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Guttridge C, Shannon A, O'Sullivan A, O'Sullivan KJ, O'Sullivan LW. Effects of post-curing duration on the mechanical properties of complex 3D printed geometrical parts. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 156:106585. [PMID: 38795405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the efficacy of post-curing guidance supplied by 3D printing resin manufacturers. Current guidance applies generically to all geometries with the caveat that post-curing should be extended for 'large' or 'complex' geometries but specific guidance is not provided. Two vat-polymerisation 3D printers (Form3B, Figure 4 Standalone) were used to print test models in 6 biocompatible resins (Pro Black, Med White, Med Amber, Biomed Black, Biomed White, Biomed Amber). The test model is of a complex geometry whilst also housing ISO 527 test specimens in concentric layers. Two separate intervals of curing were applied (100%, 500% stated guidance) creating different curing treatments of the specimens throughout the model. Post processed test models were disassembled and pull testing performed on each of the specimens to assess the mechanical properties. The analysis showed that extending the curing duration had significant effects on the mechanical properties of some materials but not all. The layers of the model had a significant effect except for elongation at break for the Med Amber material. This research demonstrates that generic post-curing guidance regarding UV exposures is not sufficient to achieve homogenous material strength properties for complex geometries. Large variations in mechanical properties throughout the models suggest some material was not fully-cured. This raises a query if such materials as originally marketed as biocompatible are fully cured and therefore safe to use for medical applications involving complex geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Guttridge
- Rapid Innovation Unit - School of Design and Confirm Smart Manufacturing Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alice Shannon
- Rapid Innovation Unit - School of Design and Confirm Smart Manufacturing Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aidan O'Sullivan
- Rapid Innovation Unit - School of Design and Confirm Smart Manufacturing Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin J O'Sullivan
- Rapid Innovation Unit - School of Design and Confirm Smart Manufacturing Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Leonard W O'Sullivan
- Rapid Innovation Unit - School of Design and Confirm Smart Manufacturing Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.
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Vernon MJ, Mela P, Dilley RJ, Jansen S, Doyle BJ, Ihdayhid AR, De-Juan-Pardo EM. 3D printing of heart valves. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:612-630. [PMID: 38238246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
3D printing technologies have the potential to revolutionize the manufacture of heart valves through the ability to create bespoke, complex constructs. In light of recent technological advances, we review the progress made towards 3D printing of heart valves, focusing on studies that have utilised these technologies beyond manufacturing patient-specific moulds. We first overview the key requirements of a heart valve to assess functionality. We then present the 3D printing technologies used to engineer heart valves. By referencing International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) Standard 5840 (Cardiovascular implants - Cardiac valve prostheses), we provide insight into the achieved functionality of these valves. Overall, 3D printing promises to have a significant positive impact on the creation of artificial heart valves and potentially unlock full complex functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Vernon
- T3mPLATE, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Petra Mela
- Medical Materials and Implants, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering and TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rodney J Dilley
- T3mPLATE, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Shirley Jansen
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Heart and Vascular Research Institute, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barry J Doyle
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Abdul R Ihdayhid
- T3mPLATE, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Elena M De-Juan-Pardo
- T3mPLATE, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
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Alonso-Fernández I, Haugen HJ, Nogueira LP, López-Álvarez M, González P, López-Peña M, González-Cantalapiedra A, Muñoz-Guzón F. Enhanced Bone Healing in Critical-Sized Rabbit Femoral Defects: Impact of Helical and Alternate Scaffold Architectures. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1243. [PMID: 38732711 PMCID: PMC11085737 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of scaffold architecture on bone regeneration, focusing on 3D-printed polylactic acid-bioceramic calcium phosphate (PLA-bioCaP) composite scaffolds in rabbit femoral condyle critical defects. We explored two distinct scaffold designs to assess their influence on bone healing and scaffold performance. Structures with alternate (0°/90°) and helical (0°/45°/90°/135°/180°) laydown patterns were manufactured with a 3D printer using a fused deposition modeling technique. The scaffolds were meticulously characterized for pore size, strut thickness, porosity, pore accessibility, and mechanical properties. The in vivo efficacy of these scaffolds was evaluated using a femoral condyle critical defect model in eight skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits. Then, the results were analyzed micro-tomographically, histologically, and histomorphometrically. Our findings indicate that both scaffold architectures are biocompatible and support bone formation. The helical scaffolds, characterized by larger pore sizes and higher porosity, demonstrated significantly greater bone regeneration than the alternate structures. However, their lower mechanical strength presented limitations for use in load-bearing sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Alonso-Fernández
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (M.L.-P.); (A.G.-C.); (F.M.-G.)
