1
|
Vaysman T, Melkonyan A, Liu A. New onset of Bell's palsy in a patient with West Nile Encephalitis. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:1895-1899. [PMID: 33088514 PMCID: PMC7562893 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The case report presented a patient who was diagnosed with West Nile virus encephalitis and developed new onset of Bell's palsy within 8 days of diagnosis. Given the incidence of WNV, it would be beneficial to evaluate WNV‐infected patients for peripheral neuropathy which nowadays has quite practical implication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Vaysman
- Department of Medicine University of Maryland Capital Region Health Cheverly MD USA
| | - Anna Melkonyan
- Department of Neurology Adventist Health White Memorial Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Antonio Liu
- Department of Neurology Adventist Health White Memorial Los Angeles CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hussein HM, Rahal EA. The role of viral infections in the development of autoimmune diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:394-412. [PMID: 31145640 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1614904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The exact aetiology of most autoimmune diseases remains unknown, nonetheless, several factors contributing to the induction or exacerbation of autoimmune reactions have been suggested. These include the genetic profile and lifestyle of the affected individual in addition to environmental triggers such as bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral infections. Infections caused by viruses usually trigger a potent immune response that is necessary for the containment of the infection; however, in some cases, a failure in the regulation of this immune response may lead to harmful immune reactions directed against the host's antigens. The autoimmune attack can be carried out by different arms and components of the immune system and through different possible mechanisms including molecular mimicry, bystander activation, and epitope spreading among others. In this review, we examine the data available for the involvement of viral infections in triggering or exacerbating autoimmune diseases in addition to discussing the mechanisms by which these viral infections and the immune pathways they trigger possibly contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi M Hussein
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR), American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Elias A Rahal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR), American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Klein RS, Garber C, Funk KE, Salimi H, Soung A, Kanmogne M, Manivasagam S, Agner S, Cain M. Neuroinflammation During RNA Viral Infections. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:73-95. [PMID: 31026414 PMCID: PMC6731125 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurotropic RNA viruses continue to emerge and are increasingly linked to diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) despite viral clearance. Indeed, the overall mortality of viral encephalitis in immunocompetent individuals is low, suggesting efficient mechanisms of virologic control within the CNS. Both immune and neural cells participate in this process, which requires extensive innate immune signaling between resident and infiltrating cells, including microglia and monocytes, that regulate the effector functions of antiviral T and B cells as they gain access to CNS compartments. While these interactions promote viral clearance via mainly neuroprotective mechanisms, they may also promote neuropathology and, in some cases, induce persistent alterations in CNS physiology and function that manifest as neurologic and psychiatric diseases. This review discusses mechanisms of RNA virus clearance and neurotoxicity during viral encephalitis with a focus on the cytokines essential for immune and neural cell inflammatory responses and interactions. Understanding neuroimmune communications in the setting of viral infections is essential for the development of treatments that augment neuroprotective processes while limiting ongoing immunopathological processes that cause ongoing CNS disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Charise Garber
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Kristen E Funk
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Hamid Salimi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Allison Soung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Marlene Kanmogne
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Sindhu Manivasagam
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Shannon Agner
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Matthew Cain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Background In this work, we develop a theoretical model that explains the survival data in West Nile Virus infection. Results We build a model based on three cell populations in an infected host; the collateral damage cells, the infected dividing cell, and the infected non-dividing cells. T cell-mediated lysis of each of these populations is dependent on the level of MHC-1 upregulation, which is different in the two infected cell populations, interferon-gamma and free virus levels. Conclusions The model allows us to plot a measure of host health versus time for a range of initial viral doses and from that infer the dependence of minimal health versus viral dose. This inferred functional relationship between the minimal host health and viral dose is very