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Pires C, Saramago A, Moura MM, Li J, Donato S, Marques IJ, Belo H, Machado AC, Cabrera R, Grünewald TGP, Leite V, Cavaco BM. Identification of Germline FOXE1 and Somatic MAPK Pathway Gene Alterations in Patients with Malignant Struma Ovarii, Cleft Palate and Thyroid Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1966. [PMID: 38396644 PMCID: PMC10888156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Germline variants in the FOXE1 transcription factor have been associated with thyroid ectopy, cleft palate (CP) and thyroid cancer (TC). Here, we aimed to clarify the role of FOXE1 in Portuguese families (F1 and F2) with members diagnosed with malignant struma ovarii (MSO), an ovarian teratoma with ectopic malignant thyroid tissue, papillary TC (PTC) and CP. Two rare germline heterozygous variants in the FOXE1 promoter were identified: F1) c.-522G>C, in the proband (MSO) and her mother (asymptomatic); F2) c.9C>T, in the proband (PTC), her sister and her mother (CP). Functional studies using rat normal thyroid (PCCL3) and human PTC (TPC-1) cells revealed that c.9C>T decreased FOXE1 promoter transcriptional activity in both cell models, while c.-522G>C led to opposing activities in the two models, when compared to the wild type. Immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR analyses of patients' thyroid tumours revealed lower FOXE1 expression compared to adjacent normal and hyperplastic thyroid tissues. The patient with MSO also harboured a novel germline AXIN1 variant, presenting a loss of heterozygosity in its benign and malignant teratoma tissues and observable β-catenin cytoplasmic accumulation. The sequencing of the F1 (MSO) and F2 (PTC) probands' tumours unveiled somatic BRAF and HRAS variants, respectively. Germline FOXE1 and AXIN1 variants might have a role in thyroid ectopy and cleft palate, which, together with MAPK pathway activation, may contribute to tumours' malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pires
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.M.M.); (I.J.M.); (H.B.); (V.L.)
- NOVA Medical School (NMS)-Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Saramago
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.M.M.); (I.J.M.); (H.B.); (V.L.)
| | - Margarida M. Moura
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.M.M.); (I.J.M.); (H.B.); (V.L.)
| | - Jing Li
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.L.); (T.G.P.G.)
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a Partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Donato
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Inês J. Marques
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.M.M.); (I.J.M.); (H.B.); (V.L.)
- NOVA Medical School (NMS)-Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hélio Belo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.M.M.); (I.J.M.); (H.B.); (V.L.)
| | - Ana C. Machado
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Rafael Cabrera
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Thomas G. P. Grünewald
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.L.); (T.G.P.G.)
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a Partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valeriano Leite
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.M.M.); (I.J.M.); (H.B.); (V.L.)
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Branca M. Cavaco
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.M.M.); (I.J.M.); (H.B.); (V.L.)
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Lim G, Widiapradja A, Levick SP, McKelvey KJ, Liao XH, Refetoff S, Bullock M, Clifton-Bligh RJ. Foxe1 Deletion in the Adult Mouse Is Associated With Increased Thyroidal Mast Cells and Hypothyroidism. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac158. [PMID: 36156081 PMCID: PMC9618408 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Foxe1 is a key thyroid developmental transcription factor. Germline deletion results in athyreosis and congenital hypothyroidism. Some data suggest an ongoing role for maintaining thyroid differentiation. OBJECTIVE We created a mouse model to directly examine the role of Foxe1 in the adult thyroid. METHODS A model of tamoxifen-inducible Cre-mediated ubiquitous deletion of Foxe1 was generated in mice of C57BL/6J background (Foxe1flox/flox/Cre-TAM). Tamoxifen or vehicle was administered to Foxe1flox/flox/Cre mice aged 6-8 weeks. Blood was collected at 4, 12, and 20 weeks, and tissues after 12 or 20 weeks for molecular and histological analyses. Plasma total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin (TSH) were measured. Transcriptomics was performed using microarray or RNA-seq and validated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Foxe1 was decreased by approximately 80% in Foxe1flox/flox/Cre-TAM mice and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Foxe1 deletion was associated with abnormal follicular architecture and smaller follicle size at 12 and 20 weeks. Plasma TSH was elevated in Foxe1flox/flox/Cre-TAM mice as early as 4 weeks and T4 was lower in pooled samples from 12 and 20 weeks. Foxe1 deletion was also associated with an increase in thyroidal mast cells. Transcriptomic analyses found decreased Tpo and Tg and upregulated mast cell markers Mcpt4 and Ctsg in Foxe1flox/flox/Cre-TAM mice. CONCLUSION Foxe1 deletion in adult mice was associated with disruption in thyroid follicular architecture accompanied by biochemical hypothyroidism, confirming its role in maintenance of thyroid differentiation. An unanticipated finding was an increase in thyroidal mast cells. These data suggest a possible explanation for previous human genetic studies associating alleles in/near FOXE1 with hypothyroidism and/or autoimmune thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Lim
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Alexander Widiapradja
- Cardiac Biology and Heart Failure Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Scott P Levick
- Cardiac Biology and Heart Failure Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Kelly J McKelvey
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Martyn Bullock
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Roderick J Clifton-Bligh
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Naorem LD, Pathak E, Muthaiyan M, Venkatesan A. Network-based meta-analysis for the identification of potential target for human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