| | - Håvard Jostein Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (H.J.H.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Liebert Parreiras Nogueira
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (H.J.H.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Miriam López-Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías, Energía y Procesos Industriales (CINTECX), Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Novos Materiais, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.L.-Á.); (P.G.)
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pío González
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías, Energía y Procesos Industriales (CINTECX), Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Novos Materiais, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.L.-Á.); (P.G.)
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mónica López-Peña
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (M.L.-P.); (A.G.-C.); (F.M.-G.)
| | - Antonio González-Cantalapiedra
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (M.L.-P.); (A.G.-C.); (F.M.-G.)
| | - Fernando Muñoz-Guzón
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (M.L.-P.); (A.G.-C.); (F.M.-G.)
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Mavrodontis II, Trikoupis IG, Kontogeorgakos VA, Savvidou OD, Papagelopoulos PJ. Point-of-Care Orthopedic Oncology Device Development. Curr Oncol 2023; 31:211-228. [PMID: 38248099 PMCID: PMC10814108 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triad of 3D design, 3D printing, and xReality technologies is explored and exploited to collaboratively realize patient-specific products in a timely manner with an emphasis on designs with meta-(bio)materials. METHODS A case study on pelvic reconstruction after oncological resection (osteosarcoma) was selected and conducted to evaluate the applicability and performance of an inter-epistemic workflow and the feasibility and potential of 3D technologies for modeling, optimizing, and materializing individualized orthopedic devices at the point of care (PoC). RESULTS Image-based diagnosis and treatment at the PoC can be readily deployed to develop orthopedic devices for pre-operative planning, training, intra-operative navigation, and bone substitution. CONCLUSIONS Inter-epistemic symbiosis between orthopedic surgeons and (bio)mechanical engineers at the PoC, fostered by appropriate quality management systems and end-to-end workflows under suitable scientifically amalgamated synergies, could maximize the potential benefits. However, increased awareness is recommended to explore and exploit the full potential of 3D technologies at the PoC to deliver medical devices with greater customization, innovation in design, cost-effectiveness, and high quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis I. Mavrodontis
- First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.G.T.); (V.A.K.); (O.D.S.); (P.J.P.)
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Cassady KR, Minter LJ, Gruber EJ. Performance of a manually operated salad spinner centrifuge for serum separation in the healthy domestic horse (Equus caballus) and southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:628-637. [PMID: 37495543 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Field veterinarians and researchers studying wild species, such as the southern white rhinoceros, often work in remote areas with limited access to standard laboratory equipment, hindering the ability to measure serum analytes. OBJECTIVES The first objective was to produce an inexpensive, manually operated centrifuge that could accept standard laboratory tubes by modifying a consumer-grade salad spinner with low-cost materials. The second objective was to compare biochemistry analysis results obtained from equine and southern white rhinoceros serum separated by traditional laboratory and manual salad spinner centrifugation. METHODS We optimized the design and serum separation protocol using non-anticoagulated equine blood. Equine and rhinoceros serum samples were separated by manual salad spinner or traditional laboratory centrifugation. Measured analytes included sodium, potassium, chloride, urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorous, total calcium, magnesium, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, bicarbonate, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and triglycerides. Results obtained from serum separated by each centrifugation technique were compared by Deming regression and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS A tube adaptor insert modeled after a swing angle rotor and a two-step salad spinner centrifugation yielded serum comparable to traditional laboratory centrifugation. For the majority of analytes, no proportional or constant biases were detected between centrifugation methods. A positive proportional bias in the measurement of ALP in serum separated by manual centrifugation was detected in both equine and rhinoceros samples. CONCLUSIONS Manual centrifugation with a modified salad spinner yields diagnostic quality serum suitable for the measurement of most standard biochemistry analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Cassady
