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Song MS, Lee DK, Lee CY, Park SC, Yang J. Host Subcellular Organelles: Targets of Viral Manipulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1638. [PMID: 38338917 PMCID: PMC10855258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cell processes and utilize intracellular organelles to facilitate their replication. These complex interactions between viruses and cellular organelles allow them to hijack the cellular machinery and impair homeostasis. Moreover, viral infection alters the cell membrane's structure and composition and induces vesicle formation to facilitate intracellular trafficking of viral components. However, the research focus has predominantly been on the immune response elicited by viruses, often overlooking the significant alterations that viruses induce in cellular organelles. Gaining a deeper understanding of these virus-induced cellular changes is crucial for elucidating the full life cycle of viruses and developing potent antiviral therapies. Exploring virus-induced cellular changes could substantially improve our understanding of viral infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Song
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Park
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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Han D, Yin W, Zhang X, Lu X, Wu N. hsa-miR-181-5p inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by downregulating DDX3X expression. Virology 2023; 587:109868. [PMID: 37651885 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infection affects expression profiles of microRNA. miR-181 is found negatively correlated with HIV-1 viral load. This study aimed to explain that miR-181 targets DDX3X, a host factor involved in HIV-1 nuclear export, thereby inhibiting HIV-1 replication. METHODS To verify our hypothesis, first, the relationship between miR-181 expression, DDX3X expression, and HIV-1 viral load was analyzed. Second, miR-181 mimics were transfected into Jurkat cells infected with wild pNL4-3 strain or H9-IIIB cells with HIV-1 replication-competent for HIV-1 viral protein P24(Gag) detection. Besides the reporter gene plasmid containing the DDX3X mRNA sequence was transfected into 293T cells to demonstrate the targeting of miR-181 to the DDX3X mRNA. Finally, the spliced, unspliced, or incompletely spliced HIV-1 transcripts and HIV-1 Tat, Rev, and Gag mRNA were also detected after miR-181 transfection. RESULTS Our result proved that miR-181 significantly reduced the HIV-1 viral protein Gag(P24) level and targeted DDX3X mRNA 3'-UTR, inhibiting the unspliced or incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNA's nuclear export. CONCLUSION Our results confirmed that miR-181 is involved in HIV-1 viral replication in lymphocytes by downregulating DDX3X expression. The research provides a research basis for future HIV-1 antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dating Han
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanpeng Yin
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Nanping Wu
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Santos MF, Rappa G, Karbanová J, Diana P, Cirrincione G, Carbone D, Manna D, Aalam F, Wang D, Vanier C, Corbeil D, Lorico A. HIV-1-induced nuclear invaginations mediated by VAP-A, ORP3, and Rab7 complex explain infection of activated T cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4588. [PMID: 37563144 PMCID: PMC10415338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) nuclear entry, required for productive infection, is not fully understood. Here, we report that in HeLa cells and activated CD4+ T cells infected with HIV-1 pseudotyped with VSV-G and native Env protein, respectively, Rab7+ late endosomes containing endocytosed HIV-1 promote the formation of nuclear envelope invaginations (NEIs) by a molecular mechanism involving the VOR complex, composed of the outer nuclear membrane protein VAP-A, hyperphosphorylated ORP3 and Rab7. Silencing VAP-A or ORP3 and drug-mediated impairment of Rab7 binding to ORP3-VAP-A inhibited the nuclear transfer of the HIV-1 components and productive infection. In HIV-1-resistant quiescent CD4+ T cells, ORP3 was not hyperphosphorylated and neither VOR complex nor NEIs were formed. This new cellular pathway and its molecular players are potential therapeutic targets, perhaps shared by other viruses that require nuclear entry to complete their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Santos
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Germana Rappa
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Jana Karbanová
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Girolamo Cirrincione
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - David Manna
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, New York, NY, USA
| | - Feryal Aalam
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - David Wang
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Cheryl Vanier
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
- Imgen Research, LLC, 5495 South Rainbow #201, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA.
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Targeting Human Proteins for Antiviral Drug Discovery and Repurposing Efforts: A Focus on Protein Kinases. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020568. [PMID: 36851782 PMCID: PMC9966946 DOI: 10.3390/v15020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great technological and medical advances in fighting viral diseases, new therapies for most of them are still lacking, and existing antivirals suffer from major limitations regarding drug resistance and a limited spectrum of activity. In fact, most approved antivirals are directly acting antiviral (DAA) drugs, which interfere with viral proteins and confer great selectivity towards their viral targets but suffer from resistance and limited spectrum. Nowadays, host-targeted antivirals (HTAs) are on the rise, in the drug discovery and development pipelines, in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry. These drugs target host proteins involved in the virus life cycle and are considered promising alternatives to DAAs due to their broader spectrum and lower potential for resistance. Herein, we discuss an important class of HTAs that modulate signal transduction pathways by targeting host kinases. Kinases are considered key enzymes that control virus-host interactions. We also provide a synopsis of the antiviral drug discovery and development pipeline detailing antiviral kinase targets, drug types, therapeutic classes for repurposed drugs, and top developing organizations. Furthermore, we detail the drug design and repurposing considerations, as well as the limitations and challenges, for kinase-targeted antivirals, including the choice of the binding sites, physicochemical properties, and drug combinations.
