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Antiretroviral (ARV) Drug Resistance and HIV-1 Subtypes among Injecting Drug Users in the Coastal Region of Kenya. Adv Virol 2022; 2022:3217749. [PMID: 35186083 PMCID: PMC8853818 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3217749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 genetic diversity results into the development of widespread drug-resistant mutations (DRMs) for the first-line retroviral therapy. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the relationship between DRMs and HIV-1 subtypes among HIV-positive injecting drug users (IDUs). This study therefore determined the association between HIV-1 genotypes and DRMs among the 200 IDUs. Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database was used to interpret DRMs. The five HIV-1 genotypes circulating among the IDUs were A1 (25 (53.2%)), A2 (2 (4.3%)), B (2 (4.3%)), C (9 (19.1%)), and D (9 (19.1%)). The proportions of DRMs were A1 (12 (52.2%)), A2 (1 (4.3%)), B (0 (0.0%)), C (5 (21.7%)), and D (5 (21.7%)). Due to the large proportion of drug resistance across all HIV-1 subtypes, surveillance and behavioral studies need to be explored as IDUs may be spreading the drug resistance to the general population. In addition, further characterization of DRMs including all the relevant clinical parameters among the larger population of IDUs is critical for effective drug resistance surveillance.
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Serafino S, Cella E, Montagna C, Cavallari EN, Vittozzi P, Lo Presti A, Giovanetti M, Mazzuti L, Turriziani O, Ceccarelli G, d'Ettorre G, Vullo V, Ciccozzi M. An epidemiological investigation to reconstruct a probable human immunodeficiency virus-1 transmission network: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2015; 9:253. [PMID: 26527158 PMCID: PMC4630910 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-015-0717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently published studies have highlighted the importance of phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses in supporting epidemiological investigations to reconstruct the transmission network of human immunodeficiency virus. Here, we report a case of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 between a man and a woman that marks once more the importance of a tightened collaboration between phylogeny and epidemiology. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a case of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B transmission in a stable Caucasian heterosexual couple. The man was 30 years old and the woman was 21 years old at the time of their presentation to the Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases of the University of Rome "Sapienza". The couple reported a history of drug abuse. CONCLUSION Phylogenetic analysis is a powerful technique that if properly used can prove valuable in research investigations. In the case presented here, a phylogenetic analysis alongside epidemiological evidence allowed us to determine the most probable source of the human immunodeficiency virus infection. The dated tree allowed us to date the transmission event, the time point, and the direction of transmission based on the phylogeny, which agreed with the presumptive time of infection determined from clinical history-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Serafino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM)/Epidemiology Unit, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Montagna
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Pietro Vittozzi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Lo Presti
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM)/Epidemiology Unit, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM)/Epidemiology Unit, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Mazzuti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ombretta Turriziani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM)/Epidemiology Unit, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy. .,University of Biomedical Campus, Rome, Italy. .,Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità- V.le Regina Elena, 299 - 00161, Roma, Italy.
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