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Kowatsch MM, Winter T, Oyugi J, Kimani J, Lajoie J, Aukema HM, Fowke KR. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway: Implications for HIV prevention. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 174:106878. [PMID: 39084323 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1.5 million new HIV infections occurred in 2021, suggesting new prevention methods are needed. Inflammation increases the risk for HIV acquisition by attracting HIV target cells to the female genital tract (FGT). In a pilot study, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA/Aspirin) decreased the proportion of FGT HIV target cells by 35 %. However, the mechanism remains unknown. METHODS Women from Nairobi, Kenya took low-dose ASA (81 mg) daily for 6-weeks. Free oxylipins in the plasma were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. RESULTS Oxylipins from 9 fatty acid substrates were detected, with more than one analyte from 4 substrates reduced post-ASA. Summary analysis found ASA downregulated cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase but not cytochrome P450 activity with a lower n-6/n-3 oxylipin profile, reflecting reduced inflammation post-ASA. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation is associated with increased lipoxygenase activity and HIV risk. Our data suggests ASA reduces inflammation through downregulation of oxylipins. Understanding how ASA reduces inflammation may lead to novel HIV prevention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Kowatsch
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tanja Winter
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Nairobi Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi. Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julie Lajoie
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Community Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Transient Increases in Inflammation and Proapoptotic Potential Are Associated with the HESN Phenotype Observed in a Subgroup of Kenyan Female Sex Workers. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030471. [PMID: 35336878 PMCID: PMC8948937 DOI: 10.3390/v14030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) -stimulated genes (ISGs) are critical effectors of IFN response to viral infection, but whether ISG expression is a correlate of protection against HIV infection remains elusive. A well-characterized subcohort of Kenyan female sex workers, who, despite being repeatedly exposed to HIV-1 remain seronegative (HESN), exhibit reduced baseline systemic and mucosal immune activation. This study tested the hypothesis that regulation of ISGs in the cells of HESN potentiates a robust antiviral response against HIV. Transcriptional profile of a panel of ISGs with antiviral function in PBMC and isolated CD4+ T cells from HESN and non-HESN sex worker controls were defined following exogenous IFN-stimulation using relative RT-qPCR. This study identified a unique profile of proinflammatory and proapoptotic ISGs with robust but transient responses to exogenous IFN-γ and IFN-α2 in HESN cells. In contrast, the non-HESN cells had a strong and prolonged proinflammatory ISG profile at baseline and following IFN challenge. Potential mechanisms may include augmented bystander apoptosis due to increased TRAIL expression (16-fold), in non-HESN cells. The study also identified two negative regulators of ISG induction associated with the HESN phenotype. Robust upregulation of SOCS-1 and IRF-1, in addition to HDM2, could contribute to the strict regulation of proinflammatory and proapoptotic ISGs in HESN cells. As reducing IRF-1 in the non-HESN cells resulted in the identified HESN ISG profile, and decreased HIV susceptibility, the unique HESN ISG profile could be a correlate of protection against HIV infection.
