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Aberuagba A, Joel EB, Bello AJ, Igunnu A, Malomo SO, Olorunniji FJ. Thermophilic PHP Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (Cap8C and Wzb) from Mesophilic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1262. [PMID: 38279261 PMCID: PMC10816263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) of the polymerase and histidinol phosphatase (PHP) superfamily with characteristic phosphatase activity dependent on divalent metal ions are found in many Gram-positive bacteria. Although members of this family are co-purified with metal ions, they still require the exogenous supply of metal ions for full activation. However, the specific roles these metal ions play during catalysis are yet to be well understood. Here, we report the metal ion requirement for phosphatase activities of S. aureus Cap8C and L. rhamnosus Wzb. AlphaFold-predicted structures of the two PTPs suggest that they are members of the PHP family. Like other PHP phosphatases, the two enzymes have a catalytic preference for Mn2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ ions. Cap8C and Wzb show an unusual thermophilic property with optimum activities over 75 °C. Consistent with this model, the activity-temperature profiles of the two enzymes are dependent on the divalent metal ion activating the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adepeju Aberuagba
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.A.); (E.B.J.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Enoch B. Joel
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.A.); (E.B.J.); (A.J.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos 930003, Nigeria
| | - Adebayo J. Bello
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.A.); (E.B.J.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Adedoyin Igunnu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 234031, Nigeria; (A.I.); (S.O.M.)
| | - Sylvia O. Malomo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 234031, Nigeria; (A.I.); (S.O.M.)
| | - Femi J. Olorunniji
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.A.); (E.B.J.); (A.J.B.)
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2
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Fürst A, Shahzadi I, Akkuş-Dağdeviren ZB, Schöpf AM, Gust R, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Zeta potential shifting nanoemulsions comprising single and gemini tyrosine-based surfactants. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106538. [PMID: 37495057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to design and evaluate zeta potential shifting nanoemulsions comprising single and gemini type tyrosine-based surfactants for specific cleavage by tyrosine phosphatase. METHODS Tyrosine-based surfactants, either single 4-(2-amino-3-(dodecylamino)-3-oxopropyl)phenyl dihydrogen phosphate (AF1) or gemini 4-(2-amino-3-((1-(dodecylamino)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-3-oxopropyl)phenyl dihydrogen phosphate (AF2) type were synthesized via amide bond formation of tyrosine with dodecylamine followed by phosphorylation. These surfactants were incorporated into nanoemulsions. Nanoemulsions were monitored by incubation with isolated tyrosine phosphatase as well as secreted tyrosine phosphatase of Escherichia coli in terms of phosphate release and zeta potential change. RESULTS Via isolated tyrosine phosphatase, and mediated by E. coli, phosphate groups of either single or gemini tyrosine-based surfactants could be cleaved by secreted tyrosine phosphatase. Nanoemulsions comprising a single tyrosine-based surfactant resulted in a charge shift from - 13.46 mV to - 4.41 mV employing isolated tyrosine phosphatase whilst nanoemulsions consisting of a gemini tyrosine-based surfactant showed a shift in zeta potential from - 15.92 mV to - 5.86 mV, respectively. CONCLUSION Nanoemulsions containing tyrosine-based surfactants represent promising zeta potential shifting nanocarrier systems targeting tyrosine phosphatase secreting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fürst
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iram Shahzadi
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zeynep Burcu Akkuş-Dağdeviren
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Schöpf
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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3
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Sharma A, Bansal S, Kumari N, Vashistt J, Shrivastava R. Comparative proteomic investigation unravels the pathobiology of Mycobacterium fortuitum biofilm. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6029-6046. [PMID: 37542577 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation by Mycobacterium fortuitum causes serious threats to human health due to its increased contribution to nosocomial infections. In this study, the first comprehensive global proteome analysis of M. fortuitum was reported under planktonic and biofilm growth states. A label-free Q Exactive Quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed on the protein lysates. The differentially abundant proteins were functionally characterized and re-annotated using Blast2GO and CELLO2GO. Comparative analysis of the proteins among two growth states provided insights into the phenotypic switch, and fundamental pathways associated with pathobiology of M. fortuitum biofilm, such as lipid biosynthesis and quorum-sensing. Interaction network generated by the STRING database revealed associations between proteins that endure M. fortuitum during biofilm growth state. Hypothetical proteins were also studied to determine their functional alliance with the biofilm phenotype. CARD, VFDB, and PATRIC analysis further showed that the proteins upregulated in M. fortuitum biofilm exhibited antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, and virulence. Heatmap and correlation analysis provided the biomarkers associated with the planktonic and biofilm growth of M. fortuitum. Proteome data was validated by qPCR analysis. Overall, the study provides insights into previously unexplored biochemical pathways that can be targeted by novel inhibitors, either for shortened treatment duration or for eliminating biofilm of M. fortuitum and related nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens. KEY POINTS: • Proteomic analyses of M. fortuitum reveals novel biofilm markers. • Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase acts as the phenotype transition switch. • The study offers drug targets to combat M. fortuitum biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, H.P, India
| | - Saurabh Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, H.P, India
| | - Neha Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, H.P, India
| | - Jitendraa Vashistt
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, H.P, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, H.P, India.
