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Català-Moll F, Paredes R. The rectal microbiome: understanding its role in HIV transmission. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2025; 20:159-164. [PMID: 39773907 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Condomless receptive anal intercourse stands out as the sexual practice with highest risk of HIV-1 infection. Recent studies have suggested that the gut microbiome influences susceptibility to HIV transmission. This review explores recent research on host risk factors, the rectal microbiome composition, local inflammation, and bacteria-derived mediators that may affect HIV transmission. RECENT FINDINGS Constitutive host factors such as rectal mucosal structure and immune cell populations in the rectum contribute to increased susceptibility. Changes in the composition of the rectal microbiota, influenced by sexual practices and HIV infection modulate immune activation and inflammation, impacting HIV susceptibility. Bacteria-derived mediators may further influence immune responses and HIV replication in the rectal mucosa. SUMMARY Understanding the role of the rectal microbiome in HIV transmission has important clinical implications. Targeted interventions that modulate the microbiome may reduce susceptibility to HIV transmission by regulating immune responses and inflammation. Further research into the host-microbiome interactions could lead to novel preventive and therapeutic strategies to mitigate HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Català-Moll
- IrsiCaixa, Badalona
- CIBER of Precision Medicine against Antimicrobial Resistance MePRAM, ISCIII
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa, Badalona
- CIBER of Precision Medicine against Antimicrobial Resistance MePRAM, ISCIII
- CIBER of Persistent COVID REiCOP
- CIBER of Infectious Diseases CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western. Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Fundació Lluita contra les Infeccions
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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Ebrahimi R, Masouri MM, Salehi Amniyeh Khozani AA, Ramadhan Hussein D, Nejadghaderi SA. Safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation for viral diseases: A systematic review of clinical trials. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0311731. [PMID: 39432486 PMCID: PMC11493255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota play important roles in several diseases like viral infections. In this systematic review, our objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in treating various viral diseases. METHODS We conducted searches on databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar until November 2023. Clinical trials reported outcomes related to safety of FMT or its efficacy in patients with viral diseases were included. We excluded other types of studies that enrolled healthy individuals or patients with other disorders and did not use FMT. The assessment of bias risk was conducted using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) study quality evaluation tool. RESULTS Eight studies with total 196 participants were included. Viral diseases were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, COVID-19 and Clostridioides difficile coinfection, and cytomegalovirus colitis. In hepatitis B cases, HBeAg clearance was significant in those received FMT (p<0.01), while it was not significant in another one (p = 0.19). A clinical response was noted in 37.5% of patients with cytomegalovirus colitis, with an equal percentage achieving clinical remission post-FMT. There was a significant reduction in Clostridioides difficile relapse rate in FMT group than controls in coinfection of Clostridioides difficile and COVID-19 (2.17% vs. 42.5%, p<0.05). In patients with HIV, partial engraftment of the donor microbiome and increases in alpha diversity were observed after FMT. No severe adverse events were reported. Most studies had fair or good qualities. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed FMT as a promising, safe treatment for some viral diseases. It improved viral clearance, clinical outcomes, and inflammation. However, the varying responses and small sample sizes call for more trials on FMT in viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Ebrahimi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Hu A, Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Wang X, Ouyang J, Chen Y. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: key implications of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1428239. [PMID: 39155987 PMCID: PMC11327151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1428239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is now recognized to be relatively common in people living with HIV (PLWH), and remains a common cause of cognitive impairment. Unfortunately, the fundamental pathogenic processes underlying this specific outcome of HIV infection have not as yet been fully elucidated. With increased interest in research related to the microbiota-gut-brain axis, the gut-brain axis has been shown to play critical roles in regulating central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. PLWH are characterized by a particular affliction, referred to as gut-associated dysbiosis syndrome, which provokes an alteration in microbial composition and diversity, and of their associated metabolite composition within the gut. Interestingly, the gut microbiota has also been recognized as a key element, which both positively and negatively influences human brain health, including the functioning and development of the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, based on published evidence, we critically discuss the relevant interactions between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the pathogenesis of HAND in the context of HIV infection. It is likely that HAND manifestation in PLWH mainly results from (i) gut-associated dysbiosis syndrome and a leaky gut on the one hand and (ii) inflammation on the other hand. In other words, the preceding features of HIV infection negatively alter the composition of the gut microbiota (microbes and their associated metabolites) and promote proinflammatory immune responses which singularly or in tandem damage neurons and/or induce inadequate neuronal signaling. Thus, HAND is fairly prevalent in PLWH. This work aims to demonstrate that in the quest to prevent and possibly treat HAND, the gut microbiota may ultimately represent a therapeutically targetable "host factor."