similar to the data that has been collected for WNV survival curves under experimental conditions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zuza AL, Barros HLS, de Mattos Silva Oliveira TF, Chávez-Pavoni JH, Zanon RG. Astrocyte response to St. Louis encephalitis virus. Virus Res 2016; 217:92-100. [PMID: 26975980 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), a flavivirus transmitted to humans by Culex mosquitoes, causes clinical symptoms ranging from acute febrile disorder to encephalitis. To reach the central nervous system (CNS) from circulating blood, the pathogen must cross the blood-brain barrier formed by endothelial cells and astrocytes. Because astrocytes play an essential role in CNS homeostasis, in this study these cells were infected with SLEV and investigated for astrogliosis, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I-dependent immune response, and apoptosis by caspase-3 activation. Cultures of Vero cells were used as a positive control for the viral infection. Cytopathic effects were observed in both types of cell cultures, and the cytotoxicity levels of the two were compared. Astrocytes infected with a dilution of 1E-01 (7.7E+08 PFU/mL) had a reduced mortality rate of more than 50% compared to the Vero cells. In addition, the astrocytes responded to the flavivirus infection with increased MHC-I expression and astrogliosis, characterized by intense glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and an increase in the number and length of cytoplasmic processes. When the astrocytes were exposed to higher viral concentrations, a proportional increase in caspase-3 expression was observed, as well as nuclear membrane destruction. SLEV immunostaining revealed a perinuclear location of the virus during the replication process. Together, these results suggest that mechanisms other than SLEV infection in astrocytes must be associated with the development of the neuroinvasive form of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Lara Zuza
- Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Uberlandia, Para 1720, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Heber Leão Silva Barros
- Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Uberlandia, Para 1720, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Graciele Zanon
- Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Uberlandia, Para 1720, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wen L, Zhu M, Madigan MC, You J, King NJC, Billson FA, McClellan K, Sutton G, Petsoglou C. Immunomodulatory effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on pro-inflammatory cytokine-stimulated human corneal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101841. [PMID: 25003339 PMCID: PMC4086952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the modulatory effect of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) on human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T) stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in an in vitro co-cultured model. Methods HCE-T alone and co-cultured with MSC were stimulated with IFN-γ/TNF for 24 and 48 hours or left untreated. The expression of intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, human leukocyte antigen ABC, DR and G (HLA-ABC, HLA-DR, HLA-G) were investigated by flow cytometry. Subcellular localization of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) were assessed by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. The concentration of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the conditioned media from different cultures was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. NF-κB and TGF-β1 signaling pathway blocking experiments were performed to analyze associations between the expression of cell surface molecules and the NF-κB transcription pathway, and the expression of IDO and TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Results IFN-γ/TNF treatment significantly up-regulated expression of ICAM-1, HLA-ABC, and induced de novo expression of HLA-DR and IDO on HCE-T cultured alone, while HLA-G expression remained unaffected. Up-regulation was significantly inhibited by co-culture with MSC. Increased TGF-β1 secretion was detected in 48 h IFN-γ/TNF-stimulated MSC monocultures and HCE-T/MSC co-cultures. MSC attenuated the activation of cytokine-induced NF-κB and IDO induction. Blockade of NF-κB transcription pathway by BMS-345541 significantly reduced the up-regulation of ICAM-1, HLA-ABC, HLA-DR and IDO expression, while blockade of TGF-β1 signaling pathways reversed the modulatory effect of MSC on IDO expression. Conclusions MSC reduced the expression of adhesion and immunoregulatory molecules on pro-inflammatory cytokine-stimulated HCE-T via the NF-κB transcription pathway. MSC attenuated expression of IDO through both NF-κB transcription and TGF-β1 signaling pathways. Co-culture of HCEC with MSC therefore provides a useful in vitro model to study the anti-inflammatory properties of MSC on corneal epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen
- Save Sight Institute & Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Meidong Zhu
- Save Sight Institute & Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Lions New South Wales Eye Bank, NSW Organ and Tissue Donation Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Michele C. Madigan
- Save Sight Institute & Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jingjing You
- Save Sight Institute & Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francis A. Billson
- Save Sight Institute & Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sight for Life Foundation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn McClellan
