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Bodenlenz M, Yeoh T, Berstein G, Mathew S, Shah J, Banfield C, Hollingshead B, Steyn SJ, Osgood SM, Beaumont K, Kainz S, Holeček C, Trausinger G, Raml R, Birngruber T. Comparative Study of Dermal Pharmacokinetics Between Topical Drugs Using Open Flow Microperfusion in a Pig Model. Pharm Res 2024; 41:223-234. [PMID: 38158503 PMCID: PMC10879402 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate methods to determine dermal pharmacokinetics are important to increase the rate of clinical success in topical drug development. We investigated in an in vivo pig model whether the unbound drug concentration in the interstitial fluid as determined by dermal open flow microperfusion (dOFM) is a more reliable measure of dermal exposure compared to dermal biopsies for seven prescription or investigational drugs. In addition, we verified standard dOFM measurement using a recirculation approach and compared dosing frequencies (QD versus BID) and dose strengths (high versus low drug concentrations). METHODS Domestic pigs were topically administered seven different drugs twice daily in two studies. On day 7, drug exposures in the dermis were assessed in two ways: (1) dOFM provided the total and unbound drug concentrations in dermal interstitial fluid, and (2) clean punch biopsies after heat separation provided the total concentrations in the upper and lower dermis. RESULTS dOFM showed sufficient intra-study precision to distinguish interstitial fluid concentrations between different drugs, dose frequencies and dose strengths, and had good reproducibility between studies. Biopsy concentrations showed much higher and more variable values. Standard dOFM measurements were consistent with values obtained with the recirculation approach. CONCLUSIONS dOFM pig model is a robust and reproducible method to directly determine topical drug concentration in dermal interstitial fluid. Dermal biopsies were a less reliable measure of dermal exposure due to possible contributions from drug bound to tissue and drug associated with skin appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Bodenlenz
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thean Yeoh
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gabriel Berstein
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shibin Mathew
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jaymin Shah
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Brett Hollingshead
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stefanus J Steyn
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sarah M Osgood
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kevin Beaumont
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sonja Kainz
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Holeček
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gert Trausinger
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Reingard Raml
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Wiltschko L, Roblegg E, Raml R, Birngruber T. Small volume rapid equilibrium dialysis (RED) measures effects of interstitial parameters on the protein-bound fraction of topical drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115571. [PMID: 37527618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The importance of plasma protein binding in the early stages of drug development is well recognized. Free and bound drug fractions in plasma are routinely determined with well-established methods. However, for physiological fluids with a small accessible volume and low protein concentrations, such as dermal interstitial fluid (dISF) validated methods are currently missing. Due to the low protein concentration and highly dynamic processes in the dermis, protein binding data obtained from plasma samples may underestimate in-vivo efficacy. This study aimed to validate a small volume rapid equilibrium dialysis (RED) for low protein samples, as a tool to examine drug-protein binding directly in the biological fluid at the site of action. The sample volume required for RED was successfully downscaled to 50 µl and plasma protein binding values of the four model drugs were consistent with previous studies with an average recovery of 88 ± 8% which makes all tested drugs suitable for small volume RED. Inter- and intra-batch variability showed sufficient reproducibility across RED plates. Small volume RED was successfully applied to assess the effects of interstitial parameters, including the evaluation of the major binding protein and the effects of binding protein concentration, drug concentration, and pH on the protein-bound drug fraction using 2% HSA and/or diluted human plasma as a surrogate for dISF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wiltschko
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Reingard Raml
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Pysz PM, Hoskins JK, Zou M, Stenken JA. 3D Printed Customizable Microsampling Devices for Neuroscience Applications. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3278-3287. [PMID: 37646856 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional devices that incorporate chemical or physical measurements combined with ways to manipulate brain tissue via drug delivery, electrical stimulation, or light for optogenetics are desired by neuroscientists. The next generation in vivo brain devices will likely utilize the extensive flexibility and rapid processing of 3D printing. This Perspective demonstrates how close we are to this reality for advanced neuroscience measurements. 3D printing provides the opportunity to improve microsampling-based devices in ways that have not been previously available. Not only can 3D printing be used for actual device creation, but it can also allow printing of peripheral objects necessary to assemble functional devices. The most probable 3D printing set up for microsampling devices with appropriate nm to μm feature size will likely require 2-photon polymerization-based printers. This Perspective describes the advantages and challenges for 3D printing of microsampling devices as an initial step to meet the next generation device needs of neuroscientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Pysz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Julia K Hoskins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
- Center for Advanced Surface Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Min Zou
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
- Center for Advanced Surface Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Julie A Stenken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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Birngruber T, Tiffner KI, Mautner SI, Sinner FM. Dermal open flow microperfusion for PK-based clinical bioequivalence studies of topical drug products. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1061178. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1061178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Topically applied drug products have experienced an extraordinary price increase in the United States, mostly due to a lack of generic products. Generic drug development is hindered by high costs and risks associated with clinical endpoint studies required to show bioequivalence (BE) of prospective generic products relative to their reference products. There is a continued need for cost- and time-efficient alternatives to clinical endpoint studies to determine BE of topically applied dermal drug products. Cutaneous PK-based BE studies present such an alternative and dOFM (dermal open flow microperfusion) has already been successfully used in several verifications studies to show an accurate and sensitive assessment of the rate and extent at which drugs become available in the skin. dOFM technology is discussed as well as the dOFM setup of clinical pilot and main studies to achieve BE assessment with a minimum number of participants and an outlook is given on the use of dOFM technology for other drug products.