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Richert-Spuhler LE, Mar CM, Shinde P, Wu F, Hong T, Greene E, Hou S, Thomas K, Gottardo R, Mugo N, de Bruyn G, Celum C, Baeten JM, Lingappa JR, Lund JM. CD101 genetic variants modify regulatory and conventional T cell phenotypes and functions. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100322. [PMID: 34195685 PMCID: PMC8233694 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the risk of sexually acquired HIV-1 infection is increased significantly by variants in the gene encoding CD101, a protein thought to modify inflammatory responses. Using blood samples from individuals with and without these variants, we demonstrate that CD101 variants modify the prevalence of circulating inflammatory cell types and show that CD101 variants are associated with increased proinflammatory cytokine production by circulating T cells. One category of CD101 variants is associated with a reduced capacity of regulatory T cells to suppress T cell cytokine production, resulting in a reduction in the baseline level of immune quiescence. These data are supported by transcriptomics data revealing alterations in the intrinsic regulation of antiviral pathways and HIV resistance genes in individuals with CD101 variants. Our data support the hypothesis that CD101 contributes to homeostatic regulation of bystander inflammation, with CD101 variants altering heterosexual HIV-1 acquisition by facilitating increased prevalence and altered function of T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Richert-Spuhler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Corinne M. Mar
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Paurvi Shinde
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Feinan Wu
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ting Hong
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Evan Greene
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sharon Hou
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Katherine Thomas
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nelly Mugo
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Guy de Bruyn
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jared M. Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jairam R. Lingappa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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HIV-Exposed Seronegative Sex Workers Express Low T-Cell Activation and an Intact Ectocervical Tissue Microenvironment. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030217. [PMID: 33806390 PMCID: PMC7998094 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological correlates of natural resistance to HIV have been identified in HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals and include a low-inflammatory genital mucosal status. The cervicovaginal epithelium has not been studied for such correlates despite constituting an important barrier against sexual HIV transmission. To fill this gap in knowledge, we collected samples of blood, cervical mononuclear cells, cervicovaginal lavage, and ectocervical tissue from Kenyan HESN sex workers (n = 29) and controls (n = 33). The samples were analyzed by flow cytometry, protein profiling, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, in situ image analysis, and tissue-based RNA sequencing. A significantly higher relative proportion of regulatory T cells in blood (B7+CD25hiFoxP3+CD127loCD4+ and B7+Helios+FoxP3+CD4+), and a significantly lower proportion of activated cervical T cells (CCR5+CD69+CD4+ and CCR5+CD69+CD8+), were found in the HESN group compared with the controls. In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences between the study groups in cervicovaginal protein and microbiome compositions, ectocervical epithelial thickness, E-cadherin expression, HIV receptor expression, and tissue RNA transcriptional profiles. The identification of an intact ectocervical microenvironment in HESN individuals add new data to current knowledge about natural resistance to sexual transmission of HIV.
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Abou Hassan F, Bou Hamdan M, Melhem NM. The Role of Natural Killer Cells and Regulatory T Cells While Aging with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:1123-1135. [PMID: 31510754 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Consequently, the number of PLHIV >50 years is increasing worldwide. Patients on cART are known to remain in a proinflammatory state. The latter is linked to the development of non-AIDS-related chronic conditions. Although the number of aging PLHIV is increasing, the effect of HIV infection on the process of aging is not fully understood. Understanding the complexity of aging with HIV by investigating the effect of the latter on different components of the innate and adaptive immune systems is important to reduce the impact of these comorbid conditions and improve the quality of life of PLHIV. The role of killer immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs), expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, and their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands in the clearance, susceptibility to or disease progression following HIV infection is well established. However, data on the effect of KIR-HLA interaction in aging HIV-infected population and the development of non-AIDS-related comorbid conditions are lacking. Moreover, conflicting data exist on the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) during HIV infection. The purpose of this review is to advance the current knowledge on the role of NK cells and Tregs while aging with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk Abou Hassan
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirna Bou Hamdan
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada M. Melhem
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Regulatory T-Cell Activity But Not Conventional HIV-Specific T-Cell Responses Are Associated With Protection From HIV-1 Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 72:119-28. [PMID: 26656786 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two distinct hypotheses have been proposed for T-cell involvement in protection from HIV-1 acquisition. First, HIV-1-specific memory T-cell responses generated on HIV-1 exposure could mount an efficient response to HIV-1 and inhibit the establishment of an infection. Second, a lower level of immune activation could reduce the numbers of activated, HIV-1-susceptible CD4 T cells, thereby diminishing the likelihood of infection. METHODS To test these hypotheses, we conducted a prospective study among high-risk heterosexual men and women, and tested peripheral blood samples from individuals who subsequently acquired HIV-1 during follow-up (cases) and from a subset of those who remained HIV-1 uninfected (controls). RESULTS We found no difference in HIV-1-specific immune responses between cases and controls, but Treg frequency was higher in controls as compared with cases and was negatively associated with frequency of effector memory CD4 T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that low immune activation assists in protection from HIV-1 infection.