The application of immunohistochemistry to the diagnosis of thyroid lesions has increased as new biomarkers have emerged. In this review, we discuss the biomarkers that are critical for accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and management. Immunohistochemical markers are used to confirm that an unusual tumor in the thyroid is indeed of thyroid origin, either of follicular epithelial or C-cell differentiation; the various mimics include nonthyroidal lesions such as parathyroid tumors, paragangliomas, thymic neoplasms, and metastatic malignancies. Tumors of thyroid follicular epithelial cells can be further subclassified using a number of immunohistochemical biomarkers that can distinguish follicular-derived from C-cell lesions and others that support malignancy in borderline cases. The use of mutation-specific antibodies can distinguish papillary carcinomas harboring a BRAFV600E mutation from RAS-like neoplasms. Immunostains have been developed to further identify molecular alterations underlying tumor development, including some rearrangements. Altered expression of several biomarkers that are known to be epigenetically modified in thyroid cancer can be used to assist in predicting more aggressive behavior such as a propensity to develop locoregional lymphatic spread. Immunohistochemistry can assist in identifying lymphatic and vascular invasion. Biomarkers can be applied to determine dedifferentiation and to further classify poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas. The rare tumors associated with genetic predisposition to endocrine neoplasia can also be identified using some immunohistochemical stains. The application of these ancillary tools allows more accurate diagnosis and better understanding of pathogenesis while improving prediction and prognosis for patients with thyroid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Baloch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sylvia L Asa
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bullock M, Lim G, Li C, Choi IH, Kochhar S, Liddle C, Zhang L, Clifton-Bligh RJ. Thyroid transcription factor FOXE1 interacts with ETS factor ELK1 to co-regulate TERT. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85948-85962. [PMID: 27852061 PMCID: PMC5349888 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although FOXE1 was initially recognized for its role in thyroid organogenesis, more recently a strong association has been identified between the FOXE1 locus and thyroid cancer. The role of FOXE1 in adult thyroid, and in particular regarding cancer risk, has not been well established. We hypothesised that discovering key FOXE1 transcriptional partners would in turn identify regulatory pathways relevant to its role in oncogenesis. RESULTS In a transcription factor-binding array, ELK1 was identified to bind FOXE1. We confirmed this physical association in heterologously transfected cells by IP and mammalian two-hybrid assays. In thyroid tissue, endogenous FOXE1 was shown to bind ELK1, and using ChIP assays these factors bound thyroid-relevant gene promoters TPO and TERT in close proximity to each other. Using a combination of electromobility shift assays, TERT promoter assays and siRNA-silencing, we found that FOXE1 positively regulated TERT expression in a manner dependent upon its association with ELK1. Treating heterologously transfected thyroid cells with MEK inhibitor U0126 inhibited FOXE1-ELK1 interaction, and reduced TERT and TPO promoter activity. METHODOLOGY We investigated FOXE1 interactions within in vitro thyroid cell models and human thyroid tissue using a combination of immunoprecipitation (IP), chromatin IP (ChIP) and gene reporter assays. CONCLUSIONS FOXE1 interacts with ELK1 on thyroid relevant gene promoters, establishing a new regulatory pathway for its role in adult thyroid function. Co-regulation of TERT suggests a mechanism by which allelic variants in/near FOXE1 are associated with thyroid cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Bullock
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Grace Lim
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cheng Li
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - In Ho Choi
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shivansh Kochhar
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Liddle
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Roderick J Clifton-Bligh
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Nikitski A, Saenko V, Shimamura M, Nakashima M, Matsuse M, Suzuki K, Rogounovitch T, Bogdanova T, Shibusawa N, Yamada M, Nagayama Y, Yamashita S, Mitsutake N. Targeted Foxe1 Overexpression in Mouse Thyroid Causes the Development of Multinodular Goiter But Does Not Promote Carcinogenesis. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2182-95. [PMID: 26982637 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the forkhead box E1 gene (FOXE1) locus, which are strongly associated with the risk for thyroid cancer. In addition, our recent work has demonstrated FOXE1 overexpression in papillary thyroid carcinomas. To assess possible contribution of Foxe1 to thyroid carcinogenesis, transgenic mice overexpressing Foxe1 in their thyroids under thyroglobulin promoter (Tg-Foxe1) were generated. Additionally, Tg-Foxe1 mice were exposed to x-rays at the age of 5 weeks or crossed with Pten(+/-) mice to examine the combined effect of Foxe1 overexpression with radiation or activated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt pathway, respectively. In 5- to 8-week-old Tg-Foxe1 mice, severe hypothyroidism was observed, and mouse thyroids exhibited hypoplasia of the parenchyma. Adult 48-week-old mice were almost recovered from hypothyroidism, their thyroids were enlarged, and featured colloid microcysts and multiple benign nodules of macrofollicular-papilloid growth pattern, but no malignancy was found. Exposure of transgenic mice to 1 or 8 Gy of x-rays and Pten haploinsufficiency promoted hyperplastic nodule formation also without carcinogenic effect. These results indicate that Foxe1 overexpression is not directly involved in the development of thyroid cancer and that proper Foxe1 dosage is essential for achieving normal structure and function of the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyaksandr Nikitski
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Vladimir Saenko
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Mika Shimamura
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Michiko Matsuse
