Clinical and laboratory features predicting a favorable outcome and allowing early discharge in cancer patients with low-risk febrile neutropenia: a literature review

Prognostic factors for risk stratification of adult cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia patients are heterogeneous in their risk of adverse outcomes. Management strategies are tailored according to level of risk. Many emerging predictors for risk stratification remain controversial being based on single studies only. A systematic review was conducted to determine the strength of association of all identified predictors. Studies were obtained from electronic databases, grey literatures and reference lists. Methodological quality of studies was assessed for internal validity and representativeness. Seven studies (four prospective and three retrospective cohorts) investigating 22 factors were reported. Fixed effects meta-analysis showed: hypotension and thrombocytopenia were significant predictors for high-risk. Additional predictors that might enhance performance of current models include: tachypnoea, presence of central venous catheter, duration and severity of neutropenia. Further research to investigate new factors/markers is needed to develop a robust prognostic model, which is the key to enhance patient safety.

Antimicrobial prophylaxis and outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in adults treated for malignancy: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline

PURPOSE

To provide guidelines on antimicrobial prophylaxis for adult neutropenic oncology outpatients and on selection and treatment as outpatients of those with fever and neutropenia.

METHODS

A literature search identified relevant studies published in English. Primary outcomes included: development of fever and/or infections in afebrile neutropenic outpatients and recovery without complications and overall mortality in febrile neutropenic outpatients. Secondary outcomes included: in afebrile neutropenic outpatients, infection-related mortality; in outpatients with fever and neutropenia, defervescence without regimen change, time to defervescence, infectious complications, and recurrent fever; and in both groups, hospital admissions, duration, and adverse effects of antimicrobials. An Expert Panel developed guidelines based on extracted data and informal consensus.

RESULTS

Forty-seven articles from 43 studies met selection criteria.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis are only recommended for patients expected to have < 100 neutrophils/μL for > 7 days, unless other factors increase risks for complications or mortality to similar levels. Inpatient treatment is standard to manage febrile neutropenic episodes, although carefully selected patients may be managed as outpatients after systematic assessment beginning with a validated risk index (eg, Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer [MASCC] score or Talcott's rules). Patients with MASCC scores ≥ 21 or in Talcott group 4, and without other risk factors, can be managed safely as outpatients. Febrile neutropenic patients should receive initial doses of empirical antibacterial therapy within an hour of triage and should either be monitored for at least 4 hours to determine suitability for outpatient management or be admitted to the hospital. An oral fluoroquinolone plus amoxicillin/clavulanate (or plus clindamycin if penicillin allergic) is recommended as empiric therapy, unless fluoroquinolone prophylaxis was used before fever developed.

Parental perspectives on inpatient versus outpatient management of pediatric febrile neutropenia

To describe parent preference for treatment of febrile neutropenia and the key drivers of parental decision making, structured face-to-face interviews were used to elicit parent preferences for inpatient versus outpatient management of pediatric febrile neutropenia. Parents were presented with 4 different scenarios and asked to indicate which treatment option they preferred and to describe reasons for this preference during the face-to-face interview. Comments were recorded in writing by research assistants. A consensus approach to thematic analysis was used to identify themes from the written comments of the research assistants. A total of 155 parents participated in the study. Of these, 80 (51.6%) parents identified hospital-based intravenous treatment as the most preferred treatment scenario for febrile neutropenia. The major themes identified included convenience/disruptiveness, physical health, emotional well-being, and modifiers of parental decision making. Most parents preferred hospital-based treatment for febrile neutropenia. An understanding of issues that influence parental decision making may assist health care workers in planning program implementation and further support families in their decision-making process.

Discrete choice experiment produced estimates of acceptable risks of therapeutic options in cancer patients with febrile neutropenia

OBJECTIVE

To use a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to describe patient/proxy tolerance for the number of clinic visits, and chances of readmission, intensive care unit admission, and mortality to accept oral outpatient management of low-risk febrile neutropenia.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Adults and children aged 12-18 years with cancer and parents of pediatric cancer patients were asked to choose between outpatient oral and inpatient intravenous management of low-risk febrile neutropenia. Using a DCE, we varied the attribute levels with the outpatient option and kept them constant for the inpatient option.

