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Doveiko D, Martin ARG, Vyshemirsky V, Stebbing S, Kubiak-Ossowska K, Rolinski O, Birch DJS, Chen Y. Nanoparticle Metrology of Silicates Using Time-Resolved Multiplexed Dye Fluorescence Anisotropy, Small Angle X-ray Scattering, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1686. [PMID: 38612200 PMCID: PMC11012945 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the nanometrology of sub-nanometre particle sizes in industrially manufactured sodium silicate liquors at high pH using time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy. Rather than the previous approach of using a single dye label, we investigate and quantify the advantages and limitations of multiplexing two fluorescent dye labels. Rotational times of the non-binding rhodamine B and adsorbing rhodamine 6G dyes are used to independently determine the medium microviscosity and the silicate particle radius, respectively. The anisotropy measurements were performed on the range of samples prepared by diluting the stock solution of silicate to concentrations ranging between 0.2 M and 2 M of NaOH and on the stock solution at different temperatures. Additionally, it was shown that the particle size can also be measured using a single excitation wavelength when both dyes are present in the sample. The recovered average particle size has an upper limit of 7.0 ± 1.2 Å. The obtained results were further verified using small-angle X-ray scattering, with the recovered particle size equal to 6.50 ± 0.08 Å. To disclose the impact of the dye label on the measured complex size, we further investigated the adsorption state of rhodamine 6G on silica nanoparticles using molecular dynamics simulations, which showed that the size contribution is strongly impacted by the size of the nanoparticle of interest. In the case of the higher radius of curvature (less curved) of larger particles, the size contribution of the dye label is below 10%, while in the case of smaller and more curved particles, the contribution increases significantly, which also suggests that the particles of interest might not be perfectly spherical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Doveiko
- Photophysics Group, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK (D.J.S.B.)
| | - Alan R. G. Martin
- EPSRC Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation National Facility, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK;
| | | | | | | | - Olaf Rolinski
- Photophysics Group, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK (D.J.S.B.)
| | - David J. S. Birch
- Photophysics Group, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK (D.J.S.B.)
| | - Yu Chen
- Photophysics Group, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK (D.J.S.B.)
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2
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Alghamdi A, Birch DJS, Vyshemirsky V, Rolinski OJ. Impact of the Flavonoid Quercetin on β-Amyloid Aggregation Revealed by Intrinsic Fluorescence. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7229-7237. [PMID: 36121408 PMCID: PMC9527748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the effects of quercetin, a flavonoid present in the human diet, on early stage beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, a seminal event in Alzheimer's disease. Molecular level changes in Aβ arrangements are monitored by time-resolved emission spectral (TRES) measurements of the fluorescence of Aβ's single tyrosine intrinsic fluorophore (Tyr). The results suggest that quercetin binds β-amyloid oligomers at early stages of their aggregation, which leads to the formation of modified oligomers and hinders the creation of β-sheet structures, potentially preventing the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Alghamdi
- Photophysics Group, Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Physics, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - David J S Birch
- Photophysics Group, Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Physics, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - Vladislav Vyshemirsky
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf J Rolinski
- Photophysics Group, Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Physics, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
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3
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Berillo D, Kozhahmetova M, Lebedeva L. Overview of the Biological Activity of Anthraquinons and Flavanoids of the Plant Rumex Species. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041204. [PMID: 35208994 PMCID: PMC8880800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rumex confertus belongs to the genus Rumex and is classified as an invasive parasitic plant in agriculture. Despite other Rumex species being widely used in herbal medicine due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects, there are almost no information about the potential of Rumex confertus for the treatment of various diseases. In this review we analyzed scientific articles revealing properties of Rumex plant’s substances against cancer, diabetes, pathogenic bacterial invasions, viruses, inflammation, and oxidative stress for the past 20 years. Compounds dominating in each composition of solvents for extraction were discussed, and common thin layer chromatography(TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) methods for efficient separation of the plant’s extract are included. Physico-chemical properties such as solubility, hydrophobicity (Log P), pKa of flavonoids, anthraquinones, and other derivatives are very important for modeling of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics. An overview of clinical studies for abounded selected substances of Rumex species is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Berillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pharmacognosy and Botany School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
| | - Marzhan Kozhahmetova