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Hu
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D. Zaongo
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Chonggang General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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4
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Fu Y, Ke S, Tang G, Guo Q, Guo Q, Wang Z, Leng R, Fan Y. Characterization of the intestinal microbiota in MSM with HIV infection. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:192. [PMID: 38831399 PMCID: PMC11145808 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected persons demonstrate notable disturbances in their intestinal microbiota; however, the impact of intestinal microbiota on HIV susceptibility in men who have sex with men (MSM), as well as the effects of HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on their gut microbiota, remains under active study. Thus, our research focuses on clarifying the distinctions in intestinal microbiota composition among uninfected MSM and non-MSM healthy controls, investigating the alterations in early-stage intestinal microbial communities following HIV infection, and assessing how ART affects the intestinal microbiota. METHODS This study enrolled four participant groups: uninfected MSM, Recent HIV-1 infection (RHI) MSM, MSM on ART, and non-MSM healthy controls, with 30 individuals in each group. We utilized 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) amplicon sequencing to analyze fecal microbiota and employed Luminex multiplex assays to measure plasma markers for microbial translocation (LBP, sCD14) and the inflammatory marker CRP. FINDINGS Comparing uninfected MSM to non-MSM healthy controls, no substantial variances were observed in α and β diversity. Uninfected MSM had higher average relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Prevotella, and Alloprevotella, while Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Faecalibacterium had lower average relative abundances. MSM on ART had lower intestinal microbiota diversity than RHI MSM and uninfected MSM. In MSM on ART, Megasphaera and Fusobacterium increased, while Faecalibacterium and Roseburia decreased at genus level. Additionally, treatment with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) led to significant alterations in intestinal microbiota diversity and composition compared to RHI MSM. The random forest model showed that HIV infection biomarkers effectively distinguished between newly diagnosed HIV-infected MSM and HIV-negative MSM, with an ROC AUC of 76.24% (95% CI: 61.17-91.31%). CONCLUSIONS MSM showed early intestinal microbiota imbalances after new HIV infection. MSM on ART experienced worsened dysbiosis, indicating a combined effect of HIV and ART. NNRTI-based treatment notably changed intestinal microbiota, suggesting a potential direct impact of NNRTI drugs on intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Fu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Susu Ke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gan Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qisheng Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qian Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruixue Leng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yinguang Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Meng P, Zhang G, Ma X, Ding X, Song X, Dang S, Yang R, Xu L. Characterization of intestinal fungal community diversity in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). AIDS Res Ther 2024; 21:10. [PMID: 38350942 PMCID: PMC10863270 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-023-00589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a highly dangerous infectious disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a virus that attacks the human immune system. To explore the correlation between intestinal fungal community and immune function (Immune cells and inflammatory factors) in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The feces and blood samples were collected from two groups of subjects: PLWHA and healthy controls. High-throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1, flow cytometry, and ELISA were performed to analyze the differences and correlations between fungal microbiota, cellular immune status and serum inflammatory factors in the two groups. There were significant differences in the composition of fungal microbiota between the two groups. The relative abundance of Candida, Bjerkandera, and Xeromyces in PLWHA was significantly higher than that of healthy volunteers (P < 0.01), while the relative abundance of Mycospaerella, Xeroxysium, Penicillium, and Glomerella in PLWHA was significantly lower than that of healthy volunteers. The correlation analysis results show that Mycospaerella and Xeromyces are significantly positively correlated with CD4+/CD8+ T cells and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4. On the other hand, Candida was positively correlated with pro-inflammatory factors negatively correlated with CD4+/CD8+ T cells and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4, while it is positively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. The significant increase in the relative abundance of Candida may be one of the important causes of intestinal damage in PLWHA. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the relationship between fungal microbiota structure and immune function in the gut ecology of PLWHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Meng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Guichun Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiuxia Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xue Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiyuan Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Shuyuan Dang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Ruihan Yang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Liran Xu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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Thomas KL, Davies M. Survival outcomes of HIV-positive adults on peritoneal dialysis at Helen Joseph renal unit. South Afr J HIV Med 2023; 24:1471. [PMID: 37293605 PMCID: PMC10244927 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v24i1.