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Makinistian L, Zastko L, Tvarožná A, Días LE, Belyaev I. Static magnetic fields from earphones: Detailed measurements plus some open questions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113907. [PMID: 35870506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Earphones (EP) are a worldwide, massively adopted product, assumed to be innocuous provided the recommendations on sound doses limits are followed. Nevertheless, sound is not the only physical stimulus that derives from EP use, since they include a built-in permanent magnet from which a static magnetic field (SMF) originates. We performed 2D maps of the SMF at several distances from 6 models of in-ear EP, showing that they produce an exposure that spans from ca. 20 mT on their surface down to tens of μT in the inner ear. The numerous reports of bioeffects elicited by SMF in that range of intensities (applied both acutely and chronically), together with the fact that there is no scientific consensus over the possible mechanisms of interaction with living tissues, suggest that caution could be recommendable. In addition, more research is warranted on the possible effects of the combination of SMF with extremely low frequency and radiofrequency fields, which has so far been scarcely studied. Overall, while several open questions about bioeffects of SMF remain to be addressed by the scientific community, we find sensible to suggest that the use of air-tube earphones is probably the more conservative, cautious choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Makinistian
- Department of Physics, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), San Luis, Argentina; Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL)-CONICET, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - L Zastko
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Health Care, Catholic University in Ružomberok, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - A Tvarožná
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L E Días
- Department of Physics, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), San Luis, Argentina
| | - I Belyaev
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Kimura T, Inaka K, Ogiso N. Demonstrative Experiment on the Favorable Effects of Static Electric Field Treatment on Vitamin D3-Induced Hypercalcemia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111116. [PMID: 34827108 PMCID: PMC8615207 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Static electric field (SEF) treatment by high-voltage alternating current is a traditional complementary medicine in Japan. Although it is believed that the SEF-induced electric current serves to regulate cellular or humoral responses in patients, the mechanism for SEF treatment remains poorly understood. There have been very few experimental reports on the biological action with SEF treatment. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of SEF treatment on vitamin D3 (Vit D3)-induced abnormalities in mice. SEF treatment improved the abnormalities in the renal function tests and the imbalance of serum electrolytes. In addition, this treatment remarkably attenuated the Vit D3-induced tissue injuries (severe tissue calcification in the kidneys, hearts, and stomachs). It was likely that the SEF treatment had some favorable effects on the metabolism of calcium. In conclusion, this study provides important evidence that SEF treatment can reduce hypercalcemia and remove calcium deposits from the renal, cardiac, and gastric tissues. SEF treatment is useful in the regulation of disorders caused by an imbalance of serum electrolytes. This study experimentally demonstrates the favorable effects of SEF treatment on Vit D3-induced hypercalcemia. For small animals, the larger the body surface area per body weight becomes, the higher the therapeutic efficacy with SEF treatment. Abstract The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of static electric field (SEF) treatment on vitamin D3 (Vit D3)-induced hypercalcemia and renal calcification in mice. The mice were assigned to three groups: Vit D3-treated mice, mice treated with Vit D3 and SEF (Vit D3 + SEF), and untreated mice. After the administration of Vit D3, the Vit D3 + SEF-treated mice were exposed to SEF treatment by a high-voltage alternating current over five days. Serum biochemical examinations revealed that both the creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in the Vit D3-treated group. Significantly, decreased Cl concentrations, and increased Ca and inorganic phosphorus concentrations, were found in the Vit D3-treated group. In the Vit D3 + SEF-treated group, these parameters returned to the levels of the untreated group. In the Vit D3-treated group, histopathological examinations showed marked multifocal calcification in the lumens of the renal tubules and the renal parenchyma. The myocardium was replaced by abundant granular mineralization (calcification), with degeneration and necrosis of the calcified fibers. The stomach showed calcification of the cardiac mucosa. SEF treatment remarkably attenuated the Vit D3-induced hypervitaminotic injuries. In conclusion, this study provides important evidence that SEF treatment can reduce hypercalcemia and remove calcium deposits from the renal, cardiac, and gastric tissues. SEF treatment is useful in the regulation of disorders caused by an imbalance of serum electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Kimura
- Laboratory Animal Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8515, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-83-933-5877
| | - Kengo Inaka
- Laboratory Animal Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8515, Japan;