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Wakinaka T, Matsutani M, Watanabe J, Mogi Y, Tokuoka M, Ohnishi A. Identification of Capsular Polysaccharide Synthesis Loci Determining Bacteriophage Susceptibility in Tetragenococcus halophilus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0038523. [PMID: 37154759 PMCID: PMC10269466 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00385-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages infecting Tetragenococcus halophilus, a halophilic lactic acid bacterium, have been a major industrial concern due to their detrimental effects on the quality of food products. Previously characterized tetragenococcal phages displayed narrow host ranges, but there is little information on these mechanisms. Here, we revealed the host's determinant factors for phage susceptibility using two virulent phages, phiYA5_2 and phiYG2_4, that infect T. halophilus YA5 and YG2, respectively. Phage-resistant derivatives were obtained from these host strains, and mutations were found at the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) synthesis (cps) loci. Quantification analysis verified that capsular polysaccharide production by the cps derivatives from YG2 was impaired. Transmission electron microscopy observation confirmed the presence of filamentous structures outside the cell walls of YG2 and their absence in the cps derivatives of YG2. Phage adsorption assays revealed that phiYG2_4 adsorbed to YG2 but not its cps derivatives, which suggests that the capsular polysaccharide of YG2 is the specific receptor for phiYG2_4. Interestingly, phiYA5_2 adsorbed and infected cps derivatives of YG2, although neither adsorption to nor infection of the parental strain YG2 by phiYA5_2 was observed. The plaque-surrounding halos formed by phiYA5_2 implied the presence of the virion-associated depolymerase that degrades the capsular polysaccharide of YA5. These results indicated that the capsular polysaccharide is a physical barrier rather than a binding receptor for phiYA5_2 and that phiYA5_2 specifically overcomes the capsular polysaccharide of YA5. Thus, it is suggested that tetragenococcal phages utilize CPSs as binding receptors and/or degrade CPSs to approach host cells. IMPORTANCE T. halophilus is a halophilic lactic acid bacterium that contributes to the fermentation processes for various salted foods. Bacteriophage infections of T. halophilus have been a major industrial problem causing fermentation failures. Here, we identified the cps loci in T. halophilus as genetic determinants of phage susceptibility. The structural diversity of the capsular polysaccharide is responsible for the narrow host ranges of tetragenococcal phages. The information provided here could facilitate future studies on tetragenococcal phages and the development of efficient methods to prevent bacteriophage infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Watanabe
- Manufacturing Division, Yamasa Corporation, Choshi, Japan
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
- Institute of Fermentation Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Mogi
- Manufacturing Division, Yamasa Corporation, Choshi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tokuoka
- Department of Fermentation Science, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohnishi
- Department of Fermentation Science, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Bacterial Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases as Possible Targets for Antimicrobial Therapies in Response to Antibiotic Resistance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122397. [PMID: 36552605 PMCID: PMC9774629 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The review is focused on the bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) utilized by bacteria as virulence factors necessary for pathogenicity. The inhibition of bacterial PTPs could contribute to the arrest of the bacterial infection process. This mechanism could be utilized in the design of antimicrobial therapy as adjuvants to antibiotics. The review summaries knowledge on pathogenic bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) involved in infection process, such as: PTPA and PTPB from Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; SptP from Salmonella typhimurium; YopH from Yersinia sp. and TbpA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The review focuses also on the potential inhibitory compounds of bacterial virulence factors and inhibitory mechanisms such as the reversible oxidation of tyrosine phosphatases.
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6
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Dai P, Hu D. The making of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24743. [PMID: 36347819 PMCID: PMC9757020 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a notorious bacterium in clinical practice. Virulence, carbapenem-resistance and their convergence among K. pneumoniae are extensively discussed in this article. Hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (HvKP) has spread from the Asian Pacific Rim to the world, inducing various invasive infections, such as pyogenic liver abscess, endophthalmitis, and meningitis. Furthermore, HvKP has acquired more and more drug resistance. Among multidrug-resistant HvKP, hypervirulent carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (Hv-CRKP), and carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (CR-HvKP) are both devastating for their extreme drug resistance and virulence. The hypervirulence of HvKP is primarily attributed to hypercapsule, macromolecular exopolysaccharides, or excessive siderophores, although it has many other factors, for example, lipopolysaccharides, fimbriae, and porins. In contrast with classical determination of HvKP, that is, animal lethality test, molecular determination could be an optional and practical method after improvement. HvKP, including Hv-CRKP and CR-HvKP, has been progressing. R-M and CRISPR-Cas systems may play pivotal roles in such evolutions. Hv-CRKP and CR-HvKP, in particular the former, should be of severe concern due to their being more and more prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piaopiao Dai
- Department of Laboratory MedicineTaizhou Municipal HospitalTaizhouChina
| | - Dakang Hu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineTaizhou Municipal HospitalTaizhouChina
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7
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Hajredini F, Alphonse S, Ghose R. BY-kinases: Protein tyrosine kinases like no other. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102737. [PMID: 36423682 PMCID: PMC9800525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BY-kinases (for bacterial tyrosine kinases) constitute a family of protein tyrosine kinases that are highly conserved in the bacterial kingdom and occur most commonly as essential components of multicomponent assemblies responsible for the biosynthesis, polymerization, and export of complex polysaccharides involved in biofilm or capsule formation. BY-kinase function has been attributed to a cyclic process involving formation of an oligomeric species, its disassembly into constituent monomers, and subsequent reassembly, depending on the overall phosphorylation level of a C-terminal cluster of tyrosine residues. However, the relationship of this process to the active/inactive states of the enzyme and the mechanism of its integration into the polysaccharide production machinery remain unclear. Here, we synthesize the substantial body of biochemical, cell-biological, structural, and computational data, acquired over the nearly 3 decades since the discovery of BY-kinases, to suggest means by which they fulfill their physiological function. We propose a mechanism involving temporal coordination of the assembly/disassembly process with the autokinase activity of the enzyme and its ability to be dephosphorylated by its counteracting phosphatase. We speculate that this temporal control enables BY-kinases to function as molecular timers that coordinate the diverse processes involved in the synthesis, polymerization, and export of complex sugar derivatives. We suggest that BY-kinases, which deploy distinctive catalytic domains resembling P-loop nucleoside triphosphatases, have uniquely adapted this ancient fold to drive functional processes through exquisite spatiotemporal control over protein-protein interactions and conformational changes. It is our hope that the hypotheses proposed here will facilitate future experiments targeting these unique protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatlum Hajredini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA,PhD Programs in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sébastien Alphonse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ranajeet Ghose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA,PhD Programs in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York, USA,PhD Programs in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York, USA,PhD Programs in Physics, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York, USA,For correspondence: Ranajeet Ghose
