Cys residues: three flanking the MORN motifs and one in the TMD. Using palmitate-alkyne labeling, Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction with azide-conjugated biotin, immunoblotting, proximity-ligation-amplification, and various imaging techniques, we show that JPH2 is S-palmitoylatable, and palmitoylation is essential for its ER/SR-PM tether function. Palmitoylated JPH2 binds to lipid-raft domains in PM, whereas palmitoylation of TMD-located Cys stabilizes JPH2's anchor in the ER/SR membrane. Binding to lipid-raft domains protects JPH2 from depalmitoylation. Unpalmitoylated JPH2 is largely excluded from lipid rafts and loses the ability to form stable ER/SR-PM junctions. In adult ventricular myocytes, native JPH2 is S-palmitoylatable, and palmitoylated JPH2 forms distinct PM puncta. Sequence alignment reveals that the palmitoylatable Cys residues in JPH2 are conserved in other JPHs, suggesting that palmitoylation may also enhance ER/SR-PM tethering by these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298; Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Junping Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Frances K H White
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Judy Williamson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Akshay Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Samuel W Workman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Gea-Ny Tseng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298.
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13
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Steele HBB, Sydor MJ, Anderson DS, Holian A, Ross JBA. Using Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy of di-4-ANEPPDHQ and F2N12S to Analyze Lipid Packing Dynamics in Model Systems. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:347-352. [PMID: 30937610 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence probes di-4-ANEPPDHQ and F2N12S have solvochromatic emission spectra and fluorescence lifetimes that are sensitive to order within the environment of lipid membranes. We show in this communication that the time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy of these probes, analyzed either by the wobble-in-a-cone model or by the model-independent order parameter S2, provides complementary information about dynamics and lipid packing in a variety of homogeneous lipid membranes systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen B B Steele
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Matthew J Sydor
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Donald S Anderson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Andrij Holian
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - J B Alexander Ross
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA. .,Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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14
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Kovács T, Batta G, Zákány F, Szöllősi J, Nagy P. The dipole potential correlates with lipid raft markers in the plasma membrane of living cells. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1681-1691. [PMID: 28607008 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dipole potential generating an electric field much stronger than any other type of membrane potential influences a wide array of phenomena, ranging from passive permeation to voltage-dependent conformational changes of membrane proteins. It is generated by the ordered orientation of lipid carbonyl and membrane-attached water dipole moments. Theoretical considerations and indirect experimental evidence obtained in model membranes suggest that the dipole potential is larger in liquid-ordered domains believed to correspond to lipid rafts in cell membranes. Using three different dipole potential-sensitive fluorophores and four different labeling approaches of raft and nonraft domains, we showed that the dipole potential is indeed stronger in lipid rafts than in the rest of the membrane. The magnitude of this difference is similar to that observed between the dipole potential in control and sphingolipid-enriched cells characteristic of Gaucher's disease. The results established that the heterogeneity of the dipole potential in living cell membranes is correlated with lipid rafts and imply that alterations in the lipid composition of the cell membrane in human diseases can lead to substantial changes in the dipole potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kovács
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Faculty of Medicine, and Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Florina Zákány
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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15
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Szakács Z, Kállay M, Kubinyi M. Theoretical study on the photooxygenation and photorearrangement reactions of 3-hydroxyflavone. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04590e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of three photodegradation reactions of 3-hydroxyflavone – its photosensitized oxygenation, photooxygenation with 3O2 and photorearrangement into an indanedione derivative – have been investigated by computing the free energy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szakács
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Mihály Kállay
- MTA-BME Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Miklós Kubinyi
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
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16
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Zamotaiev OM, Shvadchak V, Sych TP, Melnychuk NA, Yushchenko D, Mely Y, Pivovarenko VG. Environment-sensitive quinolone demonstrating long-lived fluorescence and unusually slow excited-state intramolecular proton transfer kinetics. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2016; 4:034004. [PMID: 28355165 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/4/3/034004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A new small fluorescent dye based on 3-hydroxybenzo[g]quinolone, a benzo-analogue of Pseudomonas quinolone signal species, has been synthesized. The dye demonstrates interesting optical properties, with absorption in the visible region, two band emission due to an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reaction and high fluorescence quantum yield in both protic and aprotic media. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy shows that the ESIPT reaction time is unusually long (up to 8 ns), indicating that both forward and backward ESIPT reactions are very slow in comparison to other 3-hydroxyquinolones. In spite of these slow rate constants, the ESIPT reaction was found to show a reversible character as a result of the very long lifetimes of both N* and T* forms (up to 16 ns). The ESIPT reaction rate is mainly controlled by the hydrogen bond donor ability in protic solvents and the polarity in aprotic solvents. Using large unilamellar vesicles and giant unilamellar vesicles of different lipid compositions, the probe was shown to preferentially label liquid disordered phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Zamotaiev
- Department of Chemistry, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
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17
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Kilin V, Glushonkov O, Herdly L, Klymchenko A, Richert L, Mely Y. Fluorescence lifetime imaging of membrane lipid order with a ratiometric fluorescent probe. Biophys J 2015; 108:2521-2531. [PMID: 25992730 PMCID: PMC4457243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To monitor the lateral segregation of lipids into liquid-ordered (Lo) and -disordered (Ld) phases in lipid membranes, environment-sensitive dyes that partition in both phases but stain them differently have been developed. Of particular interest is the dual-color F2N12S probe, which can discriminate the two phases through the ratio of its two emission bands. These bands are associated with the normal (N(∗)) and tautomer (T(∗)) excited-state species that result from an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer. In this work, we investigated the potency of the time-resolved fluorescence parameters of F2N12S to discriminate lipid phases in model and cell membranes. Both the long and mean lifetime values of the T(∗) form of F2N12S were found to differ by twofold between Ld and Lo phases as a result of the restriction in the relative motions of the two aromatic moieties of F2N12S imposed by the highly packed Lo phase. This differed from the changes in the ratio of the two emission bands between the two phases, which mainly resulted from the decreased hydration of the N(∗) form in the Lo phase. Importantly, the strong difference in lifetimes between the two phases was preserved when cholesterol was added to the Ld phase. The two phases could be imaged with high contrast by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) on giant unilamellar vesicles. FLIM images of F2N12S-labeled live HeLa cells confirmed that the plasma membrane was mainly in the Lo-like phase. Furthermore, the two phases were found to be homogeneously distributed all over the plasma membrane, indicating that they are highly mixed at the spatiotemporal resolution of the FLIM setup. Finally, FLIM could also be used to sensitively monitor the change in lipid phase upon cholesterol depletion and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Kilin
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Oleksandr Glushonkov
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Lucas Herdly
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Richert
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Yves Mely
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France.