| | - Noboru Ogiso
- National Center for Geratrics Gerontology, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Obu City 474-8511, Japan;
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Tsiapla AR, Angelou K, Angelakeris M. Magnetically driven treatments: optimizing performance by mitigation of eddy currents. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:895-907. [PMID: 33960214 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this work, we study the eddy current evolution naturally occurring in magnetically driven treatments, such as MRI and magnetic particle hyperthermia (MPH), and propose the mitigation of eddy currents by careful control of field parameters. Materials & methods: We start by simulation of typical MRI and MPH experimental setups to witness eddy currents and then we examine experimentally how field parameters (frequency, amplitude and pulse duration) mitigate eddy currents in a typical MPH treatment. Results and conclusion: By tuning the frequency, the amplitude and by applying pulsed field mode, we successfully attenuate undesirable heating, due to eddy currents' evolution, on surrounding healthy tissues without sparing beneficial effect within the malignant region, thus treatment remains reliable yet with milder side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini-Rafailia Tsiapla
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research & Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), MagnaCharta, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Angelou
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Mavroeidis Angelakeris
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research & Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), MagnaCharta, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
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Fan Y, Ji X, Zhang L, Zhang X. The Analgesic Effects of Static Magnetic Fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 42:115-127. [PMID: 33508148 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pain is one of the most common reasons why people seek medical care, which is related to most disease states. Magnetic fields (MFs) can be applied locally to specific parts of human bodies with high penetration and temporal control, which have a long-debated history in folk therapy. The purpose of this review is to collect and analyze experimental data about the analgesic effects of static magnetic fields (SMFs) so that we can have a scientific understanding regarding this topic. We collected 28 studies (25 English and 3 Chinese papers) with proper sham controls that investigated the effects of SMFs on pain relief in humans or mice. We found that 64% of the human studies and all mice studies in the literature showed positive analgesic effects of SMFs, which are related to factors including SMF intensity, treatment time, and pain types. Higher intensity and/or longer treatment time, as well as some specific pain types, may have better pain relief effects. Initial mechanistic studies indicated that membrane receptors, such as capsaicin receptor VR1/TRPV1, opioid receptors, and P2X3 receptors, might be involved. By describing experimental evidence and analysis, we found that SMFs actually hold considerable promise for managing some specific types of pain if proper SMF parameters are used. More studies comprehensively evaluating the parameters of SMF and its corresponding analgesic effects on different pain types, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, will be necessary to further validate its therapeutic potential in pain management in the future. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00-00, 2021. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Fan
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinmiao Ji
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,International Magnetobiology Frontier Research Center (iMFRC), Science Island, Hefei, China
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Zhu Y, Wang S, Long H, Zhu J, Jian F, Ye N, Lai W. Effect of static magnetic field on pain level and expression of P2X3 receptors in the trigeminal ganglion in mice following experimental tooth movement. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 38:22-30. [PMID: 27770441 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Shengguo Wang
- Department of Stomatology; Second Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Hu Long
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Fan Jian
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Niansong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Wenli Lai
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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Abstract
Advances in biophysics, biology, functional genomics, neuroscience, psychology, psychoneuroimmunology, and other fields suggest the existence of a subtle system of "biofield" interactions that organize biological processes from the subatomic, atomic, molecular, cellular, and organismic to the interpersonal and cosmic levels. Biofield interactions may bring about regulation of biochemical, cellular, and neurological processes through means related to electromagnetism, quantum fields, and perhaps other means of modulating biological activity and information flow. The biofield paradigm, in contrast to a reductionist, chemistry-centered viewpoint, emphasizes the informational content of biological processes; biofield interactions are thought to operate in part via low-energy or "subtle" processes such as weak, nonthermal electromagnetic fields (EMFs) or processes potentially related to consciousness and nonlocality. Biofield interactions may also operate through