- Save Sight Institute & Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Lions New South Wales Eye Bank, NSW Organ and Tissue Donation Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gerard Sutton
- Save Sight Institute & Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Lions New South Wales Eye Bank, NSW Organ and Tissue Donation Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Vision Eye Institute, Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia
- Auckland University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Con Petsoglou
- Save Sight Institute & Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Lions New South Wales Eye Bank, NSW Organ and Tissue Donation Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Role of natural killer and Gamma-delta T cells in West Nile virus infection. Viruses 2013; 5:2298-310. [PMID: 24061543 PMCID: PMC3798903 DOI: 10.3390/v5092298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells and Gamma-delta T cells are both innate lymphocytes that respond rapidly and non-specifically to viral infection and other pathogens. They are also known to form a unique link between innate and adaptive immunity. Although they have similar immune features and effector functions, accumulating evidence in mice and humans suggest these two cell types have distinct roles in the control of infection by West Nile virus (WNV), a re-emerging pathogen that has caused fatal encephalitis in North America over the past decade. This review will discuss recent studies on these two cell types in protective immunity and viral pathogenesis during WNV infection.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lalwani P, Raftery MJ, Kobak L, Rang A, Giese T, Matthaei M, van den Elsen PJ, Wolff T, Krüger DH, Schönrich G. Hantaviral mechanisms driving HLA class I antigen presentation require both RIG-I and TRIF. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2566-76. [PMID: 23824566 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are emerging human pathogens. They induce an unusually strong antiviral response of human HLA class I (HLA-I) restricted CD8⁺ T cells that may contribute to tissue damage and hantavirus-associated disease. In this study, we analyzed possible hantaviral mechanisms that enhance the HLA-I antigen presentation machinery. Upon hantavirus infection of various human and primate cell lines, we observed transactivation of promoters controlling classical HLA molecules. Hantavirus-induced HLA-I upregulation required proteasomal activity and was associated with increased TAP expression. Intriguingly, human DCs acquired the capacity to cross-present antigen upon hantavirus infection. Furthermore, knockdown of TIR domain containing adaptor inducing IFN-β or retinoic acid inducible gene I abolished hantavirus-driven HLA-I induction. In contrast, MyD88-dependent viral sensors were not involved in HLA-I induction. Our results show that hantaviruses strongly boost the HLA-I antigen presentation machinery by mechanisms that are dependent on both retinoic acid inducible gene I and TIR domain containing adaptor inducing IFN-β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh Lalwani
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Prabowo AS, Iyer AM, Anink JJ, Spliet WGM, van Rijen PC, Aronica E. Differential expression of major histocompatibility complex class I in developmental glioneuronal lesions. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:12. [PMID: 23347564 PMCID: PMC3565983 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The expression of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) in the brain has received considerable interest not only because of its fundamental role in the immune system, but also for its non-immune functions in the context of activity-dependent brain development and plasticity. Methods In the present study we evaluated the expression and cellular pattern of MHC-I in focal glioneuronal lesions associated with intractable epilepsy. MHC-I expression was studied in epilepsy surgery cases with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD I, n = 6; FCD IIa, n = 6 and FCD IIb, n = 15), tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC, cortical tubers; n = 6) or ganglioglioma (GG; n = 15) using immunocytochemistry. Evaluation of T lymphocytes with granzyme-B+ granules and albumin immunoreactivity was also performed. Results All lesions were characterized by MHC-I expression in blood vessels. Expression in both endothelial and microglial cells as well as in neurons (dysmorphic/dysplastic neurons) was observed in FCD II, TSC and GG cases. We observed perivascular and parenchymal T lymphocytes (CD8+, T-cytotoxic) with granzyme-B+ granules in FCD IIb and TSC specimens. Albumin extravasation, with uptake in astrocytes, was observed in FCD IIb and GG cases. Conclusions Our findings indicate a prominent upregulation of MHC-I as part of the immune response occurring in epileptogenic glioneuronal lesions. In particular, the induction of MHC-I in neuronal cells appears to be a feature of type II FCD, TSC and GG and may represent an important accompanying event of the immune response, associated with blood–brain barrier dysfunction, in these developmental lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avanita S Prabowo