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tatiana Rogounovitch
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetiana Bogdanova
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibusawa
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yamashita
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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7
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Batista FA, Ward LS, Marcello MA, Martins MB, Peres KC, Torricelli C, Bufalo NE, Soares FA, da Silva MJ, Assumpção LVM. Gene expression of thyroid-specific transcription factors may help diagnose thyroid lesions but are not determinants of tumor progression. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:423-9. [PMID: 26370671 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of thyroid-specific transcription factors in thyroid malignancy is still poorly understood, so we investigate thyroid-specific transcription factors gene expression both in benign and in malignant thyroid nodules, aiming to study a possible clinical utility of these molecules. METHODS We quantified TTF-1, FOXE1 and PAX8 mRNA levels, relating their expression to diagnostic and prognostic features of thyroid tumors. RNA was extracted from 4 normal thyroid tissues, 101 malignant [99 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) and 2 anaplastic thyroid carcinomas] and 99 benign thyroid lesion tissues [49 goiter and 50 follicular adenomas (FA)]. RESULTS Levels of mRNA of both FOXE1 (P < 0.0001) and PAX8 (P < 0.0001) genes, but not TTF-1 (P = 0.7056), were higher in benign than in malignant thyroid lesions. FOXE1 was able to identify malignant nodules with 75.8 % sensitivity, 76.1 % specificity, 75.8 % positive predictive value, 76.1 % negative predictive value and 75.9 % accuracy. PAX8 was able to identify malignancy with 60.6 % sensitivity, 81.1 % specificity, 76.9 % positive predictive value, 66.4 % negative predictive value and 70.6 % accuracy. Both FOXE1 and PAX8 gene expression patterns were also able to differentiate FA from the follicular variant of PTC-FVPTC. However, the investigated gene expression was neither associated with any clinical feature of tumor aggressiveness nor associated with recurrence or survival. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that FOXE1 and PAX8 gene expression patterns may help to diagnose thyroid nodules, identifying malignancy and characterizing follicular-patterned thyroid lesions, but are not determinants of thyroid tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Batista
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - L S Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - M A Marcello
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - M B Martins
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - K C Peres
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - C Torricelli
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - N E Bufalo
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - F A Soares
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Hospital - Antonio Prudente Foundation, Rua Professor Antônio Prudente, 211, Liberdade, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01509-010, Brazil
| | - M J da Silva
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Avenida Cândido Rondon, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-875, Brazil
| | - L V M Assumpção
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
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8
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Fernández LP, López-Márquez A, Santisteban P. Thyroid transcription factors in development, differentiation and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:29-42. [PMID: 25350068 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the thyroid transcription factors (TTFs), NKX2-1, FOXE1, PAX8 and HHEX, has considerably advanced our understanding of thyroid development, congenital thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. The TTFs are fundamental to proper formation of the thyroid gland and for maintaining the functional differentiated state of the adult thyroid; however, they are not individually required for precursor cell commitment to a thyroid fate. Although knowledge of the mechanisms involved in thyroid development has increased, the full complement of genes involved in thyroid gland specification and the signals that trigger expression of the genes that encode the TTFs remain unknown. The mechanisms involved in thyroid organogenesis and differentiation have provided clues to identifying the genes that are involved in human congenital thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Mutations in the genes that encode the TTFs, as well as polymorphisms and epigenetic modifications, have been associated with thyroid pathologies. Here, we summarize the roles of the TTFs in thyroid development and the mechanisms by which they regulate expression of the genes involved in thyroid differentiation. We also address the implications of mutations in TTFs in thyroid diseases and in diseases not related to the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara P Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Arístides López-Márquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
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9
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Penna-Martinez M, Epp F, Kahles H, Ramos-Lopez E, Hinsch N, Hansmann ML, Selkinski I, Grünwald F, Holzer K, Bechstein WO, Zeuzem S, Vorländer C, Badenhoop K. FOXE1 association with differentiated thyroid cancer and its progression. Thyroid 2014; 24:845-51. [PMID: 24325646 PMCID: PMC4026307 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near thyroid transcription factor genes (FOXE1 rs965513/NKX2-1 rs944289) have been shown to be associated with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in Caucasoid populations. We investigated the role of those SNPs in German patients with DTC and also extended our analysis to tumor stages and lymphocytic infiltration of the tumors (ITL). METHODS Patients with DTC (n=243; papillary, PTC; follicular, FTC) and healthy controls (HC; n=270) were analyzed for the rs965513 and rs944289 SNPs. RESULTS The case-control analysis for rs965513 SNP showed that the genotypes "AA," "AG," and minor allele "A" were more frequent in patients with DTC than in HC (pronounced in PTC p(genotype)=0.000084, p(allele)=0.006 than FTC p(genotype)=0.29 and p(allele)=0.06). Furthermore, subgroup analysis of the DTC patients stratified for primary tumor stage (T1-T2, T3-T4), the absence or presence of regional lymph node metastases (N0, N1), for distant metastases (M0, M1), as well as for ITL, showed an association of rs965513 with stages T1-T2, T1-T3, N1, and absence of ITL. The NKX2-1 SNP rs944289, however, was not associated with DTC. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that the FOXE1 rs965513 SNP confers an increased risk for DTC in the German population, particularly allele "A" and the genotypes "AA" and "AG" for PTC. This increased risk was also observed in advanced tumor stages and absence of ITL, which may reflect the course of a more aggressive disease. The NKX2-1 rs944289 SNP, however, appears to play a secondary role in the development of DTC in the German population.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/secondary
