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Buñay J, Fouache A, Trousson A, de Joussineau C, Bouchareb E, Zhu Z, Kocer A, Morel L, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA. Screening for liver X receptor modulators: Where are we and for what use? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3277-3293. [PMID: 33080050 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that are canonically activated by oxidized derivatives of cholesterol. Since the mid-90s, numerous groups have identified LXRs as endocrine receptors that are involved in the regulation of various physiological functions. As a result, when their expression is genetically modified in mice, phenotypic analyses reveal endocrine disorders ranging from infertility to diabetes and obesity, nervous system pathologies such Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, immunological disturbances, inflammatory response, and enhancement of tumour development. Based on such findings, it appears that LXRs could constitute good pharmacological targets to prevent and/or to treat these diseases. This review discusses the various aspects of LXR drug discovery, from the tools available for the screening of potential LXR modulators to the current situational analysis of the drugs in development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Buñay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Erwan Bouchareb
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Zhekun Zhu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ayhan Kocer
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvere Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Chai SC, Lin W, Li Y, Chen T. Drug discovery technologies to identify and characterize modulators of the pregnane X receptor and the constitutive androstane receptor. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:906-915. [PMID: 30731240 PMCID: PMC6421094 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors (NRs) that are notorious for their role in drug metabolism, causing unintended drug-drug interactions and decreasing drug efficacy. They control the xenobiotic detoxification system by regulating the expression of an array of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters that excrete exogenous chemicals and maintain homeostasis of endogenous metabolites. Much effort has been invested in recognizing potential drugs for clinical use that can activate PXR and CAR to enhance the expression of their target genes, and in identifying PXR and CAR inhibitors that can be used as co-therapeutics to prevent adverse effects. Here, we present current technologies and assays used in the quest to characterize PXR and CAR modulators, which range from biochemical to cell-based and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yongtao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Using TR-FRET to Investigate Protein-Protein Interactions: A Case Study of PXR-Coregulator Interaction. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 110:31-63. [PMID: 29412999 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) protein-protein interaction assays, especially in the format of receptor coregulator (coactivator and corepressor) recruitment/repression assays, have been widely used in nuclear receptor research to characterize the modes of action, efficacies, and binding affinities of ligands (including their properties as agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists). However, there has been only limited progress in using this assay format for pregnane X receptor (PXR). In this chapter, we discuss TR-FRET protein-protein interaction assays and focus on a novel PXR TR-FRET coactivator interaction assay that we have developed based on a PXR coactivator cocrystal study. This new PXR TR-FRET coactivator interaction assay can characterize the binding affinities of PXR ligands and also differentiate antagonists from agonists. This assay is very robust, with the signal remaining stable over a long incubation time (up to 300min has been tested). It can tolerate high concentrations of DMSO (up to 5%) and has a high signal-to-noise ratio (six under typical assay conditions). This newly developed PXR TR-FRET coactivator interaction assay has potential application in high-throughput screening to identify and characterize novel PXR agonists and antagonists.