- Department of Neuro Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Spiroski M, Milenkovic Z, Petlichkovski A, Ivanovski L, Topuzovska IK, Djulejic E. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in four human West Nile virus infections reported 2011 in the Republic of Macedonia. Hum Immunol 2012; 74:389-94. [PMID: 23220498 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic, arthropod-borne flavivirus that is maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds, but can also infect and cause disease in horses and humans. The aim of this study was to examine KIR gene polymorphisms by determining the frequencies of 16 KIR genes and pseudogenes and KIR genotypes in Macedonian patients with West Nile virus infection, and to compare with healthy Macedonians. The studied sample consists Republic of Macedonia, hospitalized at the University Clinic of Infective Diseases between September 2011 and October 2011, and reported through WHO. For KIR genotyping, commercially available PEL-FREEZ KIR genotyping SSP kit (Dynal Biotech, Brown Deer, WI) was used. The population genetics analysis package, Arlequin, was used for analysis of the data. We found that all 16 KIR genes were observed in the studied individuals and framework genes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR2DL4, and KIR3DL2) were present in all individuals. Comparison of KIR frequencies between Macedonian patients with West Nile virus infection and healthy Macedonian population reveals several significant differences in the inhibitory group (KIR2DL2), and in the non inhibitory group (KIR2DS1, KIR2DS2, KIR2DS5, and KIR3DS1). The single most frequent genotypes in the Bx group were genotypes ID71 and ID89 with statistically significant difference compared to healthy Macedonians. Our results suggest that specific KIR genotypes could be connected with West Nile virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Spiroski
- Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Leis AA, Stokic DS. Neuromuscular manifestations of west nile virus infection. Front Neurol 2012; 3:37. [PMID: 22461779 PMCID: PMC3309965 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common neuromuscular manifestation of West Nile virus (WNV) infection is a poliomyelitis syndrome with asymmetric paralysis variably involving one (monoparesis) to four limbs (quadriparesis), with or without brainstem involvement and respiratory failure. This syndrome of acute flaccid paralysis may occur without overt fever or meningoencephalitis. Although involvement of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and motor neurons in the brainstem are the major sites of pathology responsible for neuromuscular signs, inflammation also may involve skeletal or cardiac muscle (myositis, myocarditis), motor axons (polyradiculitis), and peripheral nerves [Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), brachial plexopathy]. In addition, involvement of spinal sympathetic neurons and ganglia provides an explanation for autonomic instability seen in some patients. Many patients also experience prolonged subjective generalized weakness and disabling fatigue. Despite recent evidence that WNV may persist long-term in the central nervous system or periphery in animals, the evidence in humans is controversial. WNV persistence would be of great concern in immunosuppressed patients or in those with prolonged or recurrent symptoms. Support for the contention that WNV can lead to autoimmune disease arises from reports of patients presenting with various neuromuscular diseases that presumably involve autoimmune mechanisms (GBS, other demyelinating neuropathies, myasthenia gravis, brachial plexopathies, stiff-person syndrome, and delayed or recurrent symptoms). Although there is no specific treatment or vaccine currently approved in humans, and the standard remains supportive care, drugs that can alter the cascade of immunobiochemical events leading to neuronal death may be potentially useful (high-dose corticosteroids, interferon preparations, and intravenous immune globulin containing WNV-specific antibodies). Human experience with these agents seems promising based on anecdotal reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Arturo Leis
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurological Recovery, Methodist Rehabilitation Center Jackson, MS, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Othman S, Rahman NA, Yusof R. Induction of MHC Class I HLA-A2 promoter by dengue virus occurs at the NFκB binding domains of the Class I Regulatory Complex. Virus Res 2011; 163:238-45. [PMID: 22001567 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite aggressive efforts in dengue research, the control of dengue diseases and discovery of therapeutics against them await complete elucidation of its complex immune-pathogenesis. Unlike many viruses that escape the host's immune responses by suppressing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I pathway, many Flaviviruses up-regulate the cell surface expression of MHC Class I complex. We recently reported MHC Class I HLA-A2 promoter activation by all serotypes of dengue virus (DV). The mechanism by which DV regulates this is further explored here in HepG2 human liver cell line. Using real-time PCR, evidence that, similar to infections by other Flaviviruses, DV infection has the ability to up-regulate the MHC Class I transcription and mRNA synthesis, is presented. The region responsive towards DV infection of all serotypes was mapped to the Class I Regulatory Complex (CRC) of the HLA-A2 promoter. Competition electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) with NFκB probe established the presence of specific DNA-protein complex in DV-infected nuclear extracts. Antibody-supershift assays identified the MHC Class I promoter activation by DV to occur through binding of p65/p50 heterodimers and