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Dong Y, Hou H, Chen A, Ma W, Yin M, Meng F, Hu C, Wang H, Cai J. Generation of a Monoclonal Antibody against D-Dimer Using HTS-Based LiCA. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 25:310-319. [PMID: 31560248 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219878407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
D-dimer is an essential diagnostic index of thrombotic diseases. Since the existing anti-D-dimer antibodies vary in quality and specificity, a search for alternative anti-D-dimer antibodies is required. The present study aimed to screen a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) against D-dimer using a light-initiated chemiluminescence assay (LiCA). In this work, mice were immunized with antigen prepared from human plasma by enzyme hydrolysis. After screening, a novel mAb, DD 2G11, was obtained. The results of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis indicated that DD 2G11 could be used as a standard marker for D-dimer. The isotype of DD 2G11 was IgG1, the Ka value was 0.646 nM-1, and the Kd value was 50 nM, indicating that the binding affinity to D-dimer was very high. Furthermore, no cross-reactivity between DD 2G11 and other fibrinogen degradation products (FgDPs) was found. Finally, the correlation between DD 2G11 and the reference antibody (commercial antibody) was investigated by analyzing 56 clinical samples using a latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (LTIA). The R2 value of the linear regression was 0.94538, indicating that DD 2G11 met clinical requirements. In conclusion, the present study provides a more expeditious protocol to screen mAbs and provides a clinically usable mAb against D-dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- Academy of Laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hanjin Hou
- Academy of Laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, PR China
| | - An Chen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wei Ma
- Academy of Laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Moli Yin
- Academy of Laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Fanwei Meng
- Academy of Laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Chuanmin Hu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Jilin Collaborative Innovation Center for Antibody Engineering, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Jilin Collaborative Innovation Center for Antibody Engineering, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Jianhui Cai
- Jilin Collaborative Innovation Center for Antibody Engineering, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, PR China
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Worthington P, Drake KM, Li Z, Napper AD, Pochan DJ, Langhans SA. Implementation of a High-Throughput Pilot Screen in Peptide Hydrogel-Based Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2019; 24:714-723. [PMID: 31039326 PMCID: PMC7277073 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219844570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based high-throughput drug screening (HTS) is a common starting point for the drug discovery and development process. Currently, there is a push to combine complex cell culture systems with HTS to provide more clinically applicable results. However, there are mechanistic requirements inherent to HTS as well as material limitations that make this integration challenging. Here, we used the peptide-based shear-thinning hydrogel MAX8 tagged with the RGDS sequence to create a synthetic extracellular scaffold to culture cells in three dimensions and showed a preliminary implementation of the scaffold within an automated HTS setup using a pilot drug screen targeting medulloblastoma, a pediatric brain cancer. A total of 2202 compounds were screened in the 384-well format against cells encapsulated in the hydrogel as well as cells growing on traditional two-dimensional (2D) plastic. Eighty-two compounds passed the first round of screening at a single point of concentration. Sixteen-point dose-response was done on those 82 compounds, of which 17 compounds were validated. Three-dimensional (3D) cell-based HTS could be a powerful screening tool that allows researchers to finely tune the cell microenvironment, getting more clinically applicable data as a result. Here, we have shown the successful integration of a peptide-based hydrogel into the high-throughput format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Worthington
- Nemours Center for Cancer Research, Alfred I duPont Hospital of Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Katherine M. Drake
- Nemours Center for Cancer Research, Alfred I duPont Hospital of Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Zhiqin Li
- Nemours Center for Cancer Research, Alfred I duPont Hospital of Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Andrew D. Napper
- Nemours Center for Cancer Research, Alfred I duPont Hospital of Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Darrin J. Pochan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Sigrid A. Langhans
- Nemours Center for Cancer Research, Alfred I duPont Hospital of Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
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Martinelli AHS, Lopes FC, John EBO, Carlini CR, Ligabue-Braun R. Modulation of Disordered Proteins with a Focus on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Other Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061322. [PMID: 30875980 PMCID: PMC6471803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) do not have rigid 3D structures, showing changes in their folding depending on the environment or ligands. Intrinsically disordered proteins are widely spread in eukaryotic genomes, and these proteins participate in many cell regulatory metabolism processes. Some IDPs, when aberrantly folded, can be the cause of some diseases such as Alzheimer′s, Parkinson′s, and prionic, among others. In these diseases, there are modifications in parts of the protein or in its entirety. A common conformational variation of these IDPs is misfolding and aggregation, forming, for instance, neurotoxic amyloid plaques. In this review, we discuss some IDPs that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases (such as beta amyloid, alpha synuclein, tau, and the “IDP-like” PrP), cancer (p53, c-Myc), and diabetes (amylin), focusing on the structural changes of these IDPs that are linked to such pathologies. We also present the IDP modulation mechanisms that can be explored in new strategies for drug design. Lastly, we show some candidate drugs that can be used in the future for the treatment of diseases caused by misfolded IDPs, considering that cancer therapy has more advanced research in comparison to other diseases, while also discussing recent and future developments in this area of research. Therefore, we aim to provide support to the study of IDPs and their modulation mechanisms as promising approaches to combat such severe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H S Martinelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology & Department of Biophysics, Biosciences Institute-IB, (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda C Lopes
- Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
| | - Elisa B O John
- Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
| | - Célia R Carlini
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 91410-000, RS, Brazil.
- Brain Institute-InsCer, Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre CEP 90050-170, RS, Brazil.