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8
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Lamont RJ, Miller DP. Tyrosine Kinases and Phosphatases: Enablers of the Porphyromonas gingivalis Lifestyle. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:835586. [PMID: 35224543 PMCID: PMC8863745 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.835586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation modifies the functionality of bacterial proteins and forms the basis of a versatile and tunable signal transduction system. The integrated action of tyrosine kinases and phosphatases controls bacterial processes important for metabolism and virulence. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen in periodontal disease, possesses an extensive phosphotyrosine signaling network. The phosphorylation reaction is catalyzed by a bacterial tyrosine (BY) kinase, Ptk1, and a Ubiquitous bacterial Kinase UbK1. Dephosphorylation is mediated by a low-molecular-weight phosphatase, Ltp1 and a polymerase and histidinol phosphatase, Php1. Phosphotyrosine signaling controls exopolysaccharide production, gingipain activity, oxidative stress responses and synergistic community development with Streptococcus gordonii. Additionally, Ltp1 is secreted extracellularly and can be delivered inside gingival epithelial cells where it can override host cell signaling and readjust cellular physiology. The landscape of coordinated tyrosine kinase and phosphatase activity thus underlies the adaptive responses of P. gingivalis to both the polymicrobial environment of bacterial communities and the intracellular environment of gingival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard J. Lamont
| | - Daniel P. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
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9
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Ren L, Shen D, Liu C, Ding Y. Protein Tyrosine and Serine/Threonine Phosphorylation in Oral Bacterial Dysbiosis and Bacteria-Host Interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:814659. [PMID: 35087767 PMCID: PMC8787120 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.814659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and dysbiosis of the microflora and imbalanced microbiota-host interactions drive many oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Oral microbiota homeostasis is critical for systemic health. Over the last two decades, bacterial protein phosphorylation systems have been extensively studied, providing mounting evidence of the pivotal role of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation in oral bacterial dysbiosis and bacteria-host interactions. Ongoing investigations aim to discover novel kinases and phosphatases and to understand the mechanism by which these phosphorylation events regulate the pathogenicity of oral bacteria. Here, we summarize the structures of bacterial tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases and discuss the roles of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation systems in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans, emphasizing their involvement in bacterial metabolism and virulence, community development, and bacteria-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daonan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Nowakowska Z, Madej M, Grad S, Wang T, Hackett M, Miller DP, Lamont RJ, Potempa J. Phosphorylation of major Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors is crucial for their processing and secretion. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:316-326. [PMID: 34569151 PMCID: PMC10148667 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main etiological agent of periodontitis is the anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Virulence of this pathogen is controlled by various mechanisms and executed by major virulence factors including the gingipain proteases, peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), and RagB, an outer membrane macromolecular transport component. Although the structures and functions of these proteins are well characterized, little is known about their posttranslational maturation. Here, we determined the phosphoproteome of P. gingivalis in which phosphorylated tyrosine residues constitute over 80% of all phosphoresidues. Multiple phosphotyrosines were found in gingipains, PPAD, and RagB. Although mutation of phosphorylated residues in PPAD and RagB had no effect on secretion or activity, site-directed mutagenesis showed that phosphorylation in hemagglutinin/adhesin domains of RgpA and Kgp, and in the catalytic domain of RgpB, had a strong influence on secretion, processing, and enzymatic activity. Moreover, preventing phosphorylation of one gingipain influenced the others, suggesting multiple phosphorylation-dependent pathways of gingipain maturation in P. gingivalis. Various candidate kinases including Ptk1 BY kinase and ubiquitous bacterial kinase 1 (UbK1) may be involved, but their contribution to gingipain processing and activation remains to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Nowakowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Grad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tiansong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Murray Hackett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel P. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Hajredini F, Ghose R. An ATPase with a twist: A unique mechanism underlies the activity of the bacterial tyrosine kinase, Wzc. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj5836. [PMID: 34550748 PMCID: PMC8457666 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BY-kinases constitute a protein tyrosine kinase family that encodes unique catalytic domains that deviate from those of eukaryotic kinases resembling P-loop nucleotide triphosphatases (NTPases) instead. We have used computational and supporting biochemical approaches using the catalytic domain of the Escherichia coli BY-kinase, Wzc, to illustrate mechanistic divergences between BY-kinases and NTPases despite their deployment of similar catalytic motifs. In NTPases, the “arginine finger” drives the reactive conformation of ATP while also displacing its solvation shell, thereby making favorable enthalpic and entropic contributions toward βγ-bond cleavage. In BY-kinases, the reactive state of ATP is enabled by ATP·Mg2+-induced global conformational transitions coupled to the conformation of the Walker-A lysine. While the BY-kinase arginine finger does promote the desolvation of ATP, it does so indirectly by generating an ordered active site in combination with other structural elements. Bacteria, using these mechanistic variations, have thus repurposed an ancient fold to phosphorylate on tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatlum Hajredini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ranajeet Ghose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Corresponding author.