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pharmacognosy and Botany School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Lina Lebedeva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
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4
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Muir R, Forbes S, Birch DJS, Vyshemirsky V, Rolinski OJ. Collagen Glycation Detected by Its Intrinsic Fluorescence. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11058-11066. [PMID: 34555903 PMCID: PMC8793138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Collagen’s long half-life
(in skin approximately 10 years)
makes this protein highly susceptible to glycation and formation of
the advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Accumulation of cross-linking
AGEs in the skin collagen has several detrimental effects; thus, the
opportunity for non-invasive monitoring of skin glycation is essential,
especially for diabetic patients. In this paper, we report using the
time-resolved intrinsic fluorescence of collagen as a biomarker of
its glycation. Contrary to the traditional fluorescence intensity
decay measurement at the arbitrarily selected excitation and detection
wavelengths, we conducted systematic wavelength- and time-resolved
measurements to achieve time-resolved emission spectra. Changes in
the intrinsic fluorescence kinetics, caused by both collagen aggregation
and glycation, have been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona Muir
- Photophysics Group, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Glasgow G4 0NG, U.K
| | - Shareen Forbes
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - David J S Birch
- Photophysics Group, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Glasgow G4 0NG, U.K
| | | | - Olaf J Rolinski
- Photophysics Group, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Glasgow G4 0NG, U.K
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5
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Vignon A, Salvador-Prince L, Lehmann S, Perrier V, Torrent J. Deconstructing Alzheimer's Disease: How to Bridge the Gap between Experimental Models and the Human Pathology? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8769. [PMID: 34445475 PMCID: PMC8395727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than a century ago, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not only still present in our societies but has also become the most common dementia, with 50 million people worldwide affected by the disease. This number is expected to double in the next generation, and no cure is currently available to slow down or stop the disease progression. Recently, some advances were made due to the approval of the aducanumab treatment by the American Food and Drug Administration. The etiology of this human-specific disease remains poorly understood, and the mechanisms of its development have not been completely clarified. Several hypotheses concerning the molecular mechanisms of AD have been proposed, but the existing studies focus primarily on the two main markers of the disease: the amyloid β peptides, whose aggregation in the brain generates amyloid plaques, and the abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins, which are responsible for neurofibrillary tangles. These protein aggregates induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, which, in turn, lead to cognitive and behavioral deficits. The challenge is, therefore, to create models that best reproduce this pathology. This review aims at gathering the different existing AD models developed in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo. Many models have already been set up, but it is necessary to identify the most relevant ones for our investigations. The purpose of the review is to help researchers to identify the most pertinent disease models, from the most often used to the most recently generated and from simple to complex, explaining their specificities and giving concrete examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Vignon
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.V.); (L.S.-P.)
| | - Lucie Salvador-Prince
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.V.); (L.S.-P.)
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Véronique Perrier
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Joan Torrent
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.V.); (L.S.-P.)
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6
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Alghamdi A, Forbes S, Birch DJS, Vyshemirsky V, Rolinski OJ. Detecting beta-amyloid glycation by intrinsic fluorescence - Understanding the link between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108886. [PMID: 33887256 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We monitor early stages of beta-amyloid (Aβ1-40) aggregation, one of the key processes leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD), in the presence of high glucose concentrations by measuring Aβ1- 40 intrinsic fluorescence. The multiple peaks and their shifts observed in the time-resolved emission spectra (TRES) reveal the impact of glycation on Aβ1- 40 oligomerisation. The results show that formation of the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) alters the aggregation pathway. These changes are highly relevant to our understanding of the pathophysiology of AD and the implication of AGE and diabetes in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Alghamdi
- Photophysics Group, Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Physics, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, U.K
| | - Shareen Forbes
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David J S Birch
- Photophysics Group, Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Physics, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, U.K
| | | | - Olaf J Rolinski
- Photophysics Group, Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Physics, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, U.K.