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV is a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. People with chronic kidney disease in the state sector are likely to be prescribed continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Previous studies have raised concern about the safety of CAPD in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to HIV-negative patients. Objectives To compare the risk of peritonitis, and modality and patient survival by HIV status in patients receiving CAPD at Helen Joseph Hospital. Method A retrospective study of patients receiving CAPD between 01 January 2007 and 31 December 2017 was undertaken. Five-year patient and modality survival were modelled for PLWH and HIV-negative subgroups and analysed using the log-rank test; the effect of CD4 count, HIV viral load, and duration of antiretroviral therapy on these parameters in PLWH were additionally modelled using the Cox Proportional Hazards technique. Results Eighty-four patients, comprising of 21 PLWH and 63 HIV-negative patients, were analysed. No difference was observed in the proportion of patients who had at least one episode of peritonitis between PLWH (61.2%) and HIV-negative patients (63.5%) (P = 0.547). A trend towards increased risk of peritonitis due to Gram-negative organisms in PLWH was noted (odds ratio: 3.20, 95% confidence interval: 0.86-11.9, P = 0.083). No difference was observed in 5-year patient or modality survival on CAPD between PLWH (log-rank P = 0.161) and HIV-negative patients (log-rank P = 0.240). Conclusion People living with HIV should not be excluded from CAPD as a mode of kidney replacement therapy (KRT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kagisho L Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Malcolm Davies
- Renal Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Fei H, Yi SF, Zhang HM, Cheng Y, Zhang YQ, Yu X, Qian SC, Huang MM, Yang S. Transcriptome and 16S rRNA analysis revealed the response of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to Rhabdovirus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:973422. [PMID: 36275642 PMCID: PMC9585208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.973422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the response of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) infection, we investigated the intestinal bacterial flora and transcriptome profile of fish at 72 hours post-infection (hpi). Total of 1574 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in largemouth bass spleen following MSRV infection, including 573 upregulated and 1001 downregulated genes. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis revealed that upregulated genes were enriched in certain antiviral related signaling pathway, including NOD-like receptor (NLR), RIG-I like receptors (RLR) and regulation of the interferon (IFN)-γ-mediated signaling pathway, whereas some immune-related DEGs enriched in focal adhesion (FA) and ECM-receptor interaction(ECM-RI) were downregulated, as well as genes associated with metabolic processes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), adipocytokine signaling pathway, Glycerolipid and Retinol metabolism. Furthermore, the principal component analysis (PCA) and phylogenetic analysis revealed that MSRV infection significantly affected the microbiota of largemouth bass intestine; the LEfSe analysis showed that relative abundances of Streptococcus were significantly increased, while the content of Akkermansia, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus were remarkably decreased in the fish intestine following MSRV infection. Additionally, a high correlation was determined between the expressions of interferon-related upregulated genes and the relative abundance of Streptococcus by redundancy analysis (RDA). These results collectively illustrated that intestinal microbiota composition might be associated with the immune-related gene expression in largemouth bass in response to MSRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shun fa Yi
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui min Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya qi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Industrilaztion, Zhejiang Development & Planning Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi chao Qian
- Department of Fish disease, Huzhou Baijiayu Biotech Co., Ltd., Huzhou, China
| | - Meng meng Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shun Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shun Yang,
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Kang Y, Cai Y, Zhao Y, Yang Y. The gut microbiome and Alopecia areata: Implications for early diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapies. Front Nutr 2022; 9:979876. [PMID: 36185693 PMCID: PMC9520310 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.979876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) accounts for the autoimmune disorder mediated by T cells, whose prognostic outcome cannot be predicted and curative treatment is unavailable at present. The AA pathogenic mechanism remains largely unclear, even though follicular attack has been suggested to result from that attack of immune privilege-losing hair follicles driven by immunity. Recently, gut microbiota is suggested to have an important effect on immunoregulation under autoimmune situations like AA. Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) may be used to treat AA. Nonetheless, related research remains at the initial stage. To promote the rapid progress of relevant research, the present work aimed to shed more lights on gut microbiota's effect on AA, early diagnostic biomarker and FMT therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Yongbo Kang
| | - Yue Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanqin Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Yang
