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Arzola-Alvarez C, Hume ME, Anderson RC, Latham EA, Ruiz-Barrera O, Castillo-Castillo Y, Olivas-Palacios AL, Felix-Portillo M, Armendariz-Rivas RL, Arzola-Rubio A, Ontiveros-Magadan M, Bautista-Martínez Y, Salinas-Chavira J. Influence of sodium chlorate, ferulic acid, and essential oils on Escherichia coli and porcine fecal microbiota. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5739119. [PMID: 32064520 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of sodium chlorate (SC), ferulic acid (FA), and essential oils (EO) was examined on the survivability of two porcine diarrhetic enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains (F18 and K88) and populations of porcine fecal bacteria. Fecal bacterial populations were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and identification by 16S gene sequencing. The treatments were control (no additives), 10 mM SC, 2.5 mg FA /mL, a 1.5% vol/vol solution of an EO mixture as well as mixtures of EO + SC, EO + FA, and FA + SC at each of the aforementioned concentrations. EO were a commercial blend of oregano oil and cinnamon oil with water and citric acid. Freshly collected porcine feces in half-strength Mueller Hinton broth was inoculated with E. coli F18 (Trial 1) or E. coli K88 (Trial 2). The fecal-E. coli suspensions were transferred to crimp top tubes preloaded with the treatment compounds. Quantitative enumeration was at 0, 6, and 24 h. All treatments reduced (P < 0.05) the counts of E. coli F18 at 6 and 24 h. With the exception of similarity coefficient (%SC), all the other treatments reduced (P < 0.05) the K88 counts at 24 h. The most effective treatments to reduce the F18 and K88 CFU numbers were those containing EO. Results of DGGE revealed that Dice percentage similarity coefficients (%SC) of bacterial profiles among treatment groups varied from 81.3% to 100%SC. The results of gene sequencing showed that, except for SC at 24 h, all the other treatments reduced the counts of the family Enterobacteriaceae, while Lactobacillaceae and Ruminococcaceae increased and Clostridiaceae decreased in all treatments. In conclusion, all treatments were effective in reducing the ETEC, but EO mixture was the most effective. The porcine microbial communities may be influenced by the studied treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Arzola-Alvarez
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Michael E Hume
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX
| | - Robin C Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX
| | | | - Oscar Ruiz-Barrera
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Yamicela Castillo-Castillo
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Ana Luisa Olivas-Palacios
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Monserrath Felix-Portillo
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Ruth L Armendariz-Rivas
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Arzola-Rubio
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Marina Ontiveros-Magadan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Yuridia Bautista-Martínez
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Medicine Veterinary and Animal Science, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Jaime Salinas-Chavira
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Medicine Veterinary and Animal Science, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas, Mexico
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Arzola-Alavarez C, Castillo-Castillo Y, Anderson RC, Hume ME, Ruiz-Barrera O, Min BR, Arzola-Rubio A, Beier RC, Salinas-Chavira J. Influence of Pine Bark Tannin on Bacterial Pathogens Growth and Nitrogen Compounds on Changes in Composted Poultry Litter. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Crossland WL, Callaway TR, Tedeschi LO. Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli and Ruminant Diets. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Copado R, Arzola C, Epps SVR, Rodriguez-Almeida F, Ruiz O, Rodriguez-Muela C, Castillo YC, Corral-Luna A, Salinas J. Effect of repeated suboptimal chlorate treatment on ruminal and fecal bacterial diversity. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1588-92. [PMID: 25198852 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The minimal effective dose of sodium chlorate as an intervention to reduce the carriage of pathogenic bacteria in food-producing animals has not been clearly established. The effect of low-level oral chlorate administration to ewes was assessed by comparing the diversity of prominent bacterial populations in their gastrointestinal tract. Twelve lactating crossed Pelibuey and Blackbelly-Dorper ewes (average body weight, 65 kg) were randomly assigned (four per treatment) to receive a control treatment (TC; consisting of 3 g of NaCl per animal per day) or one of two chlorate treatments (T3 or T9; consisting of 1.8 or 5.4 g of NaClO3 per animal per day, respectively). Treatments were administered twice daily via oral gavage for 5 days. Ruminal and fecal samples were collected daily, starting 3 days before and ending 6 days after treatment, and were subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence amplified from total population DNA. For ruminal microbes, percent similarity coefficients (SCs) between groups varied from 23.0 to 67.5% and from 39.4 to 43.3% during pretreatment and treatment periods, respectively. During the treatment period, SCs within groups ranged from 39.4 to 90.3%, 43.3 to 86.7%, and 67.5 to 92.4% for TC, T3, and T9, respectively. For fecal microbes, SCs between groups varied from 38.0 to 85.2% and 38.0 to 94.2% during pretreatment and treatment periods, respectively. SCs for fecal populations during treatment were most varied for TC (38.0 to 67.9%), intermediate for T9 (75.6 to 92.0%), and least varied for T3 (80.6 to 90.6%). Heterogeneity within and between groups provided no evidence of an effect of chlorate treatment on ruminal or fecal microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Copado
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 66451, Mexico
| | - C Arzola
- Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31203, Mexico.