p65 homodimers to κB1 and κB2 cis-acting elements, respectively, within the CRC, and not with the interferon consensus sequence (ICS). This study presents evidence of MHC Class I gene modulation by DV, hence providing a better understanding of dengue immune-pathogenesis that would consequently facilitate the discovery of antiviral therapeutics against dengue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shatrah Othman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Japanese encephalitis virus utilizes the canonical pathway to activate NF-kappaB but it utilizes the type I interferon pathway to induce major histocompatibility complex class I expression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. J Virol 2010; 84:5485-93. [PMID: 20357096 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02250-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses have been shown to induce cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) through the activation of NF-kappaB. Using IKK1(-/-), IKK2(-/-), NEMO(-/-), and IKK1(-/-) IKK2(-/-) double mutant as well as p50(-/-) RelA(-/-) cRel(-/-) triple mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), we show that this flavivirus utilizes the canonical pathway to activate NF-kappaB in an IKK2- and NEMO-, but not IKK1-, dependent manner. NF-kappaB DNA binding activity induced upon virus infection was shown to be composed of RelA:p50 dimers in these fibroblasts. Type I interferon (IFN) production was significantly decreased but not completely abolished upon virus infection in cells defective in NF-kappaB activation. In contrast, induction of classical MHC-I (class 1a) genes and their cell surface expression remained unaffected in these NF-kappaB-defective cells. However, MHC-I induction was impaired in IFNAR(-/-) cells that lack the alpha/beta IFN receptor, indicating a dominant role of type I IFNs but not NF-kappaB for the induction of MHC-I molecules by Japanese encephalitis virus. Our further analysis revealed that the residual type I IFN signaling in NF-kappaB-deficient cells is sufficient to drive MHC-I gene expression upon virus infection in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. However, NF-kappaB could indirectly regulate MHC-I expression, since JEV-induced type I IFN expression was found to be critically dependent on it.
Collapse
|
14
|
Biswas SM, Kar S, Singh R, Chakraborty D, Vipat V, Raut CG, Mishra AC, Gore MM, Ghosh D. Immunomodulatory cytokines determine the outcome of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in mice. J Med Virol 2010; 82:304-10. [PMID: 20029807 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) induces an acute infection of the central nervous system, the pathogenic mechanism of which is not fully understood. To investigate host response to JEV infection, 14-day-old mice were infected via the extraneural route, which resulted in encephalitis and death. Mice that received JEV immune splenocyte transfer were protected from extraneural JEV infection. Pathology and gene expression profiles were then compared in brains of mice that either succumbed to JEV infection or were protected from infection by JEV immune cell transfer. Mice undergoing progressive JEV infection had increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and signal transducers associated with the interferon (IFN) pathway. In contrast, mice receiving immune cell transfer had increased production of the Th2 cytokine IL-4, and of IL-10, with subdued expression of IFN-gamma. We observed IL-10 to be an important factor in determining clinical outcome in JEV infection. Data obtained by microarray analysis were further confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Together, these data suggest that JEV infection causes an unregulated inflammatory response that can be countered by the expression of immunomodulatory cytokines in mice that survive lethal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Biswas
- National Institute of Virology, Sus Road Campus, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yamane D, Zahoor MA, Mohamed YM, Azab W, Kato K, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Microarray analysis reveals distinct signaling pathways transcriptionally activated by infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in different cell types. Virus Res 2009; 142:188-99. [PMID: 19428753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamane
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abraham S, Yaddanapudi K, Thomas S, Damodaran A, Ramireddy B, Manjunath R. Nonclassical MHC-I and Japanese encephalitis virus infection: Induction of H-2Q4, H-2T23 and H-2T10. Virus Res 2008; 133:239-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
17
|
King NJC, Getts DR, Getts MT, Rana S, Shrestha B, Kesson AM. Immunopathology of flavivirus infections. Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 85:33-42. [PMID: 17146465 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the recent emergence of the flavivirus, West Nile virus (WNV), in particular, the New York strain of Lineage I WNV in North America in 1999, there has been a significant increase in activity in neurotropic flavivirus research. These viruses cause encephalitis that can result in permanent neurological sequelae or death. Attempts to develop vaccines have made progress, but have been variably successful, despite considerable commercial underwriting. Thus, the discovery of ways and means to combat disease is no less urgent. As such, most recent work has been directed towards dissecting and understanding the pathogenesis of disease, as a way of informing possible approaches to abrogation or amelioration of illness. Whether inherent to flaviviruses or because humans are incidental, dead-end hosts, it is clear that these viruses interact with their human hosts in extremely complex ways. This occurs from the cellular level, at which infection must be established to produce disease, to its interaction with the adaptive immune response, which may result in its eradication, with or without immunopathological and consequent neurological sequelae. As human proximity to and contact with flavivirus insect vectors and amplifying hosts cannot practically be eliminated, our understanding of the pathogenesis of flavivirus-induced diseases, especially with regard to possible targets for treatment, is imperative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J C King