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Caira-Chuquineyra B, Fernandez-Guzman D, Soriano-Moreno DR, Fernandez-Morales J, Flores-Lovon K, Medina-Ramírez SA, Gonzales-Uribe AG, Pelayo-Luis IP, Gonzales-Zamora JA, Huaringa-Marcelo J. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Scoping Review. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:700-708. [PMID: 35451337 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this scoping review was to determine the characteristics of studies evaluating fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), as well as its effects and safety as a therapeutic intervention for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We conducted a scoping review following the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute. We searched the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Medline until September 19, 2021. Studies that used FMT in people living with HIV and explored its effects on the health of these people were included. Two randomized and 2 uncontrolled clinical trials with a total of 55 participants were included. Participants were well-controlled HIV-infected people. Regarding microbiota changes, three studies found significant post-FMT increases in Fusobacterium, Prevotella, α-diversity, Chao index, and/or Shannon index, and/or decreases in Bacteroides. Regarding markers of intestinal damage, one study found a decrease in intestinal fatty acid binding protein post-FMT, and another study found an increase in zonulin. Other outcomes evaluated by the studies were as follows: markers of immune and inflammatory activation, markers of immunocompetence (CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes), and HIV viral load; however, none showed significant changes. Clinical outcomes were not evaluated by these studies. Regarding the safety of FMT, only mild adverse events were appreciated. No serious adverse event was reported. The clinical evidence for FMT in people living with HIV is sparse. FMT appears to have good tolerability and, no serious adverse event has been reported so far. Further clinical trials and evaluation of clinically important biomedical outcomes for FMT in people living with HIV are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Caira-Chuquineyra
- Peruvian Epidemiological Research Group, Unit for the Generation and Synthesis of Health Evidence, San Ignacio de Loyola University, Lima, Peru
- Faculty of Medicine, National University of San Agustín, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Guzman
- Peruvian Epidemiological Research Group, Unit for the Generation and Synthesis of Health Evidence, San Ignacio de Loyola University, Lima, Peru
- Professional School of Human Medicine, National University of San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - David R Soriano-Moreno
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Peruvian Union University, Lima, Peru
| | - Jared Fernandez-Morales
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Peruvian Union University, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Antony G Gonzales-Uribe
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Peruvian Union University, Lima, Peru
| | - Isabel P Pelayo-Luis
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Peruvian Union University, Lima, Peru
| | - Jose A Gonzales-Zamora
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Peruvian American Medical Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jorge Huaringa-Marcelo
- Faculty of Human Medicine, Scientific University of the South, Lima, Peru
- Archbishop Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru
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10
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Fert A, Raymond Marchand L, Wiche Salinas TR, Ancuta P. Targeting Th17 cells in HIV-1 remission/cure interventions. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:580-594. [PMID: 35659433 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV-1, progress has been made in deciphering the viral replication cycle and mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions that has facilitated the implementation of effective antiretroviral therapies (ARTs). Major barriers to HIV-1 remission/cure include the persistence of viral reservoirs (VRs) in long-lived CD4+ T cells, residual viral transcription, and lack of mucosal immunity restoration during ART, which together fuel systemic inflammation. Recently, T helper (Th)17-polarized cells were identified as major contributors to the pool of transcriptionally/translationally competent VRs. In this review, we discuss the functional features of Th17 cells that were elucidated by fundamental immunology studies in the context of autoimmunity. We also highlight recent discoveries supporting the possibility of extrapolating this knowledge toward the identification of new putative Th17-targeted HIV-1 remission/cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
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Kang Y, Cai Y, Yang Y. The Gut Microbiome and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implications for Early Diagnostic Biomarkers and Novel Therapies. Liver Cancer 2022; 11:113-125. [PMID: 35634424 PMCID: PMC9109080 DOI: 10.1159/000521358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks the third place among all causes inducing cancer-associated mortality, worldwide. HCC nearly exclusively occurs in cases suffering from chronic liver disease (CLD), which results from the vicious cycle of liver damage, inflammation, and regeneration possibly lasting for dozens of years. Recently, more and more investigation on microbiome-gut-liver axis enhances our understanding toward how gut microbiota promotes liver disease and even HCC development. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the effect of gut microbiota on promoting HCC occurrence, with the focus on key pathways such as bacterial dysbiosis, leaky gut, bacterial metabolites, and microorganism-related molecular patterns, which promote liver inflammation, genotoxicity, and fibrosis that finally lead to cancer occurrence. Furthermore, we discuss gut microbiota's important potential to be the early diagnostic biomarker for HCC. Gut microbiota may be the candidate targets to simultaneously prevent CLD and HCC occurrence among advanced liver disease cases. We outlook the gut microbiota-targeting treatments in detail to prevent CLD and HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Yongbo Kang,
| | - Yue Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Yongbo Kang,
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12
