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Aldous AM, Castel AD, Parenti DM. Prevalence and trends in transmitted and acquired antiretroviral drug resistance, Washington, DC, 1999-2014. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:474. [PMID: 28893321 PMCID: PMC5594524 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug resistance limits options for antiretroviral therapy (ART) and results in poorer health outcomes among HIV-infected persons. We sought to characterize resistance patterns and to identify predictors of resistance in Washington, DC. Methods We analyzed resistance in the DC Cohort, a longitudinal study of HIV-infected persons in care in Washington, DC. We measured cumulative drug resistance (CDR) among participants with any genotype between 1999 and 2014 (n = 3411), transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in ART-naïve persons (n = 1503), and acquired drug resistance (ADR) in persons with genotypes before and after ART initiation (n = 309). Using logistic regression, we assessed associations between patient characteristics and transmitted resistance to any antiretroviral. Results Prevalence of TDR was 20.5%, of ADR 40.5%, and of CDR 45.1% in the respective analysis groups. From 2004 to 2013, TDR prevalence decreased for nucleoside and nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (15.0 to 5.5%; p = 0.0003) and increased for integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) (0.0–1.4%; p = 0.04). In multivariable analysis, TDR was not associated with age, race/ethnicity, HIV risk group, or years from HIV diagnosis. Conclusions In this urban cohort of HIV-infected persons, almost half of participants tested had evidence of CDR; and resistance to INSTIs was increasing. If this trend continues, inclusion of the integrase-encoding region in baseline genotype testing should be strongly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Aldous
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Amanda D Castel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - David M Parenti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The George Washington University School of Medicine, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, USA.
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Allen JE, Mansergh G, Mimiaga MJ, Holman J, Herbst JH. Mobile Phone and Internet Use Mostly for Sex-Seeking and Associations With Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sample Characteristics Among Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men in 3 US Cities. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 44:284-289. [PMID: 28407644 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a relatively high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study examines the association of self-reported STIs and use of mobile phones and/or computer-based Internet to meet sexual partners among black and Hispanic/Latino MSM in the United States. METHODS Black and Hispanic/Latino MSM (N = 853) were recruited from 3 US cities (Chicago, IL; Kansas City, MO; and Fort Lauderdale, FL) via online and community outreach. Men completed a computer-assisted, self-interview assessment on demographics, use of mobile phones and computer-based Internet for sex-seeking, sexual risk behavior, and self-reported bacterial STIs in the past year. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model independent associations of STIs and use of these technologies to meet sexual partners. RESULTS Twenty-three percent of the sample reported having an STI in the past year; 29% reported using a mobile phone and 28% a computer-based Internet mostly for sex-seeking; and 22% reported using both. Number of male sexual partners (past year) was associated with any STI (adjusted odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.06). Adjusting for human immunodeficiency virus status, number of male sexual partners (past year), and demographic variables, men who reported use of both mobile phones and computer-based Internet for sex-seeking had increased odds of reporting an STI (adjusted odds ratio, 2.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.75-3.83), as well as with separate reports of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis (P's < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Enhanced community education regarding STI prevention, testing, and treatment options are necessary among this subpopulation of MSM who may benefit from messaging via Internet and mobile phone application sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Allen
- From the *Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; †Brown University, Providence, RI; and ‡Health Resources in Action, Boston, MA
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Duani H, Aleixo AW, Tupinambás U. Trends and predictors of HIV-1 acquired drug resistance in Minas Gerais, Brazil: 2002-2012. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 21:148-154. [PMID: 28017554 PMCID: PMC9427561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies show that the prevalence of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 virus is declining over time. A retrospective cohort study was carried out to evaluate the trends of drug resistance in antiretroviral treatment-exposed individuals in a state of a middle-income country, Minas Gerais, southeast region of Brazil. We analyzed 2115 HIV-1 sequences from 2002 up to 2012, from 52 cities of Minas Gerais. The groups were analyzed according to the definitions: "IAS - 3 class mutations", if ≥1 drug resistance mutation from IAS 2015 list (DRM) was present in each class; "No fully susceptible drugs" as the absence of any fully susceptible drug in Stanford algorithm; and "GSS≥2″, when a maximum calculated GSS (genotypic susceptibility score) was ≥2 or ≥3, counting only drugs available in Brazil and USA at given calendar years. Time trends of resistance were analyzed by Cochran-Armitage test. We observed a decrease in the rate resistance mutations for PI, NRTI, "IAS - 3 class mutations", and "No fully susceptible drugs" over these 11 years, from 69.2% to 20.7%, 92.3% to 90.2%, 46.2% to 22.5%, and 12.8% to 5.7%, respectively (p<0.05). Resistance to NNRTI increased from 74.4% to 81.6%, mainly because of K103N mutation. The GSS score ≥2 increased during the years from 35.9% to 87.3% (p<0.001). We demonstrate that resistance to PI and to the three main classes simultaneously are declining, although the number of patients on of antiretroviral therapy has doubled in the last ten years in Brazil (125,000 in 2002 to 400,000 in 2014). Broader resistance testing and the availability of more therapeutic options might have influenced this decline. The increase in NNRTI resistance can limit this class as first line treatment in Brazil in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Duani