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Du L, Grigsby SM, Yao A, Chang Y, Johnson G, Sun H, Nikolovska-Coleska Z. Peptidomimetics for Targeting Protein-Protein Interactions between DOT1L and MLL Oncofusion Proteins AF9 and ENL. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:895-900. [PMID: 30258537 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MLL-fusion proteins, AF9 and ENL, play an essential role in the recruitment of DOT1L and the H3K79 hypermethylation of MLL target genes, which is pivotal for leukemogenesis. Blocking these interactions may represent a novel therapeutic approach for MLL-rearranged leukemia. Based on the 7 mer DOT1L peptide, a class of peptidomimetics was designed. Compound 21 with modified middle residues, achieved significantly improved binding affinities to AF9 and ENL, with KD values of 15 nM and 57 nM, respectively. Importantly, 21 recognizes and binds to the cellular AF9 protein and effectively inhibits the AF9-DOT1L interactions in cells. Modifications of the N- and C-termini of 21 resulted in 28 with 2-fold improved binding affinity to AF9 and much decreased peptidic characteristics. Our study provides a proof-of-concept for development of nonpeptidic compounds to inhibit DOT1L activity by targeting its recruitment and the interactions between DOT1L and MLL-oncofusion proteins AF9 and ENL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | - Aihong Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yujie Chang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | - Haiying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Zhou M, Li Q, Wang R. Current Experimental Methods for Characterizing Protein-Protein Interactions. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:738-56. [PMID: 26864455 PMCID: PMC7162211 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein molecules often interact with other partner protein molecules in order to execute their vital functions in living organisms. Characterization of protein-protein interactions thus plays a central role in understanding the molecular mechanism of relevant protein molecules, elucidating the cellular processes and pathways relevant to health or disease for drug discovery, and charting large-scale interaction networks in systems biology research. A whole spectrum of methods, based on biophysical, biochemical, or genetic principles, have been developed to detect the time, space, and functional relevance of protein-protein interactions at various degrees of affinity and specificity. This article presents an overview of these experimental methods, outlining the principles, strengths and limitations, and recent developments of each type of method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau, 999078, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Zhou M, Li Q, Wang R. Current Experimental Methods for Characterizing Protein-Protein Interactions. ChemMedChem 2016. [PMID: 26864455 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500495.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protein molecules often interact with other partner protein molecules in order to execute their vital functions in living organisms. Characterization of protein-protein interactions thus plays a central role in understanding the molecular mechanism of relevant protein molecules, elucidating the cellular processes and pathways relevant to health or disease for drug discovery, and charting large-scale interaction networks in systems biology research. A whole spectrum of methods, based on biophysical, biochemical, or genetic principles, have been developed to detect the time, space, and functional relevance of protein-protein interactions at various degrees of affinity and specificity. This article presents an overview of these experimental methods, outlining the principles, strengths and limitations, and recent developments of each type of method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau, 999078, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Modulation of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is becoming increasingly important in drug discovery and chemical biology. While a few years ago this 'target class' was deemed to be largely undruggable an impressing number of publications and success stories now show that targeting PPIs with small, drug-like molecules indeed is a feasible approach. Here, we summarize the current state of small-molecule inhibition and stabilization of PPIs and review the active molecules from a structural and medicinal chemistry angle, especially focusing on the key examples of iNOS, LFA-1 and 14-3-3.
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Zhang Y, Cao H, Liu Z. Binding cavities and druggability of intrinsically disordered proteins. Protein Sci 2015; 24:688-705. [PMID: 25611056 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To assess the potential of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) as drug design targets, we have analyzed the ligand-binding cavities of two datasets of IDPs (containing 37 and 16 entries, respectively) and compared their properties with those of conventional ordered (folded) proteins. IDPs were predicted to possess more binding cavity than ordered proteins at similar length, supporting the proposed advantage of IDPs economizing genome and protein resources. The cavity number has a wide distribution within each conformation ensemble for IDPs. The geometries of the cavities of IDPs differ from the cavities of ordered proteins, for example, the cavities of IDPs have larger surface areas and volumes, and are more likely to be composed of a single segment. The druggability of the cavities was examined, and the average druggable probability is estimated to be 9% for IDPs, which is almost twice that for ordered proteins (5%). Some IDPs with druggable cavities that are associated with diseases are listed. The optimism versus obstacles for drug design for IDPs is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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9
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Milroy LG, Grossmann TN, Hennig S, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C. Modulators of Protein–Protein Interactions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4695-748. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sven Hennig
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Napper AD, Watson VG. Targeted drug discovery for pediatric leukemia. Front Oncol 2013; 3:170. [PMID: 23847761 PMCID: PMC3703567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite dramatic advances in the treatment of pediatric leukemia over the past 50 years, there remain subsets of patients who respond poorly to treatment. Many of the high-risk cases of childhood leukemia with the poorest prognosis have been found to harbor specific genetic signatures, often resulting from chromosomal rearrangements. With increased understanding of the genetic and epigenetic makeup of high-risk pediatric leukemia has come the opportunity to develop targeted therapies that promise to be both more effective and less toxic than current chemotherapy. Of particular importance is an understanding of the interconnections between different targets within the same cancer, and observations of synergy between two different targeted therapies or between a targeted drug and conventional chemotherapy. It has become clear that many cancers are able to circumvent a single specific blockade, and pediatric leukemias are no exception in this regard. This review highlights the most promising approaches to new drugs and drug combinations for high-risk pediatric leukemia. Key biological evidence supporting selection of molecular targets is presented, together with a critical survey of recent progress toward the discovery, pre-clinical development, and clinical study of novel molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Napper
- High-Throughput Screening and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
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