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma/secondary
- Carcinoma, Papillary
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Genetic Association Studies
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Germany
- Hospitals, University
- Humans
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Staging
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary
- Thyroid Gland/immunology
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/immunology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/secondary
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Penna-Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Friederike Epp
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heinrich Kahles
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Ramos-Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nora Hinsch
- Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ivan Selkinski
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Grünwald
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Holzer
- Department of Surgery, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolf O. Bechstein
- Department of Surgery, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Badenhoop
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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10
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Zhu H, Xi Q, Liu L, Wang J, Gu M. Quantitative assessment of common genetic variants on FOXE1 and differentiated thyroid cancer risk. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87332. [PMID: 24489898 PMCID: PMC3906140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box E1 encodes the transcription factor FOXE1 (or TTF-2), which together with Homeobox protein NKX2-1, PAX8 and HHEX, are pivotal proteins required for thyroid gland formation, differentiation and function. Recently, genome-wide association studies have identified FOXE1 as a thyroid cancer (TC) susceptibility gene in populations of European descent. After that, a number of studies reported that the rs965513, rs1867277, and rs71369530 polymorphism in FOXE1 has been implicated in TC risk. However, the causal variants remain unknown. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis of 9,828 TC cases and 109,995 controls from 14 case–control studies was performed. Overall, significant results were observed for rs965513 (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.59–1.85, P<10−5), rs1867277 (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.51–1.78, P<10−5) and rs71369530 (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.66–2.44, P<10−5) polymorphism. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, we found that rs965513 polymorphism confer high risk for Caucasians with per-allele OR of 1.80 (95% CI: 1.69–1.92, P<10−5) compared to East Asians of 1.35 (95% CI: 1.09–1.67, P = 0.006). There was strong evidence of heterogeneity, which largely disappeared after stratification by ethnicity. In the subgroup analysis by sample size, and study design, significantly increased risks were found for the polymorphism. In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrated that common variations of FOXE1 are a risk factor associated with increased TC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zhu
- Department of Endocrine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xi
- Department of Endocrine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianyong Liu
- Department of Endocrine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingnan Wang
- Department of Endocrine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Gu
- Department of Endocrine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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11
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Bychkov A, Saenko V, Nakashima M, Mitsutake N, Rogounovitch T, Nikitski A, Orim F, Yamashita S. Patterns of FOXE1 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma by immunohistochemistry. Thyroid 2013; 23:817-28. [PMID: 23327367 PMCID: PMC3704107 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FOXE1, a thyroid-specific transcription factor also known as TTF-2, was recently identified as a major genetic risk factor for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Its role in thyroid carcinogenesis, however, remains unknown. The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between the FOXE1 immunohistochemical features and the clinical and genetic characteristics of PTC. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining of FOXE1 was performed in 48 PTC cases. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms immediately inside (rs1867277) or in the vicinity (rs965513) of the FOXE1 gene were genotyped by direct sequencing. Histopathological, clinical, and genetic data were included in statistical analyses. RESULTS FOXE1 exhibited cytoplasmic overexpression in tumor tissue compared to the normal counterpart (p<0.001). Both cancer and normal thyroid cells demonstrated the highest FOXE1 scores in the areas closest to the tumor border (<300 μm) compared with more distant areas (p<0.001). No differences in FOXE1 staining distributions were found between microcarcinomas and PTC of larger size, between different histopathological variants of PTC, and encapsulated and nonencapsulated tumors. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that nuclear FOXE1 expression in neoplastic cells in the vicinity of the tumor border independently associated with the genotype at rs1867277 (the dominant model of inheritance, p=0.037) and tumor multifocality (p=0.032), and with marginal significance with capsular invasion (p=0.051). CONCLUSIONS FOXE1 overexpression and translocation to the cytoplasm are phenotypic hallmarks of tumor cells suggesting that FOXE1 is involved in the pathogenesis of PTC. Nuclear FOXE1 expression in tumor cells in the vicinity of the PTC border is associated with the presence of a risk allele of rs1867277 (c.-238G>A) in the 5' untranslated region of the FOXE1 gene, as well as with pathological characteristics of PTC, suggesting possible FOXE1 involvement in the facilitation of tumor development beginning at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Bychkov