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12
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Saïdi F, Jolivet NY, Lemon DJ, Nakamura A, Belgrave AM, Garza AG, Veyrier FJ, Islam ST. Bacterial glycocalyx integrity drives multicellular swarm biofilm dynamism. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1151-1172. [PMID: 34455651 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharide (EPS) layers on the bacterial cell surface are key determinants of biofilm establishment and maintenance, leading to the formation of higher-order 3D structures that confer numerous survival benefits to a cell community. In addition to a specific cell-associated EPS glycocalyx, we recently revealed that the social δ-proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus secretes a novel biosurfactant polysaccharide (BPS) to the extracellular milieu. Together, secretion of the two polymers (EPS and BPS) is required for type IV pilus (T4P)-dependent swarm expansion via spatio-specific biofilm expression profiles. Thus the synergy between EPS and BPS secretion somehow modulates the multicellular lifecycle of M. xanthus. Herein, we demonstrate that BPS secretion functionally alters the EPS glycocalyx via destabilization of the latter, fundamentally changing the characteristics of the cell surface. This impacts motility behaviors at the single-cell level and the aggregative capacity of cells in groups via cell-surface EPS fibril formation as well as T4P production, stability, and positioning. These changes modulate the structure of swarm biofilms via cell layering, likely contributing to the formation of internal swarm polysaccharide architecture. Together, these data reveal the manner by which the combined secretion of two distinct polymers induces single-cell changes that modulate swarm biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Saïdi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada.,PROTEO, The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Y Jolivet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada.,PROTEO, The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - David J Lemon
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Arnaldo Nakamura
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Akeisha M Belgrave
- Integrated Sciences Program, Harrisburg University of Science & Technology, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony G Garza
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Frédéric J Veyrier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Salim T Islam
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada.,PROTEO, The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Integrated mass spectrometry-based multi-omics for elucidating mechanisms of bacterial virulence. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1905-1926. [PMID: 34374408 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite being considered the simplest form of life, bacteria remain enigmatic, particularly in light of pathogenesis and evolving antimicrobial resistance. After three decades of genomics, we remain some way from understanding these organisms, and a substantial proportion of genes remain functionally unknown. Methodological advances, principally mass spectrometry (MS), are paving the way for parallel analysis of the proteome, metabolome and lipidome. Each provides a global, complementary assay, in addition to genomics, and the ability to better comprehend how pathogens respond to changes in their internal (e.g. mutation) and external environments consistent with infection-like conditions. Such responses include accessing necessary nutrients for survival in a hostile environment where co-colonizing bacteria and normal flora are acclimated to the prevailing conditions. Multi-omics can be harnessed across temporal and spatial (sub-cellular) dimensions to understand adaptation at the molecular level. Gene deletion libraries, in conjunction with large-scale approaches and evolving bioinformatics integration, will greatly facilitate next-generation vaccines and antimicrobial interventions by highlighting novel targets and pathogen-specific pathways. MS is also central in phenotypic characterization of surface biomolecules such as lipid A, as well as aiding in the determination of protein interactions and complexes. There is increasing evidence that bacteria are capable of widespread post-translational modification, including phosphorylation, glycosylation and acetylation; with each contributing to virulence. This review focuses on the bacterial genotype to phenotype transition and surveys the recent literature showing how the genome can be validated at the proteome, metabolome and lipidome levels to provide an integrated view of organism response to host conditions.
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14
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Quantitative proteomic reveals gallium maltolate induces an iron-limited stress response and reduced quorum-sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:1153-1165. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Schwechheimer C, Hebert K, Tripathi S, Singh PK, Floyd KA, Brown ER, Porcella ME, Osorio J, Kiblen JTM, Pagliai FA, Drescher K, Rubin SM, Yildiz FH. A tyrosine phosphoregulatory system controls exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008745. [PMID: 32841296 PMCID: PMC7485978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of an extracellular matrix is essential for biofilm formation, as this matrix both secures and protects the cells it encases. Mechanisms underlying production and assembly of matrices are poorly understood. Vibrio cholerae, relies heavily on biofilm formation for survival, infectivity, and transmission. Biofilm formation requires Vibrio polysaccharide (VPS), which is produced by vps gene-products, yet the function of these products remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the vps gene-products vpsO and vpsU encode respectively for a tyrosine kinase and a cognate tyrosine phosphatase. Collectively, VpsO and VpsU act as a tyrosine phosphoregulatory system to modulate VPS production. We present structures of VpsU and the kinase domain of VpsO, and we report observed autocatalytic tyrosine phosphorylation of the VpsO C-terminal tail. The position and amount of tyrosine phosphorylation in the VpsO C-terminal tail represses VPS production and biofilm formation through a mechanism involving the modulation of VpsO oligomerization. We found that tyrosine phosphorylation enhances stability of VpsO. Regulation of VpsO phosphorylation by the phosphatase VpsU is vital for maintaining native VPS levels. This study provides new insights into the mechanism and regulation of VPS production and establishes general principles of biofilm matrix production and its inhibition. The biofilm life style protects microbes from a plethora of harm, to increase their survival and pathogenicity. Exopolysaccharides are the essential glue of the microbial biofilm matrix, and loss of this glue negates biofilm formation and renders cells more sensitive to antimicrobial agents. Here, we show that a tyrosine phosphoregulatory system controls the biosynthesis and abundance of Vibrio exopolysaccharide (VPS), an essential biofilm component of the pathogen Vibrio cholerae. The phosphorylation state of the tyrosine autokinase VpsO, mediated by the tyrosine phosphatase VpsU, directly modulates VPS production and also affects the kinase’s own degradation, to regulate VPS production. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of V. cholerae biofilm formation and consequently ways to combat pathogens more broadly, due to conservation of tyrosine phosphoregulatory systems among exopolysaccharide producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Schwechheimer
