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Hanson HM, Willkomm NA, Yang H, Mansky LM. Human Retrovirus Genomic RNA Packaging. Viruses 2022; 14:1094. [PMID: 35632835 PMCID: PMC9142903 DOI: 10.3390/v14051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two non-covalently linked copies of the retrovirus genome are specifically recruited to the site of virus particle assembly and packaged into released particles. Retroviral RNA packaging requires RNA export of the unspliced genomic RNA from the nucleus, translocation of the genome to virus assembly sites, and specific interaction with Gag, the main viral structural protein. While some aspects of the RNA packaging process are understood, many others remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an update on recent advancements in understanding the mechanism of RNA packaging for retroviruses that cause disease in humans, i.e., HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-1, as well as advances in the understanding of the details of genomic RNA nuclear export, genome translocation to virus assembly sites, and genomic RNA dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Hanson
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.A.W.); (H.Y.)
| | - Nora A. Willkomm
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.A.W.); (H.Y.)
- DDS-PhD Dual Degree Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Huixin Yang
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.A.W.); (H.Y.)
- Comparative Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA
| | - Louis M. Mansky
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.A.W.); (H.Y.)
- DDS-PhD Dual Degree Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Comparative Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Baig TT, Strong CL, Lodmell JS, Lanchy JM. Regulation of primate lentiviral RNA dimerization by structural entrapment. Retrovirology 2008; 5:65. [PMID: 18637186 PMCID: PMC2494553 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic RNA dimerization is an important process in the formation of an infectious lentiviral particle. One of the signals involved is the stem-loop 1 (SL1) element located in the leader region of lentiviral genomic RNAs which also plays a role in encapsidation and reverse transcription. Recent studies revealed that HIV types 1 and 2 leader RNAs adopt different conformations that influence the presentation of RNA signals such as SL1. To determine whether common mechanisms of SL1 regulation exist among divergent lentiviral leader RNAs, here we compare the dimerization properties of SIVmac239, HIV-1, and HIV-2 leader RNA fragments using homologous constructs and experimental conditions. Prior studies from several groups have employed a variety of constructs and experimental conditions. RESULTS Although some idiosyncratic differences in the dimerization details were observed, we find unifying principles in the regulation strategies of the three viral RNAs through long- and short-range base pairing interactions. Presentation and efficacy of dimerization through SL1 depends strongly upon the formation or dissolution of the lower stem of SL1 called stem B. SL1 usage may also be down-regulated by long-range interactions involving sequences between SL1 and the first codons of the gag gene. CONCLUSION Despite their sequence differences, all three lentiviral RNAs tested in this study showed a local regulation of dimerization through the stabilization of SL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyba T Baig
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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