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Liu Z, Larocque É, Xie Y, Xiao Y, Lemay G, Peloponese JM, Mesnard JM, Rassart É, Lin R, Zhou S, Zeng Y, Gao H, Cen S, Barbeau B. A newly identified interaction between nucleolar NPM1/B23 and the HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor in HTLV-1 infected cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:988944. [PMID: 36532440 PMCID: PMC9753777 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.988944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 is the causative agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL). The HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) has been associated to the cancer-inducing properties of this virus, although the exact mechanism is unknown. In this study, we identified nucleophosmin (NPM1/B23) as a new interaction partner of HBZ. We show that sHBZ and the less abundant uHBZ isoform interact with nucleolar NPM1/B23 in infected cells and HTLV-1 positive patient cells, unlike equivalent antisense proteins of related non-leukemogenic HTLV-2, -3 and-4 viruses. We further demonstrate that sHBZ association to NPM1/B23 is sensitive to RNase. Interestingly, sHBZ was shown to interact with its own RNA. Through siRNA and overexpression experiments, we further provide evidence that NPM1/B23 acts negatively on viral gene expression with potential impact on cell transformation. Our results hence provide a new insight over HBZ-binding partners in relation to cellular localization and potential function on cell proliferation and should lead to a better understanding of the link between HBZ and ATL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Liu
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital & Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Émilie Larocque
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yongli Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Lemay
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Peloponese
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mesnard
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Éric Rassart
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital & Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Neurosurgery Department, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Neurosurgery Department, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongzhi Gao
- Neurosurgery Department, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Boris-Lawrie K, Singh G, Osmer PS, Zucko D, Staller S, Heng X. Anomalous HIV-1 RNA, How Cap-Methylation Segregates Viral Transcripts by Form and Function. Viruses 2022; 14:935. [PMID: 35632676 PMCID: PMC9145092 DOI: 10.3390/v14050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of m7G-cap-binding proteins is now recognized as a major variable driving the form and function of host RNAs. This manuscript compares the 5'-cap-RNA binding proteins that engage HIV-1 precursor RNAs, host mRNAs, small nuclear (sn)- and small nucleolar (sno) RNAs and sort into disparate RNA-fate pathways. Before completion of the transcription cycle, the transcription start site of nascent class II RNAs is appended to a non-templated guanosine that is methylated (m7G-cap) and bound by hetero-dimeric CBP80-CBP20 cap binding complex (CBC). The CBC is a nexus for the co-transcriptional processing of precursor RNAs to mRNAs and the snRNA and snoRNA of spliceosomal and ribosomal ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Just as sn/sno-RNAs experience hyper-methylation of m7G-cap to trimethylguanosine (TMG)-cap, so do select HIV RNAs and an emerging cohort of mRNAs. TMG-cap is blocked from Watson:Crick base pairing and disqualified from participating in secondary structure. The HIV TMG-cap has been shown to license select viral transcripts for specialized cap-dependent translation initiation without eIF4E that is dependent upon CBP80/NCBP3. The exceptional activity of HIV precursor RNAs secures their access to maturation pathways of sn/snoRNAs, canonical and non-canonical host mRNAs in proper stoichiometry to execute the retroviral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Boris-Lawrie
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (G.S.); (D.Z.)
| | - Gatikrushna Singh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (G.S.); (D.Z.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Patrick S. Osmer
- Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Dora Zucko
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (G.S.); (D.Z.)
| | - Seth Staller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Xiao Heng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
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Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proteome is expressed from alternatively spliced and unspliced genomic RNAs. However, HIV-1 RNAs that are not fully spliced are perceived by the host machinery as defective and are retained in the nucleus. During late infection, HIV-1 bypasses this regulatory mechanism by expression of the Rev protein from a fully spliced mRNA. Once imported into the nucleus, Rev mediates the export of unprocessed HIV-1 RNAs to the cytoplasm, leading to the production of the viral progeny. While regarded as a canonical RNA export factor, Rev has also been linked to HIV-1 RNA translation, stabilization, splicing and packaging. However, Rev's functions beyond RNA export have remained poorly understood. Here, we revisit this paradigmatic protein, reviewing recent data investigating its structure and function. We conclude by asking: what remains unknown about this enigmatic viral protein?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aino Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Alfredo Castello
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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