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Kassidy Hebert
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Sarvind Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Praveen K. Singh
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kyle A. Floyd
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Elise R. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Monique E. Porcella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Osorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph T. M. Kiblen
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando A. Pagliai
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Knut Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Seth M. Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMR), (FHY)
| | - Fitnat H. Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMR), (FHY)
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16
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Tan J, Tay J, Hedrick J, Yang YY. Synthetic macromolecules as therapeutics that overcome resistance in cancer and microbial infection. Biomaterials 2020; 252:120078. [PMID: 32417653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic macromolecular antimicrobials have shown efficacy in the treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens. These synthetic macromolecules, inspired by Nature's antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), mitigate resistance by disrupting microbial cell membrane or targeting multiple intracellular proteins or genes. Unlike AMPs, these polymers are less prone to degradation by proteases and are easier to synthesize on a large scale. Recently, various studies have revealed that cancer cell membrane, like that of microbes, is negatively charged, and AMPs can be used as anticancer agents. Nevertheless, efforts in developing polymers as anticancer agents has remained limited. This review highlights the recent advancement in the development of synthetic biodegradable antimicrobial polymers (e.g. polycarbonates, polyesters and polypeptides) and anticancer macromolecules including peptides and polymers. Additionally, strategies to improve their in vivo bioavailability and selectivity towards bacteria and cancer cells are examined. Lastly, future perspectives, including use of artificial intelligence or machine learning, in the development of antimicrobial and anticancer macromolecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore; Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Joyce Tay
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore; Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - James Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA, 95120, United States
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.
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17
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Pereira SB, Santos M, Leite JP, Flores C, Eisfeld C, Büttel Z, Mota R, Rossi F, De Philippis R, Gales L, Morais‐Cabral JH, Tamagnini P. The role of the tyrosine kinase Wzc (Sll0923) and the phosphatase Wzb (Slr0328) in the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by Synechocystis PCC 6803. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00753. [PMID: 30675753 PMCID: PMC6562117 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cyanobacteria produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) mainly composed of heteropolysaccharides with unique characteristics that make them suitable for biotechnological applications. However, manipulation/optimization of EPS biosynthesis/characteristics is hindered by a poor understanding of the production pathways and the differences between bacterial species. In this work, genes putatively related to different pathways of cyanobacterial EPS polymerization, assembly, and export were targeted for deletion or truncation in the unicellular Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. No evident phenotypic changes were observed for some mutants in genes occurring in multiple copies in Synechocystis genome, namely ∆wzy (∆sll0737), ∆wzx (∆sll5049), ∆kpsM (∆slr2107), and ∆kpsM∆wzy (∆slr2107∆sll0737), strongly suggesting functional redundancy. In contrast, Δwzc (Δsll0923) and Δwzb (Δslr0328) influenced both the amount and composition of the EPS, establishing that Wzc participates in the production of capsular (CPS) and released (RPS) polysaccharides, and Wzb affects RPS production. The structure of Wzb was solved (2.28 Å), revealing structural differences relative to other phosphatases involved in EPS production and suggesting a different substrate recognition mechanism. In addition, Wzc showed the ATPase and autokinase activities typical of bacterial tyrosine kinases. Most importantly, Wzb was able to dephosphorylate Wzc in vitro, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation plays a role in cyanobacterial EPS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Pereira
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Marina Santos
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarPortoPortugal
| | - José P. Leite
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarPortoPortugal
| | - Carlos Flores
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarPortoPortugal
| | - Carina Eisfeld
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Present address:
Department of Water ManagementDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Zsófia Büttel
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Present address:
Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rita Mota
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Federico Rossi
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Roberto De Philippis
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Luís Gales
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarPortoPortugal
| | - João H. Morais‐Cabral
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Paula Tamagnini
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de BiologiaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
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18
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Herrou J, Willett JW, Fiebig A, Varesio LM, Czyż DM, Cheng JX, Ultee E, Briegel A, Bigelow L, Babnigg G, Kim Y, Crosson S. Periplasmic protein EipA determines envelope stress resistance and virulence in Brucella abortus. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:637-661. [PMID: 30536925 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular components of the Brucella abortus cell envelope play a major role in its ability to infect, colonize and survive inside mammalian host cells. In this study, we have defined a role for a conserved gene of unknown function in B. abortus envelope stress resistance and infection. Expression of this gene, which we name eipA, is directly activated by the essential cell cycle regulator, CtrA. eipA encodes a soluble periplasmic protein that adopts an unusual eight-stranded β-barrel fold. Deletion of eipA attenuates replication and survival in macrophage and mouse infection models, and results in sensitivity to treatments that compromise the cell envelope integrity. Transposon disruption of genes required for LPS O-polysaccharide biosynthesis is synthetically lethal with eipA deletion. This genetic connection between O-polysaccharide and eipA is corroborated by our discovery that eipA is essential in Brucella ovis, a naturally rough species that harbors mutations in several genes required for O-polysaccharide production. Conditional depletion of eipA expression in B. ovis results in a cell chaining phenotype, providing evidence that eipA directly or indirectly influences cell division in Brucella. We conclude that EipA is a molecular determinant of Brucella virulence that functions to maintain cell envelope integrity and influences cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Herrou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan W Willett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aretha Fiebig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lydia M Varesio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel M Czyż