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abraham S, Manjunath R. Induction of classical and nonclassical MHC-I on mouse brain astrocytes by Japanese encephalitis virus. Virus Res 2006; 119:216-20. [PMID: 16621104 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Flaviviruses upregulates the cell surface expression of MHC-I, MHC-II, ICAM-1 (CD54), VCAM-1 (CD106) and TAP proteins. Although all these studies have been confirmed using West Nile virus and other Flaviviruses, there are few reports that have examined the effects of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection directly on nonclassical and classical MHC expression in astrocytes. We show in this report that JEV infection of mouse brain astrocytes results in induction of the nonclassical MHC Class Ib genes, H-2T23, H-2Q4 and H-2T10 in addition to MHC-I, Type I (alpha/beta) IFNs, TAP-1, TAP-2, Tapasin, LMP-2, LMP-7 and LMP-10 but not IFNgamma, CD80, CD86 and MHC-II genes. The increased cell surface expression of these antigens as well as induction of the genes mentioned above as measured by RT-PCR suggests that JEV infection may lead to the induction of classical MHC Class Ia as well as nonclassical MHC Class Ib molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sojan Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Over the past five years, West Nile (WN) virus has emerged as an important public health concern in the United States. Recent studies from experimental models of WN virus infection have increased our understanding of its pathogenesis and immunity. These include the demonstration that the gene encoding 2'-5'oligoadenylate synthetase is responsible for murine susceptibility to WN virus, the elucidation of the contributions of B, CD8(+) and gamma T cells in the control of murine WN virus infection, and the use of active immunization with envelope protein and passive transfer of immunoglobulin for immunotherapy. These efforts will facilitate the development of effective vaccines and therapies to combat WN virus.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/genetics
- 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/immunology
- 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/metabolism
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis/genetics
- Encephalitis/immunology
- Encephalitis/prevention & control
- Encephalitis/virology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- West Nile virus/genetics
- West Nile virus/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leis AA, Stokic DS. Neuromuscular Manifestations of Human West Nile Virus Infection. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2005; 7:15-22. [PMID: 15610703 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-005-0002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Physicians in areas with active West Nile virus (WNV) transmission should be aware that WNV infection can present as a polio-like syndrome and that the spectrum of neuromuscular signs and symptoms may range from acute flaccid paralysis in the absence of fever or meningoencephalitis to subjective weakness and disabling fatigue. This awareness will help to avoid less tenable diagnoses and the morbidity associated with inappropriate treatment. Although anterior horns are the major site of spinal cord pathology, inflammatory changes also may involve spinal sympathetic neurons and ganglia, providing an explanation for the autonomic instability seen in some patients with WNV infection. However, the role that autonomic dysfunction plays in the morbidity and mortality of human WNV infection has to be elucidated. Another unresolved issue with important neuromuscular implications is whether WNV infection may lead to autoimmune disease. Support for this contention arises from reports of WNV patients presenting with various neuromuscular diseases that have a presumed autoimmune mechanism, including Guillain-Barre syndrome, other demyelinating neuropathies, myasthenia gravis, brachial plexopathies, and stiff-person syndrome. Although there is no specific treatment or vaccine currently approved for WNV infection in humans, and the standard is supportive care only, several drugs that can alter the cascade of immunobiochemical events leading to neuronal death may be potentially useful. Among these agents, minocycline (a semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline), interferon alpha, and high-dose corticosteroids are candidate therapies, although human experience is limited. In addition, passive immunization with intravenous immune globulin containing WNV-specific antibodies seems promising, based on anecdotal human reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Arturo Leis