or be reflected in more well-understood informational processes found in electroencephalographic (EEG) and electrocardiographic (ECG) data. Recent advances have led to the development of a wide variety of therapeutic and diagnostic biofield devices, defined as physical instruments best understood from the viewpoint of a biofield paradigm. Here, we provide a broad overview of biofield devices, with emphasis on those devices for which solid, peer-reviewed evidence exists. A subset of these devices, such as those based upon EEG- and ECG-based heart rate variability, function via mechanisms that are well understood and are widely employed in clinical settings. Other device modalities, such a gas discharge visualization and biophoton emission, appear to operate through incompletely understood mechanisms and have unclear clinical significance. Device modes of operation include EMF-light, EMF-heat, EMF-nonthermal, electrical current, vibration and sound, physical and mechanical, intentionality and nonlocality, gas and plasma, and other (mode of operation not well-understood). Methodological issues in device development and interfaces for future interdisciplinary research are discussed. Devices play prominent cultural and scientific roles in our society, and it is likely that device technologies will be one of the most influential access points for the furthering of biofield research and the dissemination of biofield concepts. This developing field of study presents new areas of research that have many important implications for both basic science and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Muehsam
- Visual Institute of Developmental Arts and Sciences, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Bologna, Italy; and Consciousness and Healing Initiative, San Diego, California (Dr Muehsam)
| | - Gaétan Chevalier
- Developmental and Cell Biology Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine (Dr Chevalier)
| | - Tiffany Barsotti
- California Institute for Human Science, Encinitas, California (Ms Barsotti)
| | - Blake T Gurfein
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, (Dr Gurfein)
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Moon CH, Kwon O, Woo CH, Ahn HD, Kwon YS, Park SJ, Song CH, Ku SK. Therapeutic effect of irradiation of magnetic infrared laser on osteoarthritis rat model. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1150-9. [PMID: 24962501 DOI: 10.1111/php.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease caused by articular cartilage loss. Many complementary and alternative medicines for OA have been reported so far, but the effectiveness is controversial. Previously, we have shown anti-inflammatory effects of low level laser therapy with static magnetic field, magnetic infrared laser (MIL), in various animal models. Therefore, the beneficial effects were examined in OA rat model. Rats were divided by six groups; no treatment controls of sham and OA model, three MIL treatment groups of OA model at 6.65, 2.66 and 1.33 J cm(-2), and Diclofenac group of OA model with 2 mg kg(-1) diclofenac sodium. The OA control exhibited typical symptoms of OA, but 4-week MIL treatment improved the functional movement of knee joint with reduced edematous changes. In addition, cartilage GAGs were detected more in all MIL treatment groups than OA control. It suggests that 4-week MIL irradiation has dose-dependent anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects on OA. Histopathological analyses revealed that MIL treatment inhibits the cartilage degradation and enhances chondrocyte proliferation. The fact that MIL has an additional potential for the cartilage formation and no adverse effects can be regarded as great advantages for OA treatment. These suggest that MIL can be useful for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Hwan Moon
- Department of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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Yu S, Shang P. A review of bioeffects of static magnetic field on rodent models. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 114:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Okano H, Ino H, Osawa Y, Osuga T, Tatsuoka H. The effects of moderate-intensity gradient static magnetic fields on nerve conduction. Bioelectromagnetics 2012; 33:518-26. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kovács-Bálint Z, Csathó Á, László JF, Juhász P, Hernádi I. Exposure to an inhomogeneous static magnetic field increases thermal pain threshold in healthy human volunteers. Bioelectromagnetics 2010; 32:131-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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László JF, Szilvási J, Fényi A, Szalai A, Gyires K, Pórszász R. Daily exposure to inhomogeneous static magnetic field significantly reduces blood glucose level in diabetic mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 87:36-45. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.518200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Therapeutic effects of magnetic and copper bracelets in osteoarthritis: A randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial. Complement Ther Med 2009; 17:249-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Antal M, László J. Exposure to inhomogeneous static magnetic field ceases mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2009; 30:438-45. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Colbert AP, Souder J, Markov M. Static magnetic field therapy: methodological challenges to conducting clinical trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10669-008-9203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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