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Söderberg-Nauclér C, Fornara O, Rahbar A. Cytomegalovirus driven immunosenescence-An immune phenotype with or without clinical impact? Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 158:3-13. [PMID: 27318107 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The continuous emerging increase in life span has led to vulnerability to a number of different diseases in the elderly. Some of these risks may be attributed to specific changes in the immune system referred to as immunoscenescence. This term aims to describe decreased immune functions among elderly individuals, and is characterized to be harmful age-associated changes in the immune system that lead to its gradual immune dysfunction. An impaired function of the immune system may increase susceptibility to various diseases in the elderly population such as infections, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Although it is unclear how this immune phenotype develops, emerging evidence suggest that it may reflect an exhaustion of the immune system, possibly caused by one or several chronic infections. The main candidate is human cytomegalovirus (CMV), which can induce immune dysfunctions observed in immunoscenescence. Although the immune system is currently considered to be exhausted in CMV positive elderly individuals, it is not known whether such dysfunction of the immune system is a main reason for increased susceptibility to other diseases, or if direct effects of the virus in disease pathogenesis reflect the increased vulnerability to them. These aspects will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Olesja Fornara
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Reducing IRF-1 to Levels Observed in HESN Subjects Limits HIV Replication, But Not the Extent of Host Immune Activation. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e259. [PMID: 26506037 PMCID: PMC4881757 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells from women who are epidemiologically deemed resistant to HIV infection exhibit a 40-60% reduction in endogenous IRF-1 (interferon regulatory factor-1), an essential regulator of host antiviral immunity and the early HIV replication. This study examined the functional consequences of reducing endogenous IRF-1 on HIV-1 replication and immune response to HIV in natural HIV target cells. IRF-1 knockdown was achieved in ex vivo CD4(+) T cells and monocytes with siRNA. IRF-1 level was assessed using flow cytometry, prior to infection with HIV-Bal, HIV-IIIB, or HIV-VSV-G. Transactivation of HIV long terminal repeats was assessed by p24 secretion (ELISA) and Gag expression (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)). The expression of IRF-1-regulated antiviral genes was quantitated with RT-PCR. A modest 20-40% reduction in endogenous IRF-1 was achieved in >87% of ex vivo-derived peripheral CD4(+) T cells and monocytes, resulted in >90% reduction in the transactivation of the HIV-1 genes (Gag, p24) and, hence, HIV replication. Curiously, these HIV-resistant women demonstrated normal immune responses, nor an increased susceptibility to other infection. Similarly, modest IRF-1 knockdown had limited impact on the magnitude of HIV-1-elicited activation of IRF-1-regulated host immunologic genes but resulted in lessened duration of these responses. These data suggest that early expression of HIV-1 genes requires a higher IRF-1 level, compared to the host antiviral genes. Together, these provide one key mechanism underlying the natural resistance against HIV infection and further suggest that modest IRF-1 reduction could effectively limit productive HIV infection yet remain sufficient to activate a robust but transient immune response.