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Vladimir Saenko
- Department of Health Risk Control, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University Research Center for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatiana Rogounovitch
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Alyaksandr Nikitski
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Florence Orim
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yamashita
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Health Risk Control, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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12
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FAN YOUBEN, DING ZHENG, YANG ZHILI, DENG XIANZHAO, KANG JIE, WU BO, ZHENG QI. Expression and clinical significance of FOXE1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:123-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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13
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Molecular Analysis of TTF-1 and TTF-2 Genes in Patients with Early Onset Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:359246. [PMID: 22481925 PMCID: PMC3317125 DOI: 10.1155/2012/359246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two common variants, close from TTF-1 and TTF-2, were shown to predispose to thyroid cancer (TC) in European populations. We aimed to investigate whether TTF-1 and TTF-2 variants might contribute to TC early onset (EO). Tumor samples from eighteen patients with papillary TC (PTC), who underwent total thyroidectomy at an age of ≤21, were screened for TTF-1 and TTF-2 variants. No TTF-1 variants were documented; two novel germinal TTF-2 variants, c.200C>G (p.A67G) and c.510C>A (p.A170A), were identified in two patients. Two already described TTF-2 variants were also documented; the allelic frequency among patients was not different from that observed among controls. Moreover, RET/PTC rearrangements and the BRAFV600E mutation were identified in 5/18 and 2/18 PTCs, respectively. Thyroglobulin (TG) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) expression was found to be significantly decreased in tumors, and the lowest level of TPO expression occurred in a tumor harboring both the p.A67GTTF-2 variant and a RET/PTC3 rearrangement.
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14
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Tedelind S, Jordans S, Resemann H, Blum G, Bogyo M, Führer D, Brix K. Cathepsin B trafficking in thyroid carcinoma cells. Thyroid Res 2011; 4 Suppl 1:S2. [PMID: 21835049 PMCID: PMC3155108 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-4-s1-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cysteine peptidase cathepsin B is important in thyroid physiology by being involved in prohormone processing initiated in the follicle lumen and completed in endo-lysosomal compartments. However, cathepsin B has also been localized to the extrafollicular space in thyroid cancer tissue, and is therefore suggested to promote invasiveness and metastasis in thyroid carcinomas through e.g. extracellular matrix degradation. METHODS Transport of cathepsin B in normal thyroid epithelial and carcinoma cells was investigated through immunolocalization of endogenous cathepsin B in combination with probing protease activity. Transport analyses of cathepsin B-eGFP and its active-site mutant counterpart cathepsin B-C29A-eGFP were used to test whether intrinsic sequences of a protease influence its trafficking. RESULTS Our approach employing activity based probes, which distinguish between active and inactive cysteine proteases, demonstrated that both eGFP-tagged normal and active-site mutated cathepsin B chimeras reached the endo-lysosomal compartments of thyroid epithelial cells, thereby ruling out alterations of sorting signals by mutagenesis of the active-site cysteine. Analysis of chimeric protein trafficking further showed that GFP-tagged cathepsin B was transported to the expected compartments, i.e. endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and endo-lysosomes of normal and thyroid carcinoma cell lines. However, the active-site mutated cathepsin B chimera was mostly retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi of KTC-1 and HTh7 cells. Hence the latter, as the least polarized of the three carcinoma cell lines analyzed, exhibited severe transport defects in that it retained chimeras in pre-endolysosomal compartments. Furthermore, secretion of endogenous cathepsin B and of other cysteine peptidases, which occurs at the apical pole of normal thyroid epithelial cells, was most prominent and occurred in a non-directed fashion in thyroid carcinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Transport of endogenous and eGFP-tagged active and inactive cathepsin B in the cultured thyroid carcinoma cells reflected the distribution patterns of this protease in thyroid carcinoma tissue. Hence, our studies showed that sub-cellular localization of proteolysis is a crucial step in regulation of tissue homeostasis. We conclude that any interference with protease trafficking resulting in altered regulation of proteolytic events leads to, or is a consequence of the onset and progression of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tedelind
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center for Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Silvia Jordans
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center for Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Henrike Resemann
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center for Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Galia Blum