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jason X Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eveline Ultee
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ariane Briegel
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lance Bigelow
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Gyorgy Babnigg
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Youngchang Kim
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Sean Crosson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Monteiro Pedroso M, Selleck C, Bilyj J, Harmer JR, Gahan LR, Mitić N, Standish AJ, Tierney DL, Larrabee JA, Schenk G. Reaction mechanism of the metallohydrolase CpsB from Streptococcus pneumoniae, a promising target for novel antimicrobial agents. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:13194-13201. [PMID: 28573276 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01350g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CpsB is a metal ion-dependent hydrolase involved in the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides in bacterial organisms. The enzyme has been proposed as a promising target for novel chemotherapeutics to combat antibiotic resistance. The crystal structure of CpsB indicated the presence of as many as three closely spaced metal ions, modelled as Mn2+, in the active site. While the preferred metal ion composition in vivo is obscure Mn2+ and Co2+ have been demonstrated to be most effective in reconstituting activity. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) we have demonstrated that, in contrast to the crystal structure, only two Mn2+ or Co2+ ions bind to a monomer of CpsB. This observation is in agreement with magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data that indicate the presence of two weakly ferromagnetically coupled Co2+ ions in the active site of catalytically active CpsB. While CpsB is known to be a phosphoesterase we have also been able to demonstrate that this enzyme is efficient in hydrolyzing the β-lactam substrate nitrocefin. Steady-state and stopped-flow kinetics measurements further indicated that phosphoesters and nitrocefin undergo catalysis in a conserved manner with a metal ion-bridging hydroxide acting as a nucleophile. Thus, the combined physicochemical studies demonstrate that CpsB is a novel member of the dinuclear metallohydrolase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Monteiro Pedroso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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20
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Ahmad Z, Morona R, Standish AJ. In vitro characterization and identification of potential substrates of a low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase in Streptococcus pneumoniae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:697-703. [PMID: 29485030 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Within the annotated genome of the pneumococcus lies a previously uncharacterized protein tyrosine phosphatase which shows homology to low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatases (LMWPTPs). LMWPTPs modulate many processes critical for the pathogenicity of a number of bacteria including capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis, stress response and persistence in host macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that Spd1837 is indeed a LMWPTP, by purifying the protein, and characterizing its phosphatase activity. Spd1837 showed specific tyrosine phosphatase activity, and it did not form higher order oligomers in contrast to many other LMWPTPs. Substrate-trapping assays using the wild-type and the phosphatase-deficient Spd1837 identified potential substrates/interacting proteins including major metabolic enzymes such as ATP-dependent-6-phosphofructokinase and Hpr kinase/phosphorylase. Given the tight association between the bacterial basic physiology and virulence, this study hopes to prompt further investigation of how the pneumococcus controls its metabolic flux via the LMWPTP Spd1837.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleeza Ahmad
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia
| | - Renato Morona
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia
| | - Alistair J Standish
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia
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21
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Ahmad Z, Harvey RM, Paton JC, Standish AJ, Morona R. Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae OM001 operon in capsular polysaccharide production, virulence and survival in human saliva. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190402. [PMID: 29293606 PMCID: PMC5749783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in all ages worldwide, and with ever-increasing antibiotic resistance, the understanding of its pathogenesis and spread is as important as ever. Recently, we reported the presence of a Low Molecular Weight Tyrosine Phosphatase (LMWPTP) Spd1837 in the pneumococcus. This protein is encoded in an operon, OM001 with two other genes, with previous work implicating this operon as important for pneumococcal virulence. Thus, we set out to investigate the role of the individual genes in the operon during pneumococcal pathogenesis. As LMWPTPs play a major role in capsular polysaccharide (CPS) biosynthesis in many bacteria, we tested the effect of mutating spd1837 and its adjacent genes, spd1836 and spd1838 on CPS levels. Our results suggest that individual deletion of the genes, including the LMWPTP, did not modulate CPS levels, in multiple conditions, and in different strain backgrounds. Following in vivo studies, Spd1836 was identified as a novel virulence factor during pneumococcal invasive disease, in both the lungs and blood, with this protein alone responsible for the effects of operon’s role in virulence. We also showed that a deletion in spd1836, spd1838 or the overall OM001 operon reduced survival in human saliva during the conditions that mimic transmission compared to the wildtype strain. With studies suggesting that survival in human saliva may be important for transmission, this study identifies Spd1836 and Spd1838 as transmission factors, potentially facilitating the spread of the pneumococcus from person to person. Overall, this study hopes to further our understanding of the bacterial transmission that precedes disease and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleeza Ahmad
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard M. Harvey
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James C. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alistair J. Standish
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Renato Morona
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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22