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurological Recovery, Methodist Rehabilitation Center, 1350 East Woodrow Wilson, Suite 2, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peyrefitte CN, Pastorino B, Grau GE, Lou J, Tolou H, Couissinier-Paris P. Dengue virus infection of human microvascular endothelial cells from different vascular beds promotes both common and specific functional changes. J Med Virol 2005; 78:229-42. [PMID: 16372301 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dengue shock syndrome (DSS), the major life threatening outcome of severe dengue disease, which occurs in some patients in the course of dengue infection, is the consequence of plasma leakage in the microvascular territories. Data from clinical and in vitro studies suggest that an inadequate immunological response is partly responsible for the pathophysiology of DSS, but few is known concerning the consequences of direct infection of endothelial cells by dengue virus per se. In this study, an attempt was made to study the response of two microvascular human cell lines originating, respectively, from liver and dermis to infection by a dengue type 2 virus, by analyzing the virus-induced modulation of functional markers. It is shown that the two microvascular cell lines exhibit both common and specific behaviors upon infection. In particular, LSEC and HMEC-1 replicate efficiently the low-passage virus and respond to infection by over-producing inflammatory mediators involved in the cross talk with circulating immune cells. However, direct infection modulates differently the cell surface expression of molecules critically involved in the interactions between endothelial and inflammatory cells. ICAM-1 and HLA-I are up regulated as a consequence of infection in LSEC whereas direct infection results in downregulation of ICAM-1 in HMEC-1. The present results show that infection of human microvascular cells by unadapted dengue virus results in both common and specific activation patterns depending likely on the tissue origin of the cells, thus suggesting that endothelia from different territories may contribute differently to the pathophysiological events in the course of dengue infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe N Peyrefitte
- Unité de virologie tropicale, Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The infection of human fetal thymus organ cultures (FTOC) with coxsackievirus B4 E2 (CVB4 E2) was investigated. Both positive- and negative-strand viral RNA were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) in CVB4 E2-infected FTOC, which supported high yields of virus production (approximately 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml), and in flow-sorted thymocyte populations for 7 days after inoculation. Cortical CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes were found to be the principal targets of infection. Inoculation of human FTOC with CVB4 E2 led to a marked and progressive depletion of immature thymocytes (CD4+ CD8+ cells) with no enhancement of Annexin V-positive cells. CVB4 E2 replication caused significant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I upregulation on these cells. MHC class I upregulation was correlated with positive- and negative-strand RNA quantitative detection and the release of infectious particles. In addition, chloroquine treatment of FTOC and single-thymocyte suspensions suggested that MHC class I upregulation on thymocytes was the result of direct infection rather than caused by production of soluble factors such as alpha interferon. Thus, CVB4 E2 can infect human fetal thymocytes, which subsequently results in quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Brilot
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Arnold SJ, Osvath SR, Hall RA, King NJC, Sedger LM. Regulation of antigen processing and presentation molecules in West Nile virus-infected human skin fibroblasts. Virology 2004; 324:286-96. [PMID: 15207616 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection of humans with the West Nile flavivirus principally occurs via tick and mosquito bites. Here, we document the expression of antigen processing and presentation molecules in West Nile virus (WNV)-infected human skin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Using a new Flavivirus-specific antibody, 4G4, we have analyzed cell surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression on virus-infected cells at a single cell level. Using this approach, we show that West Nile Virus infection alters surface HLA expression on both infected HFF and neighboring uninfected HFF cells. Interestingly, increased surface HLA evident on infected HFF cultures is almost entirely due to virus-induced interferon (IFN)alpha/beta because IFNalpha/beta-neutralizing antibodies completely prevent increased surface HLA expression. In contrast, RT-PCR analysis indicates that WNV infection results in increased mRNAs for HLA-A, -B, and -C genes, and HLA-associated molecules low molecular weight polypeptide-2 (LMP-2) and transporter associated with antigen presentation-1 (TAP-1), but induction of these mRNAs is not diminished in HFF cells cultured with IFNalpha/beta-neutralizing antibodies. Taken together, these data support the idea that that both cytokine-dependent and cytokine-independent mechanisms account for WNV-induced HLA expression in human skin fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Arnold