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig Medizinische Klinik III, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; as of June 2011: Klinik für Endokrinologie, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Bereich Forschung und Lehre im Zentrallabor, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center for Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Kimura S. Thyroid-specific transcription factors and their roles in thyroid cancer. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:710213. [PMID: 21687604 PMCID: PMC3112524 DOI: 10.4061/2011/710213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain, forkhead domain, and paired domain-containing transcription factors play a major role in development, tissue-specific gene expression, and tissue homeostasis in organs where they are expressed. Recently, their roles in stem cell and cancer biology are emerging. In the thyroid, NKX2-1, FOXE1, and PAX8 transcription factors are responsible for thyroid organogenesis and expression of thyroid-specific genes critical for thyroid hormone synthesis. In contrast to their known roles in gene regulation, thyroid development and homeostasis, their involvement in stem cell, and/or cancer biology are still elusive. In order to further understand the nature of thyroid cancer, it is critical to determine their roles in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Puppin C, Passon N, Frasca F, Vigneri R, Tomay F, Tomaciello S, Damante G. In thyroid cancer cell lines expression of periostin gene is controlled by p73 and is not related to epigenetic marks of active transcription. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34:131-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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17
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Landa I, Ruiz-Llorente S, Montero-Conde C, Inglada-Pérez L, Schiavi F, Leskelä S, Pita G, Milne R, Maravall J, Ramos I, Andía V, Rodríguez-Poyo P, Jara-Albarrán A, Meoro A, del Peso C, Arribas L, Iglesias P, Caballero J, Serrano J, Picó A, Pomares F, Giménez G, López-Mondéjar P, Castello R, Merante-Boschin I, Pelizzo MR, Mauricio D, Opocher G, Rodríguez-Antona C, González-Neira A, Matías-Guiu X, Santisteban P, Robledo M. The variant rs1867277 in FOXE1 gene confers thyroid cancer susceptibility through the recruitment of USF1/USF2 transcription factors. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000637. [PMID: 19730683 PMCID: PMC2727793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to identify genetic factors related to thyroid cancer susceptibility, we adopted a candidate gene approach. We studied tag- and putative functional SNPs in genes involved in thyroid cell differentiation and proliferation, and in genes found to be differentially expressed in thyroid carcinoma. A total of 768 SNPs in 97 genes were genotyped in a Spanish series of 615 cases and 525 controls, the former comprising the largest collection of patients with this pathology from a single population studied to date. SNPs in an LD block spanning the entire FOXE1 gene showed the strongest evidence of association with papillary thyroid carcinoma susceptibility. This association was validated in a second stage of the study that included an independent Italian series of 482 patients and 532 controls. The strongest association results were observed for rs1867277 (OR[per-allele] = 1.49; 95%CI = 1.30–1.70; P = 5.9×10−9). Functional assays of rs1867277 (NM_004473.3:c.−283G>A) within the FOXE1 5′ UTR suggested that this variant affects FOXE1 transcription. DNA-binding assays demonstrated that, exclusively, the sequence containing the A allele recruited the USF1/USF2 transcription factors, while both alleles formed a complex in which DREAM/CREB/αCREM participated. Transfection studies showed an allele-dependent transcriptional regulation of FOXE1. We propose a FOXE1 regulation model dependent on the rs1867277 genotype, indicating that this SNP is a causal variant in thyroid cancer susceptibility. Our results constitute the first functional explanation for an association identified by a GWAS and thereby elucidate a mechanism of thyroid cancer susceptibility. They also attest to the efficacy of candidate gene approaches in the GWAS era. Although follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer has an important genetic component, efforts in identifying major susceptibility genes have not been successful. Probably this is due to the complex nature of this disease that involves both genetic and environmental factors, as well as the interaction between them, which could be ultimately modulating the individual susceptibility. In this study, focused on genes carefully selected by their biological relation with the disease, and using more than 1,000 cases and 1,000 representative controls from two independent Caucasian populations, we demonstrate that FOXE1 is associated with Papillary Thyroid Cancer susceptibility. Functional assays prove that rs1867277 behaves as a genetic causal variant that regulates FOXE1 expression through a complex transcription factor network. This approach constitutes a successful approximation to define thyroid cancer risk genes related to individual susceptibility, and identifies FOXE1 as a key factor for its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Landa
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Ruiz-Llorente
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Montero-Conde
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Inglada-Pérez
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- ISCIII Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Schiavi
- Familial Cancer Clinic, Veneto Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Susanna Leskelä
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Pita
- Genotyping Unit-CEGEN, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Milne
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Maravall
- Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Andía
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Amparo Meoro
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Picó
- Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabella Merante-Boschin
- Surgical Pathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria-Rosa Pelizzo
- Surgical Pathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Didac Mauricio
- Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Opocher
- Familial Cancer Clinic, Veneto Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Antona
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- ISCIII Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Genotyping Unit-CEGEN, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (PS); (MR)