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Kang YB, Cai Y. Faecal microbiota transplantation enhances efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy against cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5362-5375. [PMID: 34539138 PMCID: PMC8409158 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i32.5362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are effective on multiple cancer types, there are still many non-responding patients. A possible factor put forward that may influence the efficacy of ICIs is the gut microbiota. Additionally, faecal microbiota transplantation may enhance efficacy of ICIs. Nevertheless, the data available in this field are insufficient, and relevant scientific work has just commenced. As a result, the current work reviewed the latest research on the association of gut microbiota with ICI treatments based on anti-programmed cell death protein 1 antibody and anti- cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 antibody and explored the therapeutic potential of faecal microbiota transplantation in combination with ICI therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi Province, China
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13
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Bai X, Narayanan A, Nowak P, Ray S, Neogi U, Sönnerborg A. Whole-Genome Metagenomic Analysis of the Gut Microbiome in HIV-1-Infected Individuals on Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:667718. [PMID: 34248876 PMCID: PMC8267369 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.667718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome plays a significant role in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis and HIV-1-associated complications. Previous studies have mostly been based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which is limited in taxonomic resolution at the genus level and inferred functionality. Herein, we performed a deep shotgun metagenomics study with the aim to obtain a more precise landscape of gut microbiome dysbiosis in HIV-1 infection. A reduced tendency of alpha diversity and significantly higher beta diversity were found in HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) compared to HIV-1-negative controls. Several species, such as Streptococcus anginosus, Actinomyces odontolyticus, and Rothia mucilaginosa, were significantly enriched in the HIV-1-ART group. Correlations were observed between the degree of immunodeficiency and gut microbiome in terms of microbiota composition and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, microbial shift in HIV-1-infected individuals was found to be associated with changes in microbial virulome and resistome. From the perspective of methodological evaluations, our study showed that different DNA extraction protocols significantly affect the genomic DNA quantity and quality. Moreover, whole metagenome sequencing depth affects critically the recovery of microbial genes, including virulome and resistome, while less than 5 million reads per sample is sufficient for taxonomy profiling in human fecal metagenomic samples. These findings advance our understanding of human gut microbiome and their potential associations with HIV-1 infection. The methodological assessment assists in future study design to accurately assess human gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Bai
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aswathy Narayanan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shilpa Ray
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Ran C, Li Y, Ma X, Xie Y, Xie M, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Wei K, Zhou Z. Interactions between commensal bacteria and viral infection: insights for viral disease control in farmed animals. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1437-1448. [PMID: 33420920 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases cause serious economic loss in farmed animals industry. However, the efficacy of remedies for viral infection in farmed animals is limited, and treatment strategies are generally lacking for aquatic animals. Interactions of commensal microbiota and viral infection have been studied in recent years, demonstrating a third player in the interaction between hosts and viruses. Here, we discuss recent developments in the research of interactions between commensal bacteria and viral infection, including both promotion and inhibition effect of commensal bacteria on viral pathogenesis, as well as the impact of viral infection on commensal microbiota. The antiviral effect of commensal bacteria is mostly achieved through priming or regulation of the host immune responses, involving differential microbial components and host signaling pathways, and gives rise to various antiviral probiotics. Moreover, we summarize studies related to the interaction between commensal bacteria and viral infection in farmed animals, including pigs, chickens, fish and invertebrate species. Further studies in this area will deepen our understanding of antiviral immunity of farmed animals in the context of commensal microbiota, and promote the development of novel strategies for treatment of viral diseases in farmed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu Li
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xufa Ma
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yadong Xie
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mingxu Xie
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kaijian Wei
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Sino-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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15
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Kang Y, Kang X, Zhang H, Liu Q, Yang H, Fan W. Gut Microbiota and Parkinson's Disease: Implications for Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Therapy. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211016217. [PMID: 34053243 PMCID: PMC8165863 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211016217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks the second place among neurodegenerative diseases in terms of its morbidity, which affects 1-2% people aged over 65 years. In addition to genetics, some environmental factors may exert vital parts in PD occurrence as well. At present, more and more studies are conducted to elucidate the association between gut microbial dysbiosis and the incidence of PD. Gut microbial dysbiosis has a certain effect on both the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS), which indicates that there is a gut-microbiota-brain axis that induces CNS disorders. Some gut microbial strains are suggested to suppress or weaken the neuroinflammation- and gut-inflammation-immune responses, which suggests the protective and pathogenic effects of certain gut microbial species on PD progression. Therefore, gut microbiome may contain plenty of targets for preventing and managing PD. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may serve as a direct and useful treatment for PD in the future. Nonetheless, there is little available scientific research in this field. The present work reviewed the latest research to examine the association of gut microbiota with PD, and the future prospects of FMT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xing Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongfang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Weiping Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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16