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause pleomorphic disease with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Interestingly, in contrast to most viruses, which subvert or avoid host immune systems, members of the neurotropic Japanese encephalitis serocomplex cause functional changes associated with increased efficacy of the immune response. These viruses induce increased cell surface expression of immune recognition molecules, including class I and II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and various adhesion molecules. Increases are functional: infected cells are significantly more susceptible to both virus- and MHC-specific cytotoxic T cell lysis. Induced changes are modulated positively or negatively by Th1 and Th2 cytokines, as well as by cell cycle position and adherence status at infection. Infection also increases costimulatory molecule expression on Langerhans cells in the skin. Local interleukin-1 beta production causes accelerated migration of phenotypically altered Langerhans cells to local draining lymph nodes, where initiation of antiviral immune responses occur. The exact mechanism(s) of upregulation is unclear, but changes are associated with NF-kappa B activation and increased MHC and ICAM-1 gene transcription, independently of interferon (IFN) or other proinflammatory cytokines. Increased MHC and adhesion molecule expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of flavivirus encephalitis. Results from a murine model of flavivirus encephalitis developed in this laboratory suggest that fatal disease is immunopathological in nature, with IFN-gamma playing a crucial role. We hypothesize that these viruses may decoy the adaptive immune system into generating low-affinity T cells, which clear virus poorly, as part of their survival strategy. This may enable viral growth and immune escape in cycling cells, which do not significantly upregulate cell surface molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J King
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
King NJC, Kesson AM. Interaction of flaviviruses with cells of the vertebrate host and decoy of the immune response. Immunol Cell Biol 2003; 81:207-16. [PMID: 12752685 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause endemic and epidemic disease with significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In contrast to viruses that avoid the host immune response by down-regulating cell surface major histocompatibility complex expression, infection by members of the neurotropic Japanese encephalitis serogroup induce virus-directed functional increases in expression of class I and II major histocompatibility complex and various adhesion molecules, resulting in increased susceptibility to both virus- and major histocompatibility complex-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte lysis. These changes are comodulated by T1 and T2 cytokines, as well as by cell cycle position and adherence status at infection. Infected skin dendritic (Langerhans) cells also show increased costimulatory molecule expression and local interleukin-1beta production causes accelerated migration of Langerhans cells to local draining lymph nodes, where initiation of antiviral immune responses occur. The exact mechanism(s) of up-regulation is unclear, but changes are associated with NF-kappaB activation and increased MHC and ICAM-1 gene transcription, independently of interferon or other pro-inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesize that these viruses may decoy the adaptive immune system into generating low-affinity, self-reactive T cells which clear virus poorly, as part of their survival strategy. This may enable viral growth and immune escape in cycling cells, which do not significantly up-regulate cell surface molecules. A possible side-effect of this might be immunopathology, caused by 'autoimmune' cross-reactive damage of uninfected high major histocompatibility complex and adhesion molecule-expressing cells, with consequent exacerbation of encephalitic disease. Results from a murine model of flavivirus encephalitis developed in this laboratory further suggest that interferon-gamma plays a crucial role in fatal immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J C King
- Department of Pathology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lobigs M, Müllbacher A, Regner M. MHC class I up-regulation by flaviviruses: Immune interaction with unknown advantage to host or pathogen. Immunol Cell Biol 2003; 81:217-23. [PMID: 12752686 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to many other viruses that escape from cytotoxic T cell recognition by down-regulating major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted antigen presentation, flavivirus infection of mammalian cells up-regulates cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Two putative mechanisms for flavivirus-induced major histocompatibility complex class I up-regulation, one via activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, the second by augmentation of peptide import into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, are reviewed, and the biological effect of the flavivirus-mediated phenomenon on target cell recognition by natural killer and cytotoxic T cells is addressed. Finally, we speculate on the physiological role of flavivirus-mediated modulation of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation in the context of the biology of flavivirus transmission between the vertebrate host and arthropod vector and suggest that it may represent a strategy for immune evasion from the natural killer cell response or, alternatively, that up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I is a by-product of flavivirus replication without significance for virus growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lobigs
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|