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular (DIP-UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Hospital das Clínicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Agdemir Waleria Aleixo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular (DIP-UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Unaí Tupinambás
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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The prevalence and determinants of drug-resistance-associated mutations in the HIV-1-infected MSM population of Henan Province in China. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2051-61. [PMID: 26077516 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance (DR) in a population of men who have sex with men (MSM) from Henan Province of China and to identify the DR-associated HIV-1 mutations in these MSM. The HIV-positive status of the MSM subjects in this study was confirmed using ELISA and Western blotting. The MSM subjects were classified into non-treatment group (n = 106) and treatment group (n = 313). CD4(+) T-lymphocyte counts were obtained by flow cytometry, and viral load was measured by branched DNA (bDNA) signal amplification assay. HIV-1 genotypic resistance tests were performed by sequence analysis of the HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase genes. In the non-treatment group, 15 patients (14.2 %) displayed DR to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). In the treatment group, the failure rate of viral suppression was 38.33 % and the DR rate was 33.2 %, which was higher than the rate observed in the non-treatment group (P < 0.05). The incidence of mutations corresponding to NNRTI resistance was significantly higher than the incidence of mutations corresponding to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) resistance (32.9 % vs. 26.5 %) in the cohort. After antiretroviral therapy (ART), the frequencies of K103N, G190A, Y181C, and V106A mutations were highly elevated. Logistic regression analysis results showed that duration of treatment, poor treatment compliance, drug abuse and homosexual orientation are the major risk factors for DR in this MSM population (all P < 0.05). Our results showed that DR-associated mutations in the HIV-1-infected MSM population increased significantly after ART. Furthermore, duration of treatment, poor treatment compliance, drug abuse and homosexual orientation were identified as the risk factors for DR in the MSM population from Henan Province in China.
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Snedecor SJ, Sudharshan L, Nedrow K, Bhanegaonkar A, Simpson KN, Haider S, Chambers R, Craig C, Stephens J. Burden of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance in HIV-1-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:753-68. [PMID: 24925216 PMCID: PMC4118702 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of HIV drug resistance varies with geographic location, year, and treatment exposure. This study generated yearly estimates of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance in treatment-naive (TN) and treatment-experienced (TE) patients in the United States (US), Europe (EU), and Canada. Studies reporting NNRTI resistance identified in electronic databases and 11 conferences were analyzed in three groups: (1) TN patients in one of four geographic regions [US, Canada, EU countries with larger surveillance networks ("EU1"), and EU countries with fewer data ("EU2")]; (2) TE patients from any region; and (3) TN patients failing NNRTI-based treatments in clinical trials. Analysis data included 158 unique studies from 22 countries representing 84 cohorts of TN patients, 21 cohorts of TE patients, and 8 trials reporting resistance at failure. From 1995 to 2000, resistance prevalence in TN patients increased in US and EU1 from 3.1% to 7.5% and 0.8% to 3.6%, respectively. Resistance in both regions stabilized in 2006 onward. Little resistance was identified in EU2 before 2000, and increased from 2006 (5.0%) to 2010 (13.7%). One TN Canadian study was identified and reported resistance of 8.1% in 2006. Half of TN clinical trial patients had resistance after treatment failure at weeks 48-144. Resistance in TE patients increased from 1998 (10.1%) to 2001 (44.0%), then decreased after 2004. Trends in NNRTI resistance among TN patients show an increased burden in the US and some EU countries compared to others. These findings signify a need for alternate first-line treatments in some regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kit N. Simpson
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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The emergence of HIV-1 primary drug resistance genotypes among treatment-naïve men who have sex with men in high-prevalence areas in China. Arch Virol 2012; 158:839-44. [PMID: 23224760 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of HIV-1 infection in men who have sex with men (MSM) in China has drastically increased, and circulating strains may have acquired transmitted drug resistance (TDR). We determined TDR genotypes among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve MSM in 19 provinces/cities where HIV-1 prevalence among MSM is high, and found an overall 4.9 % TDR rate. Although protease inhibitors (PI) were not in the first-line antiretroviral drug list provided through the National ART Program, 70.4 % of the detected TDR belongs to this category. Our findings confirm the urgent need for TDR surveillance in order to optimize treatment effects of the National ART Program.