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Nejadghaderi SA, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H. Fecal microbiota transplantation for COVID-19; a potential emerging treatment strategy. Med Hypotheses 2020; 147:110476. [PMID: 33482620 PMCID: PMC7774521 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
At the end of 2019, an emerging outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that first reported from Wuhan, China. The first manifestations of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 was flu-like symptoms, while other type of manifestations, especially gastrointestinal manifestations were discovered recently. As of June 2020, there is no specific drug or treatment strategy for COVID-19, a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, so different combination of antiviral drugs is currently being used. Gut microbiota mostly consists of four phyla, including Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The interaction between gut microbiota and immune system through releasing some cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ that play roles in the severity of COVID-19. In this article, a new potential treatment for COVID-19 by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is described. FMT revealed promising results in different diseases, especially recurrent clostridium difficile infection, and it might reduce length of hospital admission and severity of the disease by modification of gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic & Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Jing W, Liu Q, Wang W. Bifidobacterium bifidum
TMC3115 ameliorates milk protein allergy in by affecting gut microbiota: A randomized double‐blind control trial. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13489. [PMID: 32996156 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jing
- Department of Pediatric Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Qingbin Liu
- Department of Pediatric Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
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18
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Ouyang J, Isnard S, Lin J, Fombuena B, Peng X, Nair Parvathy S, Chen Y, Silverman MS, Routy JP. Treating From the Inside Out: Relevance of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation to Counteract Gut Damage in GVHD and HIV Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:421. [PMID: 32850913 PMCID: PMC7423874 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex and well-balanced milieu of anatomic and immunological barriers. The epithelial surface of the GI tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms, known as the gut microbiota, which is considered an “organ” with distinctive endocrine and immunoregulatory functions. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota composition, termed dysbiosis, has been associated with epithelial damage and translocation of microbial products into the circulating blood. Dysbiosis, increased gut permeability and chronic inflammation play a major role on the clinical outcome of inflammatory bowel diseases, graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) and HIV infection. In this review, we focus on GVHD and HIV infection, conditions sharing gut immune damage leading to dysbiosis. The degree of dysbiosis and level of epithelial gut damage predict poor clinical outcome in both conditions. Emerging interventions are therefore warranted to promote gut microbiota homeostasis and improve intestinal barrier function. Interventions such as anti-inflammatory medications, and probiotics have toxicity and/or limited transitory effects, justifying innovative approaches. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is one such approach where fecal microorganisms are transferred from healthy donors into the GI tract of the recipient to restore microbiota composition in patients with Clostridium difficile-induced colitis or inflammatory bowel diseases. Preliminary findings point toward a beneficial effect of FMT to improve GVHD and HIV-related outcomes through the engraftment of beneficial donor bacteria, notably those producing anti-inflammatory metabolites. Herein, we critically review the potential for FMT in alleviating dysbiosis and gut damage in patients with GVHD or HIV-infection. Understanding the underlying mechanism by which FMT restores gut function will pave the way toward novel scalable and targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ouyang
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, McGill University Health Centre, Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, McGill University Health Centre, Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John Lin
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, McGill University Health Centre, Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brandon Fombuena
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, McGill University Health Centre, Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaorong Peng
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, McGill University Health Centre, Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yaokai Chen
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, McGill University Health Centre, Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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19