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Salehi ASM, Shakalli Tang MJ, Smith MT, Hunt JM, Law RA, Wood DW, Bundy BC. Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Approach to Biosensing hTRβ-Specific Endocrine Disruptors. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3395-3401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin S. M. Salehi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Miriam J. Shakalli Tang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mark T. Smith
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Hunt
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Robert A. Law
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David W. Wood
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Bradley C. Bundy
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Yang C, Li Q, Li Y. Targeting nuclear receptors with marine natural products. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:601-35. [PMID: 24473166 PMCID: PMC3944506 DOI: 10.3390/md12020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are important pharmaceutical targets because they are key regulators of many metabolic and inflammatory diseases, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, cirrhosis, and fibrosis. As ligands play a pivotal role in modulating nuclear receptor activity, the discovery of novel ligands for nuclear receptors represents an interesting and promising therapeutic approach. The search for novel NR agonists and antagonists with enhanced selectivities prompted the exploration of the extraordinary chemical diversity associated with natural products. Recent studies involving nuclear receptors have disclosed a number of natural products as nuclear receptor ligands, serving to re-emphasize the translational possibilities of natural products in drug discovery. In this review, the natural ligands of nuclear receptors will be described with an emphasis on their mechanisms of action and their therapeutic potentials, as well as on strategies to determine potential marine natural products as nuclear receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center of Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Qianrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center of Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center of Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Raucy JL, Lasker JM. Cell-based systems to assess nuclear receptor activation and their use in drug development. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:101-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.737333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Shaffer HA, Rood MK, Kashlan B, Chang EIL, Doyle DF, Azizi B. BAPJ69-4A: A yeast two-hybrid strain for both positive and negative genetic selection. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cheng D, Bedford MT. Xenoestrogens regulate the activity of arginine methyltransferases. Chembiochem 2011; 12:323-9. [PMID: 21243720 PMCID: PMC3142315 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification that has been strongly implicated in transcriptional regulation. The arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) were first reported as transcriptional coactivators for the estrogen and androgen receptors. Compounds that inhibit these enzymes will provide us with valuable tools for dissecting the roles of these enzymes in cells, and will possibly also have therapeutic applications. In order to identify such inhibitors of the PRMTs, we have previously performed a high-throughput screen using a small molecule library. These compounds were named arginine methyltransferase inhibitors (AMIs). The majority of these inhibitors were polyphenols, and one in particular (AMI-18) shared additional features with a group of known xenoestrogens. We, thus, tested a panel of xenoestrogens and found that a number of them possess the ability to inhibit PRMT activity, in vitro. These inhibitors primarily target CARM1, and include licochalcone A, kepone, benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, and tamoxifen. We developed a cell-based reporter system for CARM1 activity, and showed that tamoxifen (IC(50) =30 μM) inhibits this PRMT. The ability of these compounds to regulate the activity of transcriptional coactivators may be an unappreciated mechanism of action for xenoestrogens, and might also explain the efficacy of high-dose tamoxifen treatment on estrogen receptor negative cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghang Cheng
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, 78957, USA
| | - Mark T. Bedford
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, 78957, USA
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Paguio A, Stecha P, Wood KV, Fan F. Improved dual-luciferase reporter assays for nuclear receptors. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2010; 4:43-9. [PMID: 21687560 PMCID: PMC3115594 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301004010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors play important roles in many cellular functions through control of gene transcription. It is also a large target class for drug discovery. Luciferase reporter assays are frequently used to study nuclear receptor function because of their wide dynamic range, low endogenous activity, and ease of use. Recent improvements of luciferase genes and vectors have further enhanced their utilities. Here we applied these improvements to two reporter formats for studying nuclear receptors. The first assay contains a Murine Mammary Tumor Virus promoter upstream of a destabilized luciferase. The presence of response elements for nuclear hormone receptor in this promoter allows the studies of endogenous and/or exogenous full length receptors. The second assay contains a ligand binding domain (LBD) of a nuclear receptor fused to the GAL4 DNA binding domain (DBD) on one vector and multiple Gal4 Upstream Activator Sequences (UAS) upstream of luciferase reporter on another vector. We showed that codon optimization of luciferase reporter genes increased expression levels in conjunction with the incorporation of protein destabilizing sequences into luciferase led to a larger assay dynamic range in both formats. The optimum number of UAS to generate the best response was determined. The expression vector for nuclear receptor LBD/GAL4 DBD fusion also constitutively expresses a Renilla luciferase-neo(R) fusion protein, which provides selection capability (G418 resistance, neo(R)) as well as an internal control (Renilla luciferase). This dual-luciferase format allowed detecting compound cytotoxicity or off-target change in expression during drug screening, therefore improved data quality. These luciferase reporter assays provided better research and drug discovery tools for studying the functions of full length nuclear receptors and ligand binding domains.