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Larry J Minter
- Hanes Veterinary Medical Center, North Carolina Zoo, Asheboro, NC, USA
| | - Erika J Gruber
- Department of Population Medicine and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Zoltan J, Popescu D, Sanei SHR. A systematic review of follow-up results of additively manufactured customized implants for the pelvic area. Expert Rev Med Devices 2023; 20:233-244. [PMID: 36860182 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2023.2183839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While 3D printing of bone models for preoperative planning or customized surgical templating has been successfully implemented, the use of patient-specific additively manufactured (AM) implants is a newer application not yet well established. To fully evaluate the advantages and shortcomings of such implants, their follow-up results need to be evaluated. AREA COVERED This systematic review provides a survey of the reported follow-ups on AM implants used for oncologic reconstruction, total hip arthroplasty both primary and revision, acetabular fracture, and sacrum defects. EXPERT OPINION The review shows that Titanium alloy (Ti4AL6V) is the most common type of material system used due to its excellent biomechanical properties. Electron beam melting (EBM) is the predominant AM process for manufacturing implants. In almost all cases, porosity at the contact surface is implemented through the design of lattice or porous structures to enhance osseointegration. The follow-up evaluations show promising results, with only a small number of patients suffering from aseptic loosening, wear, or malalignment. The longest reported follow-up length was 120 months for acetabular cages and 96 months for acetabular cups. The AM implants have proven to serve as an excellent option to restore premorbid skeletal anatomy of the pelvis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Zoltan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hamot Hospital, Erie, PA, USA
| | - Diana Popescu
- Department of Robotics and Production Systems, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Kermavnar T, Guttridge C, Mulcahy NJ, Duffy E, Twomey F, O'Sullivan L. 3D printing in palliative medicine: systematic review. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThree-dimensional printing (3DP) enables the production of highly customised, cost-efficient devices in a relatively short time, which can be particularly valuable to clinicians treating patients with palliative care intent who are in need of timely and effective solutions in the management of their patients’ specific needs, including the relief of distressing symptoms.MethodFour online databases were searched for articles published by December 2020 that described studies using 3DP in palliative care. The fields of application, and the relevant clinical and technological data were extracted and analysed.ResultsThirty studies were reviewed, describing 36 medical devices, including anatomical models, endoluminal stents, navigation guides, obturators, epitheses, endoprostheses and others. Two-thirds of the studies were published after the year 2017. The main reason for using 3DP was the difficulty of producing customised devices with traditional methods. Eleven papers described proof-of-concept studies that did not involve human testing. For those devices that were tested on patients, favourable clinical outcomes were reported in general, and treatment with the use of 3DP was deemed superior to conventional clinical approaches. The most commonly employed 3DP technologies were fused filament fabrication with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and stereolithography or material jetting with various types of photopolymer resin.ConclusionRecently, there has been a considerable increase in the application of 3DP to produce medical devices and bespoke solutions in the delivery of treatments with palliative care intent. 3DP was found successful in overcoming difficulties with conventional approaches and in treating medical conditions requiring highly customised solutions.