RESULTS

Seventy-eight adults, 153 parents, and 43 children provided responses. All four attributes significantly affected choices. The mean tolerance (95% confidence interval) for the number of clinic visits per week was 3.6 (2.2-4.8), 2.1 (1.1-3.2), and 4.3 (2.5-6.0) to accept outpatient management among adults, parents, and children, respectively. With thrice weekly clinic visits and 7.5% chance of readmission, probabilities of accepting the outpatient strategy were 50% (44-54%) for adults, 43% (39-48%) for parents, and 53% (46-59%) for children.

CONCLUSION

Using a DCE, we determined that a 7.5% chance of readmission and clinic visits more frequently than thrice weekly are unlikely to be acceptable.

Prognostic factors for risk stratification of adult cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Increasing numbers of studies identify new prognostic factors for categorising chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia adult cancer patients into high- or low-risk groups for adverse outcomes. These groupings are used to tailor therapy according to level of risk. However many emerging factors with prognostic significance remain controversial, being based on single studies only.

OBJECTIVES

A systematic review was conducted to determine the strength of association of all identified factors associated with the outcomes of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia patients.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

The participants included were adults of 15 years old and above, with a cancer diagnosis and who underwent cancer treatment.The review focused on clinical factors and their association with the outcomes of cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia at presentation of fever.All quantitative studies published in English which investigated clinical factors for risk stratification of adult cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia were considered.The primary outcome of interest was to identify the clinical factors for risk stratification of adult cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia.

SEARCH STRATEGY

Electronic databases searched from their respective inception date up to December 2011 include MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, Science-Direct, Scopus and Mednar.

METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY

The quality of the included studies was subjected to assessment by two independent reviewers. The standardised critical appraisal tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) was used to assess the following criteria: representativeness of study population; clearly defined prognostic factors and outcomes; whether potential confounders were addressed and appropriate statistical analysis was undertaken for the study design.

DATA COLLECTION

Data extraction was performed using a modified version of the standardised extraction tool from the JBI-MAStARI. Prognostic factors and the accompanying odds ratio reported for the significance of these factors that were identified by multivariate regression, were extracted from each included study.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Studies results were pooled in statistical meta-analysis using Review Manager 5.1. Where statistical pooling was not possible, the findings were presented in narrative form.

RESULTS

Seven studies (four prospective cohort and three retrospective cohort) investigating 22 factors in total were included. Fixed effects meta-analysis showed: hypotension [OR=1.66, 95%CI, 1.14-2.41, p=0.008] and thrombocytopenia [OR=3.92, 95%CI, 2.19-7.01, p<0.00001)] were associated with high-risk of adverse outcomes for febrile neutropenia. Other factors that were statistically significant from single studies included: age of patients, clinical presentation at fever onset, presence or absence of co-morbidities, infections, duration and severity of neutropenia state. Five prognostic factors failed to demonstrate an association between the variables and the outcomes measured and they include: presence of pneumonia, total febrile days, median days to fever, recovery from neutropenia and presence of moderate clinical symptoms in association with Gram-negative bacteraemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the overall limitations identified in the included studies, this review has provided a synthesis of the best available evidence for the prognostic factors used in risk stratification of febrile neutropenia patients. However, the dynamic aspects of prognostic model development, validation and utilisation have not been addressed adequately thus far. Given the findings of this review, it is timely to address these issues and improve the utilisation of prognostic models in the management of febrile neutropenia patients.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

The identified factors are similar to the factors in current prognostic models. However, additional factors that were reported to be statistically significant in this review (thrombocytopenia, presence of central venous catheter, and duration and severity of neutropenia) have not previously been included in prognostic models. This review has found these factors may improve the performance of current models by adding or replacing some of the factors.

IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH

The role of risk stratification of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia patients continues to evolve as the practice of risk-based therapy has been demonstrated to be beneficial to patients, clinicians and health care organisations. Further research to identify new factors /markers is needed to develop a new model which is reliable and accurate for these patients, regardless of cancer types. A robust and well-validated prognostic model is the key to enhance patient safety in the risk-based management of cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia.

Health-related quality of life anticipated with different management strategies for paediatric febrile neutropaenia

Background:

To describe (1) anticipated health-related quality of life during different strategies for febrile neutropaenia (FN) management and (2) attributes of those preferring inpatient management.

Methods:

Respondents were parents of children 0–18 years and children 12–18 years receiving cancer treatment. Anticipated health-related quality of life was elicited for four different FN management strategies: entire inpatient, early discharge, outpatient oral and outpatient intravenous (i.v.) therapy. Tools used to measure health-related quality of life were visual analogue scale (VAS), willingness to pay and time trade off.

Results:

A total of 155 parents and 43 children participated. For parents, median VAS scores were highest for early discharge (5.9, interquartile range 4.4–7.2) and outpatient i.v. (5.9, interquartile range 4.4–7.3). For children, median scores were highest for early discharge (6.1, interquartile range 4.6–7.2). In contrast, the most commonly preferred strategy for parents and children was inpatient in 55.0% and 37.2%, respectively. Higher current child health-related quality of life was associated with a stronger preference for outpatient management.

Conclusion:

Early discharge and outpatient i.v. management are associated with higher anticipated health-related quality of life, although the most commonly preferred strategy was inpatient care. This data may help with determining more cost-effective strategies for paediatric FN.

Infections in Patients with Febrile Neutropenia: Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Risk Stratification

Determinations of the type and setting of empirical therapy for immunocompromised patients with fever are complicated by the characteristics of the underlying illness and the effects of treatments already received, as well as by changing microbiological patterns and trends in drug resistance at national and institutional levels. Several systems have been proposed to distinguish patients who could benefit from outpatient antibiotic therapy from patients who require hospitalization. Practical considerations may decide whether the necessary monitoring during the period of neutropenia can be achieved.

Inpatient versus outpatient management of low-risk pediatric febrile neutropenia: measuring parents' and healthcare professionals' preferences

PURPOSE

Our primary objective was to describe and compare parents' and healthcare professionals' strength of preference scores for outpatient oral antibiotic relative to inpatient parenteral antibiotic treatment for low-risk febrile neutropenic children. Our secondary objective was to identify predictors of strength of preference for oral outpatient treatment.

METHODS

Respondents were parents of children receiving cancer chemotherapy, and pediatric oncology healthcare professionals. First, the inpatient and outpatient options were described, and the respondent indicated their initially preferred option. The respondent next ranked how important seven factors (including "fear/anxiety" and "comfort") were in making their initial choice. The threshold technique was then used to elicit the respondent's strength of preference score for oral outpatient, relative to parenteral inpatient management.

RESULTS

There were 75 parent and 42 healthcare-professional respondents. There was no significant difference (P =.08) in the proportions of parents (40 of 75; 53%) and healthcare professionals (30 of 42; 71%) who initially would choose outpatient management. For parents, stronger preference for oral outpatient therapy was associated with higher anticipated quality of life for the parent and child at home relative to hospital, lower importance rank for "fear/anxiety," and higher importance rank for "comfort." Conversely, for professionals, only lower importance rank for "fear/anxiety" was associated with higher strength of preference scores for outpatient oral antibiotic management.

CONCLUSION

Only 53% of parents would choose outpatient oral antibiotic management for low-risk febrile neutropenia. Predictors of strength of preference scores for outpatient oral antibiotic relative to inpatient parenteral antibiotic treatment differed between parent and professional respondents.