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Rupp M, Schroeter T, Steri R, Zettl H, Proschak E, Hansen K, Rau O, Schwarz O, Müller-Kuhrt L, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Müller KR, Schneider G. From Machine Learning to Natural Product Derivatives that Selectively Activate Transcription Factor PPARγ. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:191-4. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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van de Water FM, Masereeuw R, Russel FGM. Function and Regulation of Multidrug Resistance Proteins (MRPs) in the Renal Elimination of Organic Anions. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 37:443-71. [PMID: 16257830 DOI: 10.1080/03602530500205275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The reabsorptive and excretory capacity of the kidney has an important influence on the systemic concentration of drugs. Multidrug resistance proteins (MRP/ABCC) expressed in the kidney play a critical role in the tubular efflux of a wide variety of drugs and toxicants, and, in particular, of their negatively charged phase II metabolites. Nine structurally and functionally related MRP family members have been identified (MRP1-9), which differ from each other by their localization, expression levels, and substrate specificity. During altered physiological circumstances, adaptations in these transporters are required to avoid systemic toxicity as well as renal tubular damage. Key players in these events are hormones, protein kinases, nuclear receptors, and disease conditions, which all may affect transporter protein expression levels. This review discusses current knowledge on the renal characteristics of MRP1-9, with specific focus on their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke M van de Water
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology 233, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Agler M, Prack M, Zhu Y, Kolb J, Nowak K, Ryseck R, Shen D, Cvijic ME, Somerville J, Nadler S, Chen T. A high-content glucocorticoid receptor translocation assay for compound mechanism-of-action evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:1029-41. [PMID: 17989426 DOI: 10.1177/1087057107309353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-induced cytoplasm to nucleus translocation is a critical event in the nuclear receptor (NR) signal transduction cascade. The development of green fluorescent proteins and their color variants fused with NRs, along with the recent developments in automated cellular imaging technologies, has provided unique tools to monitor and quantify the NR translocation events. These technology developments have important implications in the mechanistic evaluation of NR signaling and provide a powerful tool for drug discovery. The unique challenges for developing a robust NR translocation assay include cytotoxicity accompanied with chronic overexpression of NRs, basal translocation induced by serum present in culture medium, and interference from endogenous NRs, as well as subcellular dynamics. The authors have developed a robust assay system for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that was applied to a panel of nuclear receptor ligands. Using a high-content imaging system, ligand-induced, dose-dependent GR nuclear translocation was quantified and a correlation with other conventional assays established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Agler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lead Discovery & Profiling, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.
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Doukhanina EV, Apuya NR, Yoo HD, Wu CY, Davidow P, Krueger S, Flavell RB, Hamilton R, Bobzin SC. Expression of human nuclear receptors in plants for the discovery of plant-derived ligands. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2007; 12:385-95. [PMID: 17438068 DOI: 10.1177/1087057107299255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants have the potential to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites that have utility as drugs to treat human diseases. To tap this potential, functional human nuclear receptors have been expressed in plants to create in planta screening assays as a tool to discover natural product ligands. Assays have been designed and validated using 3 nuclear receptors: the estrogen receptor (ER), the androgen receptor (AR), and the heterodimeric retinoid X receptor-alpha plus thyroid hormone receptor-beta (RXRA/THRB). Nuclear receptor-reporter constructs have been expressed in plants to detect the presence of natural ligands that are produced de novo in several plant species during different stages of development, in various tissues, and in response to different stress elicitors. Screening experiments with ER, AR, and RXRA/THRB have been conducted, leading to the identification of plant sources of natural product ligands of human nuclear receptors. This in planta screen has led to the identification of previously unreported ER ligands, providing evidence of the complementary value of this approach to current in vitro high-throughput screening assays.
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Pellicciari R, Costantino G, Fiorucci S. Farnesoid X receptor: from structure to potential clinical applications. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5383-403. [PMID: 16107136 DOI: 10.1021/jm0582221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
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