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Bacteria‐Assisted Activation of Antimicrobial Polypeptides by a Random‐Coil to Helix Transition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Xiong M, Han Z, Song Z, Yu J, Ying H, Yin L, Cheng J. Bacteria‐Assisted Activation of Antimicrobial Polypeptides by a Random‐Coil to Helix Transition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10826-10829. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Xiong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1304 W. Green Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Zhiyuan Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1304 W. Green Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Ziyuan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1304 W. Green Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1304 W. Green Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Hanze Ying
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1304 W. Green Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Lichen Yin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1304 W. Green Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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24
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Sachdeva S, Palur RV, Sudhakar KU, Rathinavelan T. E. coli Group 1 Capsular Polysaccharide Exportation Nanomachinary as a Plausible Antivirulence Target in the Perspective of Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:70. [PMID: 28217109 PMCID: PMC5290995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria evolving resistance against the action of multiple drugs and its ability to disseminate the multidrug resistance trait(s) across various strains of the same bacteria or different bacterial species impose serious threat to public health. Evolution of such multidrug resistance is due to the fact that, most of the antibiotics target bacterial survival mechanisms which exert selective pressure on the bacteria and aids them to escape from the action of antibiotics. Nonetheless, targeting bacterial virulence strategies such as bacterial surface associated polysaccharides biosynthesis and their surface accumulation mechanisms may be an attractive strategy, as they impose less selective pressure on the bacteria. Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) or K-antigen that is located on the bacterial surface armors bacteria from host immune response. Thus, unencapsulating bacteria would be a good strategy for drug design, besides CPS itself being a good vaccine target, by interfering with CPS biosynthesis and surface assembly pathway. Gram-negative Escherichia coli uses Wzy-polymerase dependent (Groups 1 and 4) and ATP dependent (Groups 1 and 3) pathways for CPS production. Considering E. coli as a case in point, this review explains the structure and functional roles of proteins involved in Group 1 Wzy dependent CPS biosynthesis, surface expression and anchorage in relevance to drug and vaccine developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Sachdeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi, India
| | - Raghuvamsi V Palur
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi, India
| | - Karpagam U Sudhakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi, India
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Vasu D, Kumar PS, Prasad UV, Swarupa V, Yeswanth S, Srikanth L, Sunitha MM, Choudhary A, Sarma PVGK. Phosphorylation of Staphylococcus aureus Protein-Tyrosine Kinase Affects the Function of Glucokinase and Biofilm Formation. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 21:94-105. [PMID: 27695030 PMCID: PMC5274716 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ibj.21.2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: When Staphylococcus aureus is grown in the presence of high concentration of external glucose, this sugar is phosphorylated by glucokinase (glkA) to form glucose-6-phosphate. This product subsequently enters into anabolic phase, which favors biofilm formation. The presence of ROK (repressor protein, open reading frame, sugar kinase) motif, phosphate-1 and -2 sites, and tyrosine kinase sites in glkA of S. aureus indicates that phosphorylation must regulate the glkA activity. The aim of the present study was to identify the effect of phosphorylation on the function of S. aureusglkA and biofilm formation. Methods: Pure glkA and protein-tyrosine kinase (BYK) of S. aureus ATCC 12600 were obtained by fractionating the cytosolic fractions of glkA1 and BYK-1 expressing recombinant clones through nickel metal chelate column. The pure glkA was used as a substrate for BYK, and the phosphorylation of glkA was confirmed by treating with reagent A and resolving in SDS-PAGE, as well as staining with reagent A. The kinetic parameters of glkA and phosphorylated glkA were determined spectrophotometrically, and in silico tools were used for validation. S. aureus was grown in brain heart infusion broth, which was supplemented with glucose, and then biofilm units were calculated. Results: Fourfold elevated glkA activity was observed upon the phosphorylation by BYK. Protein-protein docking analysis revealed that glkA structure docked close to the adenosine triphosphate-binding site of BYK structure corroborating the kinetic results. Further, S. aureus grown in the presence of elevated glucose concentration exhibited an increase in the rate of biofilm formation. Conclusion: The elevated function of glkA is an essential requirement for increased biofilm units in S. aureus, a key pathogenic factor that helps its survival and the progress of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudipeta Vasu
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pasupuleti Santhosh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Uppu Venkateswara Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vimjam Swarupa
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sthanikam Yeswanth
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lokanathan Srikanth
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Manne Mudhu Sunitha
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijith Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Ku B, Keum CW, Lee HS, Yun HY, Shin HC, Kim BY, Kim SJ. Crystal structure of SP-PTP, a low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase from Streptococcus pyogenes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1217-22. [PMID: 27545603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a pathogenic bacterium that causes a variety of infectious diseases. The GAS genome encodes one protein tyrosine phosphatase, SP-PTP, which plays an essential role in the replication and virulence maintenance of GAS. Herein, we present the crystal structure of SP-PTP at 1.9 Å resolution. Although SP-PTP has been reported to have dual phosphatase specificity for both phosphorylated tyrosine and serine/threonine, three-dimensional structural analysis showed that SP-PTP shares high similarity with typical low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatases (LMWPTPs), which are specific for phosphotyrosine, but not with dual-specificity phosphatases, in overall folding and active site composition. In the dephosphorylation activity test, SP-PTP consistently acted on phosphotyrosine substrates, but not or only minimally on phosphoserine/phosphothreonine substrates. Collectively, our structural and biochemical analyses verified SP-PTP as a canonical tyrosine-specific LMWPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chae Won Keum
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeoung Yun