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Shannon A, O'Sullivan KJ, Clifford S, O'Sullivan L. Assessment and selection of filler compounds for radiopaque PolyJet multi-material 3D printing for use in clinical settings. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2022; 236:740-747. [PMID: 35296167 DOI: 10.1177/09544119221084819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess a selection of radiopaque filler compounds for increasing radiopacity in a resin suitable for Polyjet multi-material 3D printing. A radiopaque resin has potential applications in medicine to produce patient-specific anatomical models with realistic radiological properties, training aids, and skin contacting components such as surgical or procedural guides that require visibility under fluoroscopy. The desirable filler would have a high level of radiopacity under ionising imaging modalities, such as X-ray, CT, fluoroscopy or angiography. Nine potential filler compounds were selected based on atomic number and handling risk: barium sulphate, bismuth oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, strontium fluoride, strontium carbonate, iodine, niobium oxide and tantalum oxide. The fillers were evaluated using selected criteria. A weighted material selection matrix was developed to prioritise and select a filler for future 3D printing on a multi-material 3D printer. Zirconium oxide was the highest scoring filler compound in the material selection matrix, scoring 4.4 out of a maximum of 5. MED610TM resin doped with zirconium oxide was shown to be UV curable, and when cured is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and has the ability to display antimicrobial properties. In terms of radiopacity, a sample with thickness 1.5 mm of MED610™ resin doped with 20 wt.% zirconium oxide produced X-ray radiopacity equivalent to 3 mm of aluminium. Zirconium oxide was selected using the material selection matrix. This radiopaque resin can be used to produce anatomical models with accurate radiological properties, training aids or skin contacting devices that require visibility under ionising imaging modalities. The 3D printing validation run successfully demonstrated that the material selection matrix prioritised a filler suitable for radiopaque multi-material 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Shannon
- Design Factors Research Group, School of Design, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Gate 5, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin J O'Sullivan
- Design Factors Research Group, School of Design, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.,Confirm Smart Manufacturing Centre, University of Limerick, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Seamus Clifford
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Leonard O'Sullivan
- Design Factors Research Group, School of Design, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.,Confirm Smart Manufacturing Centre, University of Limerick, University of Limerick, Ireland
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Sheng X, Wang A, Wang Z, Liu H, Wang J, Li C. Advanced Surface Modification for 3D-Printed Titanium Alloy Implant Interface Functionalization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:850110. [PMID: 35299643 PMCID: PMC8921557 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.850110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of three-dimensional (3D) printed technology, 3D printed alloy implants, especially titanium alloy, play a critical role in biomedical fields such as orthopedics and dentistry. However, untreated titanium alloy implants always possess a bioinert surface that prevents the interface osseointegration, which is necessary to perform surface modification to enhance its biological functions. In this article, we discuss the principles and processes of chemical, physical, and biological surface modification technologies on 3D printed titanium alloy implants in detail. Furthermore, the challenges on antibacterial, osteogenesis, and mechanical properties of 3D-printed titanium alloy implants by surface modification are summarized. Future research studies, including the combination of multiple modification technologies or the coordination of the structure and composition of the composite coating are also present. This review provides leading-edge functionalization strategies of the 3D printed titanium alloy implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhonghan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Li,
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Guttridge C, Shannon A, O'Sullivan A, O'Sullivan KJ, O'Sullivan LW. Biocompatible 3D printing resins for medical applications: A review of marketed intended use, biocompatibility certification, and post-processing guidance. ANNALS OF 3D PRINTED MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ma D, Gao R, Li M, Qiu J. Mechanical and medical imaging properties of 3D-printed materials as tissue equivalent materials. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 23:e13495. [PMID: 34878729 PMCID: PMC8833282 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three materials of polylactic acid (PLA), polyamide 12 (PA12), and light curing resin (LCR) were used to construct phantom using 3D printing technology. The mechanical and medical imaging properties of the three materials, such as elastic modulus, density, effective atomic number, X‐ray attenuation coefficient, computed tomography (CT) number, and acoustic properties, were investigated. The results showed that the elastic modulus for PLA was 1.98 × 103 MPa, for PA12 was 848 MPa, for LCR was 1.18×103 MPa, and that of three materials was close to some bones. In the range of 40∼120 kV, the X‐ray attenuation coefficient of three materials decreased with increasing tube voltage. The CT number for PLA, PA12, and LCR was 144, −88, and 312 Hounsfield units at 120 kV tube voltage, respectively. The density and the effective atomic number product (ρ*Zeff) were computed from three materials and decreased in the order of LCR, PLA, and PA12. The acoustic properties of materials were also studied. The speeds of sound of three materials were similar with those of some soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Ma
- Medical Engineering and Technology Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, P. R. China.,Qingdao 3E3D Tech. Co. Ltd., Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Ronghui Gao
- Health Care Department, Taishan Sanatorium of Shandong, Province, Taian, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Li
- Medical Engineering and Technology Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Qiu
- Medical Engineering and Technology Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, P. R. China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,Qingdao 3E3D Tech. Co. Ltd., Qingdao, P. R. China
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