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Wang X, He C, Xing H, Liao L, Xu X, He J, Liu Y, Ling H, Liang S, Hsi JH, Ruan Y, Shao Y. Short communication: emerging transmitted HIV type 1 drug resistance mutations among patients prior to start of first-line antiretroviral therapy in middle and low prevalence sites in China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1637-9. [PMID: 22822770 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that transmitted drug resistance (TDR) will most likely emerge in regions where antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been widely available for years. However, after a decade of rapid scale-up of ART in China, there are few data regarding TDR among HIV-infected patients prior to initiating first-line ART in China. A prospective, observational cohort study was performed at sentinel sites in five provinces or municipalities. Study participants were recruited at the county- or city-level centers for disease control (CDCs), during routine monitoring visits following referral from diagnosing parties (e.g., hospitals). Each province or municipality recruited 140 patients through sequential sampling throughout the 2011 calendar year. A total of 627 eligible subjects were included in the analysis. the median CD4(+) cell count was 206 cells/ml at the baseline survey. The majority of patients (93.5%) had plasma HIV viral load ≥1,000 copies/ml. Of the 627 patients, 17 (2.7%) had drug resistance mutations for any type of HIV drugs. The prevalence of drug resistance mutations to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) drugs (8/627, 1.3%) was higher than to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) drugs (5/627, 0.8%) and protease inhibitor (PI) drugs (4/627, 0.6%). A logistic regression model showed that the only predictive factor was the route of infection through homosexual intercourse, i.e., men who have sex with men (MSM) status. As HIV prevalence is rising rapidly among Chinese MSM, it is essential to continue surveying this risk group and related high-risk populations with low awareness of HIV, and to develop new public health interventions that help to reduce the spread of drug-resistant HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, and National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cui He
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, and National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, and National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, and National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianmei He
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Hua Ling
- Chongqin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqin, China
| | - Shu Liang
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Jenny H. Hsi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, and National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, and National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, and National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Yang C, Liu S, Zhang T, Hou Y, Liu X, Gao Y, Yang G, Wang Z, Chen H, Li M, Zhu Z. Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance and thumb subdomain polymorphisms among newly HIV type 1 diagnosed patients infected with CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC virus in Guangdong Province, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1723-8. [PMID: 22587343 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the prevalence of transmitted drug-resistant (TDR) mutations and reverse transcriptase (RT) thumb subdomain polymorphisms in CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC virus among newly diagnosed, therapy-naive HIV-1 patients in Guangdong Province, China. One hundred and sixty-four samples were collected in the Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital. The entire protease gene and 300 codons of the entry part of the reverse transcriptase were amplified and sequenced. Furthermore, genotypic drug resistance, polymorphisms, and their phylogeny were analyzed. According to eligibility criteria, seven samples were excluded, and 119 of 157 (75.8%) samples (84 CRF01_AE and 35 CRF07_BC) were amplified and sequenced successfully. The prevalence of TDR identified in the present study was 6.7% [8/119, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-11.6%]. Three major resistance mutations, K103N, M184V, and Y188L, each of which caused more than one drug resistance, appeared in only two patients; the prevalence [1.7 % (2/119)] was relatively low. Until now, this is the first observation of the five newly identified accessory mutations, V35T, K43E, V60I, K122E, and E203D, and seven thumb subdomain polymorphisms, A272P, K277R, K281R, T286A, E291D, V292I, and I293V, in the RT gene in China. These findings provide useful information for guidance on the antiretroviral therapy (ART) policy in China where therapeutic options are still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- DaAn Gene Diagnostic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Taisong Zhang
- DaAn Gene Diagnostic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Hou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- DaAn Gene Diagnostic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayun Chen
- DaAn Gene Diagnostic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- DaAn Gene Diagnostic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- DaAn Gene Diagnostic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Agwu AL, Bethel J, Hightow-Weidman LB, Sleasman JW, Wilson CM, Rudy B, Kapogiannis, for the ATN 061 Team a BG. Substantial multiclass transmitted drug resistance and drug-relevant polymorphisms among treatment-naïve behaviorally HIV-infected youth. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2012; 26:193-6. [PMID: 22563607 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2011.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Agwu
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Lisa B. Hightow-Weidman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John W. Sleasman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Craig M. Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bret Rudy
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Clarke A, Kerr S, Honeybrook A, Cooper DA, Avihingsanon A, Duncombe C, Phanuphak P, Ruxrungtham K, Ananworanich J, Kaldor J. Adherence and Risk Behaviour in Patients with HIV Infection Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Bangkok. Open Virol J 2012; 6:23-8. [PMID: 22423306 PMCID: PMC3296110 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901206010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It could be postulated that due to lifestyle factors, patients with poor antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence may also have risky sexual behaviour potentially leading to HIV transmission. There are limited data regarding unprotected sex risk and ART adherence in resource limited settings and our study set out to investigate these in an HIV clinic in Bangkok. Patients completed an anonymous questionnaire regarding their relationship details, ART adherence, sexual behaviour, alcohol and drug use and HIV transmission beliefs. Laboratory findings and medical history were also collected. Unprotected sex risk (USR) was defined as inconsistent condom use with a partner of negative or unknown HIV status. Five hundred and twelve patients completed the questionnaire. Fifty seven per cent of patients reported having taken ARV >95% of the time in the last month and 58% had been sexually active in the previous 30 days. Only 27 patients (5%) were classified as having USR in our cohort. Multivariate analysis showed USR was associated with female gender (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.0, p0.02) but not with adherence, age, type or number of partners, recreational drug or alcohol use nor beliefs about HIV transmission whilst taking ART. Levels of USR in this resource limited setting were reassuringly low and not associated with poor ART adherence; as all USR patients had undetectable viral loads onward HIV transmission risk is likely to be low but not negligible. Nonetheless condom negotiation techniques, particularly in women, may be useful in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Clarke
- The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, 104 Ratchadamri Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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