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- ISCIII Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (PS); (MR)
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18
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Smallridge RC, Marlow LA, Copland JA. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: molecular pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16:17-44. [PMID: 18987168 PMCID: PMC2829440 DOI: 10.1677/erc-08-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare malignancy. While external beam radiation therapy has improved locoregional control, the median survival of approximately 4 months has not changed in more than half a century due to uncontrolled systemic metastases. The objective of this study was to review the literature in order to identify potential new strategies for treating this highly lethal cancer. PubMed searches were the principal source of articles reviewed. The molecular pathogenesis of ATC includes mutations in BRAF, RAS, catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, PIK3CA, TP53, AXIN1, PTEN, and APC genes, and chromosomal abnormalities are common. Several microarray studies have identified genes and pathways preferentially affected, and dysregulated microRNA profiles differ from differentiated thyroid cancers. Numerous proteins involving transcription factors, signaling pathways, mitosis, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, adhesion, migration, epigenetics, and protein degradation are affected. A variety of agents have been successful in controlling ATC cell growth both in vitro and in nude mice xenografts. While many of these new compounds are in cancer clinical trials, there are few studies being conducted in ATC. With the recent increased knowledge of the many critical genes and proteins affected in ATC, and the extensive array of targeted therapies being developed for cancer patients, there are new opportunities to design clinical trials based upon tumor molecular profiling and preclinical studies of potentially synergistic combinatorial novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Smallridge
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
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19
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Gudmundsson J, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Jonasson JG, Sigurdsson A, Bergthorsson JT, He H, Blondal T, Geller F, Jakobsdottir M, Magnusdottir DN, Matthiasdottir S, Stacey SN, Skarphedinsson OB, Helgadottir H, Li W, Nagy R, Aguillo E, Faure E, Prats E, Saez B, Martinez M, Eyjolfsson GI, Bjornsdottir US, Holm H, Kristjansson K, Frigge ML, Kristvinsson H, Gulcher JR, Jonsson T, Rafnar T, Hjartarsson H, Mayordomo JI, de la Chapelle A, Hrafnkelsson J, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Stefansson K. Common variants on 9q22.33 and 14q13.3 predispose to thyroid cancer in European populations. Nat Genet 2009; 41:460-4. [PMID: 19198613 DOI: 10.1038/ng.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to search for sequence variants conferring risk of thyroid cancer we conducted a genome-wide association study in 192 and 37,196 Icelandic cases and controls, respectively, followed by a replication study in individuals of European descent. Here we show that two common variants, located on 9q22.33 and 14q13.3, are associated with the disease. Overall, the strongest association signals were observed for rs965513 on 9q22.33 (OR = 1.75; P = 1.7 x 10(-27)) and rs944289 on 14q13.3 (OR = 1.37; P = 2.0 x 10(-9)). The gene nearest to the 9q22.33 locus is FOXE1 (TTF2) and NKX2-1 (TTF1) is among the genes located at the 14q13.3 locus. Both variants contribute to an increased risk of both papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Approximately 3.7% of individuals are homozygous for both variants, and their estimated risk of thyroid cancer is 5.7-fold greater than that of noncarriers. In a study on a large sample set from the general population, both risk alleles are associated with low concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and the 9q22.33 allele is associated with low concentration of thyroxin (T(4)) and high concentration of triiodothyronine (T(3)).
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20
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Samija I, Matesa N, Lukac J, Kusic Z. Thyroid fine-needle aspiration samples inadequate for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Cancer 2008; 114:187-95. [PMID: 18404696 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of different tumor markers by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in fine-needle aspiration samples of thyroid nodules has been studied with the objective of improving the accuracy of the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid lesions. The aim of the current study was to investigate thyroid fine-needle aspiration samples inadequate for RT-PCR analysis and to determine whether there is a correlation between their proportion and the method of sampling used or the greatest dimension of the nodules. METHODS A total of 350 fine-needle aspiration samples from patients with thyroid nodules were analyzed. After the aspirate was smeared for conventional cytology, the leftover material in the needle was used for RT-PCR analysis in 1 group of 175 patients. In another group of 175 patients, a separate puncture was performed to obtain material for RT-PCR analysis only. Samples were considered adequate for RT-PCR analysis if the expression of both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and thyroglobulin was found by RT-PCR. RESULTS In total, 61 (17.4%) samples inadequate for RT-PCR were detected. All 12 samples that were inadequate for cytologic diagnosis were also found to be inadequate for RT-PCR analysis. The proportion of inadequate samples for RT-PCR was found to be significantly higher in samples taken from leftover material in the needle (21.7%) then in samples from a separate puncture (13.1%) (P = .049). No statistically significant correlation between the adequacy of samples for RT-PCR and the largest dimension of the nodule was found. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of samples inadequate for RT-PCR was found to be higher in samples taken from leftover material in the needle than in samples obtained from a separate puncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Samija
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital "Sestre milosrdnice," Zagreb, Croatia.