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Zhou B, Yuan Y, Zhang S, Guo C, Li X, Li G, Xiong W, Zeng Z. Intestinal Flora and Disease Mutually Shape the Regional Immune System in the Intestinal Tract. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575. [PMID: 32318067 PMCID: PMC7147503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is the largest digestive organ in the human body. It is colonized by, and consistently exposed to, a myriad of microorganisms, including bifidobacteria, lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, enterococcus, clostridium perfringens, and pseudomonas. To protect the body from potential pathogens, the intestinal tract has evolved regional immune characteristics. These characteristics are defined by its unique structure, function, and microenvironment, which differ drastically from those of the common central and peripheral immune organs. The intestinal microenvironment created by the intestinal flora and its products significantly affects the immune function of the region. In turn, specific diseases regulate and influence the composition of the intestinal flora. A constant interplay occurs between the intestinal flora and immune system. Further, the intestinal microenvironment can be reconstructed by probiotic use or microbiota transplantation, functioning to recalibrate the immune homeostasis, while also contributing to the treatment or amelioration of diseases. In this review, we summarize the relationship between the intestinal flora and the occurrence and development of diseases as an in-turn effect on intestinal immunity. We also discuss improved immune function as it relates to non-specific and specific immunity. Further, we discuss the proliferation, differentiation and secretion of immune cells, within the intestinal region following remodeling of the microenvironment as a means to ameliorate and treat diseases. Finally, we suggest strategies for improved utilization of intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yutong Yuan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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20
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Luján JA, Rugeles MT, Taborda NA. Contribution of the Microbiota to Intestinal Homeostasis and its Role in the Pathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:13-25. [PMID: 30854974 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190311114808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During HIV infection, massive destruction of CD4+ T cells ensues, preferentially depleting the Th17 subset at the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), leading to a loss of mucosal integrity and an increase in cell permeability. This process favors microbial translocation between the intestinal lumen and the circulatory system, contributing to persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation characteristic of HIV infection. Thus, the gut microbiota plays an integral role in maintaining the structure and function of the mucosal barrier, a critical factor for immune homeostasis. However, in the context of HIV infection, changes in the gut microbiota have been reported and have been linked to disease progression. Here, we review evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in intestinal homeostasis, its contribution to HIV pathogenesis, as well as its use in the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Luján
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
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21
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Flygel TT, Sovershaeva E, Claassen-Weitz S, Hjerde E, Mwaikono KS, Odland JØ, Ferrand RA, Mchugh G, Gutteberg TJ, Nicol MP, Cavanagh JP, Flægstad T. Composition of Gut Microbiota of Children and Adolescents With Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Taking Antiretroviral Therapy in Zimbabwe. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:483-492. [PMID: 31549151 PMCID: PMC7457326 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes impairment of the gastrointestinal barrier, with substantial depletion of CD4+ T cells in the gut. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) restores CD4+ counts and may have beneficial effects on gut microbiota in adults. Little is known about effect of long-term ART on gut microbiome in HIV-infected children. We investigated composition of gut microbiota in HIV-infected and -uninfected children and assessed associations between gut microbiota and patient characteristics. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, rectal swabs were collected from 177 HIV-infected and 103 HIV-uninfected controls. Gut microbial composition was explored using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing. RESULTS Human immunodeficiency virus-infected children had significantly lower alpha-diversity and higher beta-diversity compared to HIV-uninfected. No association was observed between microbiome diversity and CD4+ T-cell count, HIV viral load, or HIV-associated chronic lung disease. We found enriched levels of Corynebacterium (P < .01), Finegoldia (P < .01), and Anaerococcus (P < .01) in HIV-infected participants and enrichment of Enterobacteriaceae (P = .02) in participants with low CD4+ counts (<400 cells/mm3). Prolonged ART-treatment (≥10 years) was significantly associated with a richer gut microbiota by alpha diversity. CONCLUSIONS Human immunodeficiency virus-infected children have altered gut microbiota. Prolonged ART may restore the richness of the microbiota closer to that of HIV-uninfected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trym T Flygel
- Paediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Evgeniya Sovershaeva
- Paediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Shantelle Claassen-Weitz
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Erik Hjerde
- Department of Chemistry, Norstruct, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kilaza S Mwaikono
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jon Ø Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rashida A Ferrand
- Biomedial Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Mchugh
- Biomedial Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tore J Gutteberg
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mark P Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jorunn P Cavanagh
- Paediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trond Flægstad
- Paediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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