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Richert-Spuhler LE, Lund JM. The Immune Fulcrum: Regulatory T Cells Tip the Balance Between Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Outcomes upon Infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:217-43. [PMID: 26615099 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are indispensable for immune homeostasis and the prevention of autoimmunity. In the context of infectious diseases, Tregs are multidimensional. Here, we describe how they may potentiate effector responses by assisting in recruitment of T cells into the infection site to resolve infection, facilitate accelerated antigen-specific memory responses, limit pathology, and contribute to disease resolution and healing, to the great benefit of the host. We also explore the villainous functions of Tregs during infection by reviewing several diseases in which the depletion or reduction in Treg frequency allows for better generation of effector memory, and results in acute resolution of infection, as opposed to chronicity or severe long-term outcomes. We describe findings generated using mouse models of infection as well as experiments performed using human cells and tissues. We propose that Tregs represent an immunologic fulcrum, promoting both pathogen clearance and damage control by preventing excessive destruction of infected tissues though unchecked immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Richert-Spuhler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Detection of HIV-1-specific T-cell immune responses in highly HIV-exposed uninfected individuals by in-vitro dendritic cell co-culture. AIDS 2015; 29:1309-18. [PMID: 26091301 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although virus-specific responses are rarely detected by conventional approaches, we report here the detection of T-cell responses in HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) patients by two distinct assays. METHODS HIV-specific T-cell responses were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunospot in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HESN patients after a 48-h co-culture with boosted dendritic cells. Additionally, a boosted flow cytometry approach was used to capture antiviral T-cell responses. Host genetic factors and T-cell activation were also analyzed to assess their implication on HIV exposure. RESULTS Of the 45 HESN individuals tested, up to 11 (24.4%) showed at least one response to peptide pools covering HIV Gag and Nef. A positive correlation was observed between the intensity (P = 0.0022) and magnitude (P = 0.0174) of the response detected in the HESN, and the viral load of the HIV-positive partner. Moreover, the result from the boosted flow and cytomix analyses showed a dominant Th1-like response pattern against HIV antigens, especially in CD8 T-cell populations. CONCLUSIONS The combined use of our boosted dendritic cell technique with a boosted flow cytometric approach allows us both to detect specific HIV-positive responses in a higher percentage of HESN patients and to define specific effector function profiles. This study contributes to a better understanding of resistance to HIV infection.
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11
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Rahbar A, Peredo I, Solberg NW, Taher C, Dzabic M, Xu X, Skarman P, Fornara O, Tammik C, Yaiw K, Wilhelmi V, Assinger A, Stragliotto G, Söderberg-Naucler C. Discordant humoral and cellular immune responses to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in glioblastoma patients whose tumors are positive for CMV. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e982391. [PMID: 25949880 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.982391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults and is nearly always fatal. Emerging evidence suggests that human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is present in 90-100% of GBMs and that add-on antiviral treatment for HCMV show promise to improve survival. Methods. In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of valganciclovir in 42 GBM patients, blood samples were collected for analyses of HCMV DNA, RNA, reactivity against HCMV peptides, IgG, and IgM at baseline and at 3, 12, and 24 weeks of treatment. Results. All 42 tumors were positive for HCMV protein. All patients examined had at least one blood sample positive for HCMV DNA, 63% were HCMV RNA positive, and 21% were IgM positive. However, 29% of GBM patients were IgG negative for HCMV. Five of these samples were positive in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that used antigens derived from a clinical isolate. Blood T cells from 11 of 13 (85%) HCMV IgG-negative GBM patients reacted against HCMV peptides. Valganciclovir did not affect IgG titers, DNA, or RNA levels of the HCMV immediate early (HCMV IE) gene in blood. Conclusion. In GBM patients, HCMV activity is higher than in healthy controls and serology is a poor test to define previous or active HCMV infection in these patients.