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21
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Nonaka D, Tang Y, Chiriboga L, Rivera M, Ghossein R. Diagnostic utility of thyroid transcription factors Pax8 and TTF-2 (FoxE1) in thyroid epithelial neoplasms. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:192-200. [PMID: 18084247 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3801002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-specific transcription factors, Pax8, TTF-1, and TTF-2, are crucial for thyroid organogenesis and differentiation. Compared with TTF-1, the other two markers have scarcely been investigated in surgical pathology. The goal of this study is to evaluate the expressions of these markers in thyroid tumors of the full spectrum of differentiation, with special emphasis on anaplastic carcinomas. A total of 94 cases of thyroid neoplasms were studied: 17 papillary carcinomas, 18 follicular adenomas, 16 follicular carcinomas, 7 poorly differentiated carcinomas, 28 anaplastic carcinomas, and 8 medullary carcinomas. Immunostains for these three markers were performed. The antibodies to Pax8 and TTF-2 were also applied on 147 lung carcinomas as well as a variety of normal tissues and malignant tumors. All three markers were seen in papillary carcinomas, follicular adenomas and carcinomas, and poorly differentiated carcinomas in a diffuse manner, whereas their expressions in medullary carcinomas were variable. Pax8 was expressed in 79% of anaplastic carcinomas to a variable extent, whereas TTF-1 and TTF-2 were seen only in 18 and 7% of anaplastic carcinomas, respectively. TTF-2 was negative in all other neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues including those of the lung. Pax8 was expressed in renal tubules, fallopian tubes, ovarian inclusion cysts, and lymphoid follicles as well as renal carcinoma, nephroblastoma, seminoma, and ovarian carcinoma, but not in normal tissue and carcinomas of the lung. Pax8 is a useful marker for the diagnosis of anaplastic carcinomas, particularly when the differential diagnosis includes pulmonary carcinoma. In differentiated thyroid neoplasms, no significant difference in expression was seen in all the three transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nonaka
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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22
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Zhang P, Zuo H, Nakamura Y, Nakamura M, Wakasa T, Kakudo K. Immunohistochemical analysis of thyroid-specific transcription factors in thyroid tumors. Pathol Int 2006; 56:240-5. [PMID: 16669872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2006.01959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1), thyroid transcription factor 2 (TTF2) and paired box gene 8 (Pax8) are demonstrated to play a crucial role for the differentiation and organogenesis of thyroid follicular cells. Their roles in thyroid carcinogenesis are not very clear. Because dedifferentiation is a common process in thyroid carcinogenesis, thyroid-specific transcription factors seem also to be involving in thyroid carcinogenesis. The purpose of the present paper was to investigate their expression in a broad spectrum of follicular cell tumors in different degrees of differentiation, from well-differentiated benign follicular adenoma to anaplastic carcinoma. Medullary (C cell) carcinoma was also included in the investigation. Results of immunohistochemical staining showed that nuclear localization of these transcription factors was gradually decreased corresponding to the progressive dedifferentiation of thyroid tumors. Also, abnormal cytoplasmic accumulation of TTF2 and Pax8 was detected in many tumors samples, which may indicate a subtle regulation mechanism on the function of these transcription factors. In conclusion, abnormal expression of TTF1, TTF2 and Pax8 was closely related to thyroid tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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23
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Venza M, Visalli M, Venza I, Torino C, Saladino R, Teti D. FOXE1 gene mutation screening by multiplex PCR/DHPLC in CHARGE syndrome and syndromic and non-syndromic cleft palate. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 836:39-46. [PMID: 16584930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) has established itself as one of the most powerful tools for DNA variation screening. FOXE1, a highly GC-rich gene involved in syndromic cleft palate, is under investigation in thyroid dysgenesis, nonsyndromic cleft palate and squamous cell carcinoma. A technique for fast and simultaneous detection of sequence variants in the entire coding region of the FOXEl gene based on multiplex PCR/DHPLC is presented here. Given its characteristics of high sensitivity and rapidity, the testing strategy developed by us appears to be a reliable approach for FOXE1 analysis in the screening of a large population at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Venza
- Department of Odontostomatology, University of Messina, Italy
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24
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Sequeira M, Al-Khafaji F, Park S, Lewis MD, Wheeler MH, Chatterjee VKK, Jasani B, Ludgate M. Production and application of polyclonal antibody to human thyroid transcription factor 2 reveals thyroid transcription factor 2 protein expression in adult thyroid and hair follicles and prepubertal testis. Thyroid 2003; 13:927-32. [PMID: 14611701 DOI: 10.1089/105072503322511328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in thyroid transcription factor 2 (TTF2) cause thyroid agenesis, spiky hair, and cleft palate, indicating thyroidal and extrathyroidal expression. We sought to investigate this by producing and applying an antibody to human TTF2. The coding region of human TTF2 was cloned into a bacterial expression vector, production of the soluble TTF2 protein optimized, and pure TTF2 obtained by nickel chromatography. Rabbits were immunized and the resulting TTF2 polyclonal titrated on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of thyroid. The optimized protocol was applied to a range of tissues. Nine milligrams of TTF2 protein was obtained per liter of culture and a high-titer antibody produced. This displayed specific staining of thyroid follicular cell nuclei/cytoplasm and not of the interstitium, connective tissue, smooth muscle, or endothelium. No staining was obtained with the preimmune serum in the same conditions, or with the majority of other tissues tested with the TTF2 polyclonal. The exceptions were testis and skin, in which nuclear TTF2 immunoreactivity was present in the seminiferous tubules and cells in the follicular outer root sheath, respectively. In conclusion, we have produced a polyclonal antibody for human TTF2 and demonstrated immunoreactivity for this transcription factor in adult human thyroid and hair follicles and prepubertal testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melwyn Sequeira
- Department of Medicine (EMD Section), University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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