| | - S V R Epps
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Bioscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | | | - O Ruiz
- Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31203, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - J Salinas
- Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87000, Mexico
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Arzola C, Copado R, Epps SVRP, Rodriguez-Almeida F, Ruiz-Barrera O, Rodriguez-Muela C, Corral-Luna A, Castillo-Castillo Y, Diaz-Plascencia D. Effects of repeated-low level sodium chlorate administration on ruminal and fecal coliforms in sheep. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:966-970. [PMID: 25310812 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.951585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral sodium chlorate administration on reducing total coliform populations in ewes. A 30% sodium chlorate product or a sodium chloride placebo was administered to twelve lactating Dorper X Blackbelly or Pelibuey crossbred ewes averaging 65 kg body weight. The ewes were adapted to diet and management. Ewes were randomly assigned (4/treatment) to one of three treatments which were administered twice daily by oral gavage for five consecutive days: a control (TC) consisting of 3 g sodium chloride/animal/d, a T3 treatment consisting of 1.8 g of sodium chlorate/animal/d, and a T9 treatment consisting of 5.4 g sodium chlorate/animal/d; the latter was intended to approximate a lowest known effective dose. Ruminal samples collected by stomach tube and freshly voided fecal samples were collected daily beginning 3 days before treatment initiation and for 6 days thereafter. Contents were cultured quantitatively to enumerate total coliforms. There were no significant differences in total coliform numbers (log10 cfu/g) in the feces between treatments (P = 0.832). There were differences (P < 0.02) in ruminal coliform counts (log10 cfu/mL) between treatments (4.1, 4.3 and 5.0 log10/mL contents in TC, T3 and T9 Treatments, respectively) which tended to increase from the beginning of treatment until the 5th day of treatment (P < 0.05). Overall, we did not obtain the expected results with oral administration of sodium chloride at the applied doses. By comparing the trends in coliform populations in the rumen contents in all treatments, there was an increase over the days. The opposite trend occurred in the feces, due mainly to differences among rumen contents and feces in ewes administered the T9 treatment (P = 0.06). These results suggest that the low chlorate doses used here were suboptimal for the control of coliforms in the gastrointestinal tract of ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Arzola
- a College of Animal Science and Ecology , Autonomous University of Chihuahua , Chihuahua , Chih. , Mexico
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Oliver CE, Magelky BK, Bauer ML, Cheng FC, Caton JS, Hakk H, Larsen GL, Anderson RC, Smith DJ. Fate of chlorate present in cattle wastes and its impact on Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:6573-6583. [PMID: 18605736 DOI: 10.1021/jf801007u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chlorate salts are being developed as a feed additive to reduce the numbers of pathogens in feedlot cattle. A series of studies was conducted to determine whether chlorate, at concentrations expected to be excreted in urine of dosed cattle, would also reduce the populations of pathogens in cattle wastes (a mixture of urine and feces) and to determine the fate of chlorate in cattle wastes. Chlorate salts present in a urine-manure-soil mixture at 0, 17, 33, and 67 ppm had no significant effect on the rates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Salmonella Typhimurium inactivation from batch cultures. Chlorate was rapidly degraded when incubated at 20 and 30 degrees C with half-lives of 0.1 to 4 days. Chlorate degradation in batch cultures was slowest at 5 degrees C with half-lives of 2.9 to 30 days. The half-life of 100 ppm chlorate in an artificial lagoon system charged with slurry from a feedlot lagoon was 88 h. From an environmental standpoint, chlorate use in feedlot cattle would likely have minimal impacts because any chlorate that escaped degradation on the feedlot floor would be degraded in lagoon systems. Collectively, these results suggest that chlorate administered to cattle and excreted in wastes would have no significant secondary effects on pathogens present in mixed wastes on pen floors. Lack of chlorate efficacy was likely due to low chlorate concentrations in mixed wastes relative to chlorate levels shown to be active in live animals, and the rapid degradation of chlorate to chloride at temperatures of 20 degrees C and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy E Oliver
