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Translational model of melphalan-induced gut toxicity reveals drug-host-microbe interactions that drive tissue injury and fever. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:173-188. [PMID: 33877390 PMCID: PMC8236460 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Conditioning therapy with high-dose melphalan (HDM) is associated with a high risk of gut toxicity, fever and infections in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. However, validated preclinical models that adequately reflect clinical features of melphalan-induced toxicity are not available. We therefore aimed to develop a novel preclinical model of melphalan-induced toxicity that reflected well-defined clinical dynamics, as well as to identify targetable mechanisms that drive intestinal injury. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with 4-8 mg/kg melphalan intravenously. The primary endpoint was plasma citrulline. Secondary endpoints included survival, weight loss, diarrhea, food/water intake, histopathology, body temperature, microbiota composition (16S sequencing) and bacterial translocation. RESULTS Melphalan 5 mg/kg caused self-limiting intestinal injury, severe neutropenia and fever while impairing the microbial metabolome, prompting expansion of enteric pathogens. Intestinal inflammation was characterized by infiltration of polymorphic nuclear cells in the acute phases of mucosal injury, driving derangement of intestinal architecture. Ileal atrophy prevented bile acid reabsorption, exacerbating colonic injury via microbiota-dependent mechanisms. CONCLUSION We developed a novel translational model of melphalan-induced toxicity, which has excellent homology with the well-known clinical features of HDM transplantation. Application of this model will accelerate fundamental and translational study of melphalan-induced toxicity, with the clinical parallels of this model ensuring a greater likelihood of clinical success.
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Inflammatory Responses of Porcine MoDC and Intestinal Epithelial Cells in a Direct-Contact Co-culture System Following a Bacterial Challenge. Inflammation 2021; 43:552-567. [PMID: 31811548 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DC), jointly control the immune response towards luminal pathogens in the intestinal mucosa. Crosstalk between IEC and DC is crucial for coordinating immune responses and occurs via soluble factors and direct cell-cell contacts. The present study aimed at establishing a direct-contact co-culture model of porcine IEC and DC to mimic these interactions. The effects of (1) co-cultivation of the two cell types and (2) bacterial infection on the inflammatory response patterns of each of the cell types were determined with a special focus on the canonical and non-canonical inflammasome signaling pathways. In infection experiments, in vitro cultures were exposed to either the probiotic Enterococcus (E.) faecium NCIMB 10415 or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). In porcine IEC (IPEC-J2), co-cultivation with porcine monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) resulted in reduced basal NLRP3 (nucleotide oligomerization domain [NOD]-like receptor [NLR] family, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome mRNA levels in unstimulated conditions. In porcine MoDC, the presence of IPEC-J2 cells evoked a noticeable decrease of interleukin (IL)-8 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) mRNA and protein expression. ETEC, in contrast to E. faecium, modulated the inflammasome pathway in IPEC-J2 cells and porcine MoDC. Co-cultured IPEC-J2 cells showed an augmented inflammasome response to ETEC infection. By contrast, MoDC revealed a weakened ETEC response under such co-culture conditions as indicated by a reduction of inflammasome-related IL-1β protein release. Our data indicate that the close contact between IEC and resident immune cells has a major effect on their immunological behavior.
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Jorgensen I, Miao EA. Pyroptotic cell death defends against intracellular pathogens. Immunol Rev 2016; 265:130-42. [PMID: 25879289 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory caspases play a central role in innate immunity by responding to cytosolic signals and initiating a twofold response. First, caspase-1 induces the activation and secretion of the two prominent pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Second, either caspase-1 or caspase-11 can trigger a form of lytic, programmed cell death called pyroptosis. Pyroptosis operates to remove the replication niche of intracellular pathogens, making them susceptible to phagocytosis and killing by a secondary phagocyte. However, aberrant, systemic activation of pyroptosis in vivo may contribute to sepsis. Emphasizing the efficiency of inflammasome detection of microbial infections, many pathogens have evolved to avoid or subvert pyroptosis. This review focuses on molecular and morphological characteristics of pyroptosis and the individual inflammasomes and their contribution to defense against infection in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Jorgensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Roberts JS, Yilmaz Ӧ. Dangerous Liaisons: Caspase-11 and Reactive Oxygen Species Crosstalk in Pathogen Elimination. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:23337-54. [PMID: 26426007 PMCID: PMC4632701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161023337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the focus of murine caspase-11 and human orthologs caspase-4, -5 research has been on their novel function to induce noncanonical inflammasome activation in direct response to Gram-negative bacterial infection. On the other hand, a new role in anti-bacterial autophagy has been attributed to caspase-11, -4 and -5, which currently stands largely unexplored. In this review, we connect lately emerged evidence that suggests these caspases have a key role in anti-bacterial autophagy and discuss the growing implications of a danger molecule—extracellular ATP—and NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS generation as novel inducers of human caspase-4, -5 signaling during infection. We also highlight the adeptness of persistent pathogens like Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobe and successful colonizer of oral mucosa, to potentially interfere with the activated caspase-4 pathway and autophagy. While, the ability of caspase-4, -5 to promote autophagolysosomal fusion is not well understood, the abundance of caspase-4 in skin and other mucosal epithelial cells implies an important role for caspase-4 in mucosal defense, supporting the view that caspase-4, -5 may play a non-redundant part in innate immunity. Thus, this review will join the currently disconnected cutting-edge research thereby proposing a working model for regulation of caspase-4, -5 in pathogen elimination via cellular-trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ӧzlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Knodler LA, Crowley SM, Sham HP, Yang H, Wrande M, Ma C, Ernst RK, Steele-Mortimer O, Celli J, Vallance BA. Noncanonical inflammasome activation of caspase-4/caspase-11 mediates epithelial defenses against enteric bacterial pathogens. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:249-256. [PMID: 25121752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasome-mediated host defenses have been extensively studied in innate immune cells. Whether inflammasomes function for innate defense in intestinal epithelial cells, which represent the first line of defense against enteric pathogens, remains unknown. We observed enhanced Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium colonization in the intestinal epithelium of caspase-11-deficient mice, but not at systemic sites. In polarized epithelial monolayers, siRNA-mediated depletion of caspase-4, a human ortholog of caspase-11, also led to increased bacterial colonization. Decreased rates of pyroptotic cell death, a host defense mechanism that extrudes S. Typhimurium-infected cells from the polarized epithelium, accounted for increased pathogen burdens. The caspase-4 inflammasome also governs activation of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-18, in response to intracellular (S. Typhimurium) and extracellular (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) enteric pathogens, via intracellular LPS sensing. Therefore, an epithelial cell-intrinsic noncanonical inflammasome plays a critical role in antimicrobial defense at the intestinal mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Knodler
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA; Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
| | - Shauna M Crowley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Ho Pan Sham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Hyungjun Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Marie Wrande
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA
| | - Caixia Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Olivia Steele-Mortimer
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jean Celli
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA; Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6H 3V4, Canada.
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Py BF, Jin M, Desai BN, Penumaka A, Zhu H, Kober M, Dietrich A, Lipinski MM, Henry T, Clapham DE, Yuan J. Caspase-11 controls interleukin-1β release through degradation of TRPC1. Cell Rep 2014; 6:1122-1128. [PMID: 24630989 PMCID: PMC4239700 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-11 is a highly inducible caspase that controls both inflammatory responses and cell death. Caspase-11 controls interleukin 1β (IL-1β) secretion by potentiating caspase-1 activation and induces caspase-1-independent pyroptosis downstream of noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasome activators such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Gram-negative bacteria. However, we still know very little about the downstream mechanism of caspase-11 in regulating inflammation because the known substrates of caspase-11 are only other caspases. Here, we identify the cationic channel subunit transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) as a substrate of caspase-11. TRPC1 deficiency increases the secretion of IL-1β without modulating caspase-1 cleavage or cell death in cultured macrophages. Consistently, trpc1−/− mice show higher IL-1β secretion in the sepsis model of intraperitoneal LPS injection. Altogether, our data suggest that caspase-11 modulates the cationic channel composition of the cell and thus regulates the unconventional secretion pathway in a manner independent of caspase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte F Py
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mingzhi Jin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bimal N Desai
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anirudh Penumaka
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maike Kober
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German Lung Center (DZL), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Marta M Lipinski
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Henry
- International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - David E Clapham
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Zhang M, Chen JX, Tan JY, Liu XL. Progress towards the development of animal models of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:649-655. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i8.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis is not fully elucidated, which makes it extremely difficult to develop effective interventions. Recently, the use of animal models of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis has led to advances in the understanding of cellular mechanisms and clinical pharmacology of various types of chemotherapy drugs. Tumor-bearing models, non-tumor-bearing models, transgenic models and gene knockout models have been developed to assess the effect of chemotherapy on chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis. In this paper, we comprehensively analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various methods for developing chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis to provide a reference for the choice of animal models for future research of chemotherapy-associated mucosal toxicity and the underlying mechanisms.
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Logan RM, Stringer AM, Bowen JM, Yeoh ASJ, Gibson RJ, Sonis ST, Keefe DMK. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cancer treatment-induced alimentary tract mucositis: pathobiology, animal models and cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33:448-60. [PMID: 17507164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alimentary tract (AT) mucositis can be a major problem for patients undergoing cancer treatment. It has significant clinical and economic consequences and is a major factor that can compromise the provision of optimal treatment for patients. The pathobiology of AT mucositis is complex and the exact mechanisms that underlie its development still need to be fully elucidated. Current opinion considers that there is a prominent interplay between all of the compartments of the mucosa involving, at a molecular level, the activation of transcription factors, particularly nuclear factor-kappaB, and the subsequent upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature relating to what is currently known about the pathobiology of AT mucositis, particularly with respect to the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as currently used animal models and the role of specific cytotoxic chemotherapy agents in the development of AT mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Logan
- Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
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