Children with cancer, fever, and treatment-induced neutropenia: risk factors associated with illness requiring the administration of critical care therapies

OBJECTIVES

To identify clinical and laboratory characteristics of pediatric patients with cancer, fever, and treatment-induced neutropenia, available at existing at initial presentation, that are independently associated with the development of illnesses requiring administration of critical care therapies.

METHODS

We retrospectively collected historical, clinical, and laboratory data on initial presentation for all pediatric (younger than 18 years) cancer patients admitted for fever and treatment-induced neutropenia at our institution over a 5-year period. The outcome variable was the need for administration of a critical care therapy within 24 hours of admission. A multivariable analysis was performed and internally validated using bootstrap analysis.

RESULTS

We identified 303 events in 143 patients, of which 36 (11.9%) received a critical care therapy. Higher temperature at presentation and capillary filling time (CFT) of >3 seconds retained significance in the multivariable analysis and were validated by the bootstrap analysis. The positive and negative predictive values of the presence of either temperature of > or =39.5 degrees C or CFT of >3 seconds were 35% and 91%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Pediatric patients with cancer, fever, and treatment-induced neutropenia who present with higher fever or prolonged CFT are at increased risk of developing life-threatening illnesses requiring administration of critical care therapies, independent of hematologic factors, type of cancer, or other physiologic signs of sepsis.

Treatment of febrile neutropenia: what is new?

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

To identify the more recent challenges in the treatment of patients with febrile neutropenia following antineoplastic chemotherapy or bone marrow transplant published in the English language in the period late 2000-early 2002 regarding: changes in etiology of bacteremia in neutropenic patients; new options for initial empirical antibacterial therapy; factors associated with the risk of developing infection in cancer patients; prediction of prognosis in febrile neutropenia; oral therapy; need for a specific anti-Gram-positive coverage in persistently febrile and neutropenic patients.

RECENT FINDINGS

Findings may be summarized according with the identified topics as follows: many centers are reporting an increase in the incidence of Gram-negative bacteremias; piperacillin-tazobactam could be safely administered as monotherapy of febrile neutropenia; congenital factors and intensity of chemotherapy and other medical interventions, such as antifungal prophylaxis, are recognized as of increasing importance in the determination of infectious risk; it is now possible to identify patients with a good prognosis (low risk) by means of validated scoring systems; oral therapy is feasible in low risk patients; the empirical addition of a glycopeptide in persistently febrile neutropenic patients is not indicated.

SUMMARY

Many of the identified points may have a great impact in the daily management of febrile granulocytopenic patients. However, all recent epidemiological and therapeutical studies underline the absoloute need for the knowledge of the pattern of infecting organisms in each center.

Evolving concepts of management of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer

BACKGROUND

Recent investigations of febrile neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients have identified subsets of low-risk patients who can be managed with less antibiotic therapy than previously recommended standards.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

PubMed and Medline were searched for prospective trials and reviews of febrile neutropenia in children. Magnitude and duration of fever and neutropenia, comorbidities, and therapeutic strategies were examined.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven prospective trials and five reviews were identified. The child with cancer and low-risk febrile neutropenia is clinically well and afebrile within 24-96 hr of antibiotic therapy and has evidence of marrow recovery with a rising phagocyte count. Disqualifying comorbidities include leukemia at diagnosis or in relapse, uncontrolled cancer, age under 1 year, medical condition(s) that would otherwise require hospitalization and social or economic conditions that may potentially compromise access to care or compliance. Therapeutic strategies include parenteral or oral antibiotics in the hospital with early discharge or parenteral antibiotics in the outpatient setting followed by oral or parenteral therapy and daily reassessment. Although as many as 25% of low-risk patients require modification of therapy and/or hospitalization, life-threatening or fatal infection is exceptional.

CONCLUSION

One-third to one-half the children with febrile neutropenia are at low-risk of serious infection. In the context of clinic trials, they can be safely managed with inpatient or outpatient strategies that maintain close follow-up and reduce the burden of antibiotic therapy. Adoption of these alternative strategies as the standard of care should proceed with caution guided by written protocols.