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105-5727, USA
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Smith DJ, Oliver CE, Caton JS, Anderson RC. Effect of sodium [36Cl]chlorate dose on total radioactive residues and residues of parent chlorate in beef cattle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:7352-60. [PMID: 16131153 DOI: 10.1021/jf051414k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine total radioactive residues and chlorate residues in edible tissues of cattle administered at three levels of sodium [36Cl]chlorate over a 24-h period and slaughtered after a 24-h withdrawal period. Three sets of cattle, each consisting of a heifer and a steer, were intraruminally dosed with a total of 21, 42, or 63 mg of sodium [36Cl]chlorate/kg of body weight. To simulate a 24-h exposure, equal aliquots of the respective doses were administered to each animal at 0, 8, 16, and 24 h. Urine and feces were collected in 12-h increments for the duration of the 48-h study. At 24 h after the last chlorate exposure, cattle were slaughtered and edible tissues were collected. Urine and tissue samples were analyzed for total radioactive residues and for metabolites. Elimination of radioactivity in urine and feces equaled 20, 33, and 48% of the total dose for the low, medium, and high doses, respectively. Chlorate and chloride were the only radioactive chlorine species present in urine; the fraction of chlorate present as a percentage of the total urine radioactivity decreased with time regardless of the dose. Chloride was the major radioactive residue present in edible tissues, comprising over 98% of the tissue radioactivity for all animals. Chlorate concentrations in edible tissues ranged from nondetectable to an average of 0.41 ppm in skeletal muscle of the high-dosed animals. No evidence for the presence of chlorite was observed in any tissue. Results of this study suggest that further development of chlorate as a preharvest food safety tool merits consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58105-5674, USA.
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Smith DJ, Anderson RC, Ellig DA, Larsen GL. Tissue distribution, elimination, and metabolism of dietary sodium [36Cl]chlorate in beef cattle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:4272-80. [PMID: 15884871 DOI: 10.1021/jf047938m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Two steers (approximately 195 kg) were each dosed with 62.5 or 130.6 mg/kg body weight sodium [36Cl]chlorate for three consecutive days. All excreta were collected during the dosing and 8 h withdrawal periods. The apparent radiochlorine absorption was 62-68% of the total dose with the major excretory route being urine. Parent chlorate was 65-100% of the urinary radiochlorine; chloride was the only other radiochlorine species present. Similarly, residues in edible tissues were composed of chloride and chlorate with chloride being the major radiolabeled species present. Chlorate represented 28-57% of the total radioactive residues in skeletal muscle; in liver, kidney, and adipose tissues, chlorate ion represented a smaller percentage of the total residues. Chlorate residues in the low dose steer were 26 ppm in kidney, 14 ppm in skeletal muscle, 2.0 ppm in adipose tissue, and 0.7 ppm in liver. These data indicate that sodium chlorate may be a viable preharvest food safety tool for use by the cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Smith
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58105-5674, USA.
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