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18
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Demchenko AP, Duportail G, Oncul S, Klymchenko AS, Mély Y. Introduction to fluorescence probing of biological membranes. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1232:19-43. [PMID: 25331125 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1752-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence is one of the most powerful and commonly used tools in biophysical studies of biomembrane structure and dynamics that can be applied on different levels, from lipid monolayers and bilayers to living cells, tissues, and whole animals. Successful application of this method relies on proper design of fluorescence probes with optimized photophysical properties. These probes are efficient for studying the microscopic analogs of viscosity, polarity, and hydration, as well as the molecular order, environment relaxation, and electrostatic potentials at the sites of their location. Being smaller than the membrane width they can sense the gradients of these parameters across the membrane. We present examples of novel dyes that achieve increased spatial resolution and information content of the probe responses. In this respect, multiparametric environment-sensitive probes feature considerable promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Demchenko
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01030, Ukraine,
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19
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Nhu D, Hawkins BC, Burns CJ. Phase Transfer Catalysis Extends The Scope of The Algar–Flynn–Oyamada Synthesis of 3-Hydroxyflavones. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction is the classical method to synthesize 3-hydroxyflavones from chalcones. Despite its relative simplicity, the reaction has several drawbacks including variable and often low product yields. We have found that phase transfer catalysis improves the yields and expands the scope of the Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction of a series of 4-benzyloxy-2-hydroxy chalcones.
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20
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Klymchenko AS, Kreder R. Fluorescent probes for lipid rafts: from model membranes to living cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:97-113. [PMID: 24361047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Membrane microdomains (rafts) remain one of the controversial issues in biophysics. Fluorescent molecular probes, which make these lipid nanostructures visible through optical techniques, are one of the tools currently used to study lipid rafts. The most common are lipophilic fluorescent probes that partition specifically into liquid ordered or liquid disordered phase. Their partition depends on the lipid composition of a given phase, which complicates their use in cellular membranes. A second class of probes is based on environment-sensitive dyes, which partition into both phases, but stain them by different fluorescence color, intensity, or lifetime. These probes can directly address the properties of each separate phase, but their cellular applications are still limited. The present review focuses on summarizing the current state in the field of developing and applying fluorescent molecular probes to study lipid rafts. We highlight an urgent need to develop new probes, specifically adapted for cell plasma membranes and compatible with modern fluorescence microscopy techniques to push the understanding of membrane microdomains forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH, France.
| | - Rémy Kreder
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH, France
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21
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Postupalenko VY, Zamotaiev OM, Shvadchak VV, Strizhak AV, Pivovarenko VG, Klymchenko AS, Mely Y. Dual-fluorescence L-amino acid reports insertion and orientation of melittin peptide in cell membranes. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1998-2007. [PMID: 24266665 DOI: 10.1021/bc400325n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring insertion and orientation of peptides in situ on cell membranes remains a challenge. To this end, we synthesized an l-amino acid (AFaa) containing a dual-fluorescence dye of the 3-hydroxyflavone family, as a side chain. In contrast to other labeling approaches using a flexible linker, the AFaa fluorophore, introduced by solid phase synthesis into desired position of a peptide, is attached closely to its backbone with well-defined orientation, and, therefore, could reflect its localization in the membrane. This concept was validated by replacing the leucine-9 (L9) and tryptophan-19 (W19) residues by AFaa in melittin, a well-studied membrane-active peptide. Due to high sensitivity of AFaa dual emission to the environment polarity, we detected a much deeper insertion of L9 peptide position into the bilayer, compared to the W19 position. Moreover, using fluorescence microscopy with a polarized light excitation, we found different orientation of AFaa at L9 and W19 positions of melittin in the bilayers of giant vesicles and cellular membranes. These results suggested that in the natural membranes, similarly to the model lipid bilayers, melittin is preferentially oriented parallel to the membrane surface. The developed amino acid and the proposed methodology will be of interest to study other membrane peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Y Postupalenko
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie , 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
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