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Key Words
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FACS, flow cytometry analyses
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GBM, glioblastoma
- HCMV IE, human Cytomegalovirus-immediate early
- HCMV, human Cytomegalovirus
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- PBMC, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SEB, staphylococcal snterotoxin B
- VIGAS study, Efficacy and Safety of Valcyte® as an Add-on Therapy in Patients with Malignant Glioblastoma and cytomegalovirus infection
- Valcyte
- cytomegalovirus
- glioblastoma
- peptides stimulation
- serology
- valganciclovir
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inti Peredo
- Departments of Neurosurgery; Karolinska University Hospital ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Wolmer Solberg
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chato Taher
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mensur Dzabic
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinling Xu
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra Skarman
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olesja Fornara
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Tammik
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Koon Yaiw
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Wilhelmi
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alice Assinger
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Söderberg-Naucler
- Department of Medicine; Solna; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Pattacini L, Murnane PM, Baeten JM, Fluharty TR, Thomas KK, Bukusi E, Katabira E, Mugo N, Donnell D, Lingappa JR, Celum C, Marzinke M, McElrath MJ, Lund JM. Antiretroviral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Does Not Enhance Immune Responses to HIV in Exposed but Uninfected Persons. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1943-52. [PMID: 25520426 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), using daily oral combination tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus emtricitabine, is an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention strategy for populations at high risk of HIV acquisition. Although the primary mode of action for the protective effect of PrEP is probably direct antiviral activity, nonhuman primate studies suggest that PrEP may also allow for development of HIV-specific immune responses, hypothesized to result from aborted HIV infections providing a source of immunologic priming. We sought to evaluate whether PrEP affects the development of HIV-specific immune response in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Within a PrEP clinical trial among high-risk heterosexual African men and women, we detected HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) peripheral blood T-cell responses in 10%-20% of 247 subjects evaluated. The response rate and magnitude of T-cell responses did not vary significantly between those assigned PrEP versus placebo, and no significant difference between those assigned PrEP and placebo was observed in measures of innate immune function. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence to support the hypothesis that PrEP alters either the frequency or magnitude of HIV-specific immune responses in HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals. These results suggest that PrEP is unlikely to serve as an immunologic prime to aid protection by a putative HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Global Health Department of Epidemiology Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Bukusi
- Department of Global Health Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Centre for Microbiology Research
| | - Elly Katabira
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nelly Mugo
- Department of Global Health Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | - Deborah Donnell
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Department of Global Health
| | - Jairam R Lingappa
- Department of Global Health Department of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Global Health Department of Epidemiology Department of Medicine
| | - Mark Marzinke
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Department of Global Health Department of Medicine
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Department of Global Health
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13
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Association between cellular immune activation, target cell frequency, and risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection. J Virol 2014; 88:5894-9. [PMID: 24623424 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00187-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a case-control study of women at risk of HIV-1 superinfection to understand the relationship between immune activation and HIV-1 acquisition. An increase in the frequency of HIV-1 target cells, but not in other markers of T cell activation, was associated with a 1.7-fold increase in the odds of superinfection. This suggests that HIV-1 acquisition risk is influenced more by the frequency of target cells than by the generalized level of immune activation.
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Card CM, Ball TB, Fowke KR. Immune quiescence: a model of protection against HIV infection. Retrovirology 2013; 10:141. [PMID: 24257114 PMCID: PMC3874678 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant immune activation is a strong correlate of HIV disease progression, but little is known about how immune activation alters susceptibility to HIV infection. Susceptibility to HIV infection varies between individuals, but the immunological determinants of HIV transmission are not well understood. Here, we present evidence from studies of HIV transmission in the context of clinical trials and HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) cohorts that implicates elevated immune activation as a risk factor for acquiring HIV. We propose a model of protection from infection based on a phenotype of low baseline immune activation referred to as immune quiescence. Immune quiescence is evidenced by reduced expression of T cell activation markers, low levels of generalized gene transcription and low levels of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in the periphery and genital mucosa of HESN. Since HIV preferentially replicates in activated CD4+ T cells, immune quiescence may protect against infection by limiting HIV target cell availability. Although the determinants of immune quiescence are unclear, several potential factors have been identified that may be involved in driving this phenotype. HESN were shown to have elevated proportions of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are known to suppress T cell activation. Likewise, proteins involved in controlling inflammation in the genital tract have been found to be elevated in HESN. Furthermore, expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is reduced in HESN as a consequence of genetic polymorphisms and differential epigenetic regulation. Since IRF-1 is an important regulator of immune responses, it may play a role in maintaining immune quiescence. Based on this model, we propose a novel avenue for HIV prevention targeted based on reducing host mucosal immune activation.
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