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Hummer J, Birngruber T, Sinner F, Page L, Toner F, Roper CS, Moore DJ, Baker MB, Boncheva Bettex M. Optimization of topical formulations using a combination of in vitro methods to quantify the transdermal passive diffusion of drugs. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121737. [PMID: 35413396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a new approach to the early-stage optimization of topical products and selection of lead formulation candidates. It demonstrates the application of open flow microperfusion in vitro in conjunction with the Franz diffusion cell to compare time-resolved, 24-hour profiles of diclofenac passive diffusion through all skin layers (including the skin barrier, dermis, and subcutis) resulting from nine topical formulations of different composition. The technique was successfully validated for in vitro sampling of diclofenac in interstitial fluid. A multi-compartmental model integrating the two datasets was analyzed and revealed that the passive diffusion of diclofenac through the dermis and subcutis does not correlate with its diffusion through the skin barrier and cannot be predicted using Franz diffusion cell data alone. The combined application of the two techniques provides a new, convenient tool for product development and selection enabling the comparison of topical formulation candidates and their impact on drug delivery through all skin layers. This approach can also generate the experimental data required to improve the robustness of mechanistic PBPK models, and when combined with clinical sampling via open flow microperfusion - for the development of better in vivo-in vitro correlative models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Hummer
- Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Health-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Health-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Sinner
- Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Health-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Leanne Page
- Charles River Laboratories, Tranent, Edinburgh, EH33 2NE, UK
| | - Frank Toner
- Charles River Laboratories, Tranent, Edinburgh, EH33 2NE, UK
| | - Clive S Roper
- Roper Toxicology Consulting Limited, 6 St Colme Street, Edinburgh, EH3 6AD, UK
| | - David J Moore
- GSK Consumer Healthcare, 184 Liberty Corner Rd, Warren, NJ 07059, USA
| | - Mark B Baker
- GSK Consumer Healthcare SARL, Route de l'Etraz 2, Case postale 1279, 1260 Nyon 1, Switzerland
| | - Mila Boncheva Bettex
- GSK Consumer Healthcare SARL, Route de l'Etraz 2, Case postale 1279, 1260 Nyon 1, Switzerland.
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Ball K, Bruin G, Escandon E, Funk C, Pereira JN, Yang TY, Yu H. Characterizing the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of therapeutic proteins: an industry white paper. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:858-866. [PMID: 35149542 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution of therapeutic proteins (TPs) is a hot topic within the pharmaceutical industry, particularly with an ever-increasing catalog of novel modality TPs. Here, we review the current practices, and provide a summary of extensive cross-company discussions as well as a survey completed by International Consortium for Innovation and Quality (IQ consortium) members on this theme. A wide variety of in vitro, in vivo and in silico techniques are currently used to assess PK and biodistribution of TPs, and we discuss the relevance of these from an industry perspective, focusing on PK/PD understanding at the preclinical stage of development, and translation to human. We consider that the 'traditional in vivo biodistribution study' is becoming insufficient as a standalone tool, and thorough characterization of the interaction of the TP with its target(s), target biology, and off-target interactions at a microscopic scale are key to understand the overall biodistribution at a full-body scale. Our summary of the current challenges and our recommendations to address these issues could provide insight into the implementation of best practices in this area of drug development, and continued cross-company collaboration will be of tremendous value. Significance Statement The Innovation & Quality Consortium (IQ) Translational and ADME Sciences Leadership Group (TALG) working group for the ADME of therapeutic proteins evaluates the current practices, recent advances, and challenges in characterizing the PK and biodistribution of therapeutic proteins during drug development, and proposes recommendations to address these issues. Incorporating the in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches discussed herein may provide a pragmatic framework to increase early understanding of PK/PD relationships, and aid translational modelling for first-in-human dose predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Bruin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Funk
- Dept. of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hongbin Yu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, United States
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