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7
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Bataglioli JC, Gomes LMF, Maunoir C, Smith JR, Cole HD, McCain J, Sainuddin T, Cameron CG, McFarland SA, Storr T. Modification of amyloid-beta peptide aggregation via photoactivation of strained Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7510-7520. [PMID: 34163842 PMCID: PMC8171320 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive and irreversible damage to the brain. One of the hallmarks of the disease is the presence of both soluble and insoluble aggregates of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide in the brain, and these aggregates are considered central to disease progression. Thus, the development of small molecules capable of modulating Aβ peptide aggregation may provide critical insight into the pathophysiology of AD. In this work we investigate how photoactivation of three distorted Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes (Ru1-3) alters the aggregation profile of the Aβ peptide. Photoactivation of Ru1-3 results in the loss of a 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (6,6'-dmb) ligand, affording cis-exchangeable coordination sites for binding to the Aβ peptide. Both Ru1 and Ru2 contain an extended planar imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand, as compared to a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand for Ru3, and we show that the presence of the phenanthroline ligand promotes covalent binding to Aβ peptide His residues, and in addition, leads to a pronounced effect on peptide aggregation immediately after photoactivation. Interestingly, all three complexes resulted in a similar aggregate size distribution at 24 h, forming insoluble amorphous aggregates as compared to significant fibril formation for peptide alone. Photoactivation of Ru1-3 in the presence of pre-formed Aβ1-42 fibrils results in a change to amorphous aggregate morphology, with Ru1 and Ru2 forming large amorphous aggregates immediately after activation. Our results show that photoactivation of Ru1-3 in the presence of either monomeric or fibrillar Aβ1-42 results in the formation of large amorphous aggregates as a common endpoint, with Ru complexes incorporating the extended phenanthroline ligand accelerating this process and thereby limiting the formation of oligomeric species in the initial stages of the aggregation process that are reported to show considerable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiza M F Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University BC Canada V5A-1S6
| | - Camille Maunoir
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University BC Canada V5A-1S6
| | - Jason R Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University BC Canada V5A-1S6
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington Texas USA 76019
| | - Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University Wolfville Nova Scotia Canada B4P 2R6
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University Wolfville Nova Scotia Canada B4P 2R6
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington Texas USA 76019
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington Texas USA 76019
| | - Tim Storr
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University BC Canada V5A-1S6
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8
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Monitoring the Assembly and Aggregation of Polypeptide Materials by Time-Resolved Emission Spectra. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32856262 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0928-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Polypeptide assembly and aggregation are the common forms of its physiological and pathological activity, and monitoring them on a molecular level is critical for resolving numerous medical (e.g., onset of neurodegenerative diseases) or biological problems. Sensitivity of the intrinsic fluorescence of protein to its assembly, aggregation, or complexation offers a noninvasive methodology for identifying and determining different stages of these processes. In this protocol, we present the approach based on the time-resolved emission spectra (TRES), which reveals the number of fluorescent residues, the presence of dielectric relaxation, and the changes in fluorescence kinetics during aggregation.
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9
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Needham LM, Weber J, Varela JA, Fyfe JWB, Do DT, Xu CK, Tutton L, Cliffe R, Keenlyside B, Klenerman D, Dobson CM, Hunter CA, Müller KH, O'Holleran K, Bohndiek SE, Snaddon TN, Lee SF. ThX - a next-generation probe for the early detection of amyloid aggregates. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4578-4583. [PMID: 34122915 PMCID: PMC8159457 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04730a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are associated with protein misfolding and aggregation. Recent studies suggest that the small, rare and heterogeneous oligomeric species, formed early on in the aggregation process, may be a source of cytotoxicity. Thioflavin T (ThT) is currently the gold-standard fluorescent probe for the study of amyloid proteins and aggregation processes. However, the poor photophysical and binding properties of ThT impairs the study of oligomers. To overcome this challenge, we have designed Thioflavin X, (ThX), a next-generation fluorescent probe which displays superior properties; including a 5-fold increase in brightness and 7-fold increase in binding affinity to amyloidogenic proteins. As an extrinsic dye, this can be used to study unique structural amyloid features both in bulk and on a single-aggregate level. Furthermore, ThX can be used as a super-resolution imaging probe in single-molecule localisation microscopy. Finally, the improved optical properties (extinction coefficient, quantum yield and brightness) of ThX can be used to monitor structural differences in oligomeric species, not observed via traditional ThT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK .,Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - Juan A Varela
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - James W B Fyfe
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington 47405 USA
| | - Dung T Do
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington 47405 USA
| | - Catherine K Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Luke Tutton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Rachel Cliffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | | | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | | | | | - Karin H Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3DY UK
| | - Kevin O'Holleran
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3DY UK
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - Thomas N Snaddon
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington 47405 USA
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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10
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Zhang JT, Kang TS, Wong SY, Pei RJ, Ma DL, Leung CH. An iridium(III) complex/G-quadruplex ensemble for detection of ochratoxin A based on long-lifetime luminescent. Anal Biochem 2019; 580:49-55. [PMID: 31194944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A G-quadruplex-based platform has been developed for the time-resolved monitoring of ochratoxin A (OTA). The simple platform displays good sensitivity for OTA with a detection limit of 40 nM via steady-state emission spectroscopy. Notably, the platform showed a detection limit of 10.8 nM via time-resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES), which is about 4 times more sensitive than steady-state mode. Moreover, the probe showed excellent selectivity for OTA over other mycotoxins. Furthermore, OTA was successfully detected in actual herbal plant extracts samples. Our platform is the first to detect OTA using TRES to distinguish between the target signals versus the auto-fluorescence of real samples. This platform shows improved detection speed, accuracy and sensitivity with simple operation, low cost, and no requirement for complicated pre-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macao
| | - Tian-Shu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macao
| | - Suk-Yu Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Ren-Jun Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong.
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macao.
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11
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Chung LHC, Birch DJS, Vyshemirsky V, Bella A, Ryadnov MG, Rolinski OJ. Protein fibrillogenesis model tracked by its intrinsic time-resolved emission spectra. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 7:035003. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ab1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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