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Incurable Diseases Therapeutics Research Center, World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Standish AJ, Teh MY, Tran ENH, Doyle MT, Baker PJ, Morona R. Unprecedented Abundance of Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation Modulates Shigella flexneri Virulence. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4197-4208. [PMID: 27380737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays a crucial role in the ability of important human bacterial pathogens to cause disease. While most works have concentrated on its role in the regulation of a major bacterial virulence factor, the polysaccharide capsule, recent studies have suggested a much broader role for this post-translational modification. This prompted us to investigate protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the human pathogen Shigella flexneri. We first completed a tyrosine phosphoproteome, identifying 905 unique tyrosine phosphorylation sites on at least 573 proteins (approximately 15% of all proteins). This is the most tyrosine-phosphorylated sites and proteins in a single bacterium identified to date, substantially more than the level seen in eukaryotic cells. Most had not previously been identified and included proteins encoded by the virulence plasmid, which is essential for S. flexneri to invade cells and cause disease. In order to investigate the function of these phosphorylation sites in important virulence factors, phosphomimetic and ablative mutations were constructed in the type 3 secretion system ATPase Spa47 and the master virulence regulator VirB. This revealed that tyrosine residues phosphorylated in our study are critical for Spa47 and VirB activity, and tyrosine phosphorylation likely regulates their functional activity and subsequently the virulence of this major human pathogen. This study suggests that tyrosine phosphorylation plays a critical role in regulating a wide variety of virulence factors in the human pathogen S. flexneri and serves as a base for future studies defining its complete role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair James Standish
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | - Min Yan Teh
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Ngoc Hoa Tran
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Matthew Thomas Doyle
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Paul J Baker
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Renato Morona
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Mijakovic I, Grangeasse C, Turgay K. Exploring the diversity of protein modifications: special bacterial phosphorylation systems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:398-417. [PMID: 26926353 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modifications not only affect protein homeostasis but can also establish new cellular protein functions and are important components of complex cellular signal sensing and transduction networks. Among these post-translational modifications, protein phosphorylation represents the one that has been most thoroughly investigated. Unlike in eukarya, a large diversity of enzyme families has been shown to phosphorylate and dephosphorylate proteins on various amino acids with different chemical properties in bacteria. In this review, after a brief overview of the known bacterial phosphorylation systems, we focus on more recently discovered and less widely known kinases and phosphatases. Namely, we describe in detail tyrosine- and arginine-phosphorylation together with some examples of unusual serine-phosphorylation systems and discuss their potential role and function in bacterial physiology, and regulatory networks. Investigating these unusual bacterial kinase and phosphatases is not only important to understand their role in bacterial physiology but will help to generally understand the full potential and evolution of protein phosphorylation for signal transduction, protein modification and homeostasis in all cellular life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mijakovic
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Christophe Grangeasse
- Unité Microbiologie Moléculaire et Biochimie Structurale, UMR 5086-CNRS/ Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69367, France
| | - Kürşad Turgay
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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29
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Medeot DB, Romina Rivero M, Cendoya E, Contreras-Moreira B, Rossi FA, Fischer SE, Becker A, Jofré E. Sinorhizobium meliloti low molecular mass phosphotyrosine phosphatase SMc02309 modifies activity of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ExoN involved in succinoglycan biosynthesis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:552-563. [PMID: 26813656 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, tyrosine phosphorylation has been shown to play a role in the control of exopolysaccharide (EPS) production. This study demonstrated that the chromosomal ORF SMc02309 from Sinorhizobium meliloti 2011 encodes a protein with significant sequence similarity to low molecular mass protein-tyrosine phosphatases (LMW-PTPs), such as the Escherichia coli Wzb. Unlike other well-characterized EPS biosynthesis gene clusters, which contain neighbouring LMW-PTPs and kinase, the S. meliloti succinoglycan (EPS I) gene cluster located on megaplasmid pSymB does not encode a phosphatase. Biochemical assays revealed that the SMc02309 protein hydrolyses p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) with kinetic parameters similar to other bacterial LMW-PTPs. Furthermore, we show evidence that SMc02309 is not the LMW-PTP of the bacterial tyrosine-kinase (BY-kinase) ExoP. Nevertheless, ExoN, a UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase involved in the first stages of EPS I biosynthesis, is phosphorylated at tyrosine residues and constitutes an endogenous substrate of the SMc02309 protein. Additionally, we show that the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity is modulated by SMc02309-mediated tyrosine dephosphorylation. Moreover, a mutation in the SMc02309 gene decreases EPS I production and delays nodulation on Medicago sativa roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela B Medeot
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
- Department of Molecular Biology, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Romina Rivero
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bruno Contreras-Moreira
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei/CSIC, Av. Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando A Rossi
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sonia E Fischer
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Anke Becker
- LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Edgardo Jofré
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
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Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation in Burkholderia cenocepacia Affect Biofilm Formation, Growth under Nutritional Deprivation, and Pathogenicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:843-56. [PMID: 26590274 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03513-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia, a member of the B. cepacia complex (Bcc), is an opportunistic pathogen causing serious chronic infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Tyrosine phosphorylation has emerged as an important posttranslational modification modulating the physiology and pathogenicity of Bcc bacteria. Here, we investigated the predicted bacterial tyrosine kinases BCAM1331 and BceF and the low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatases BCAM0208, BceD, and BCAL2200 of B. cenocepacia K56-2. We show that BCAM1331, BceF, BCAM0208, and BceD contribute to biofilm formation, while BCAL2200 is required for growth under nutrient-limited conditions. Multiple deletions of either tyrosine kinase or low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase genes resulted in the attenuation of B. cenocepacia intramacrophage survival and reduced pathogenicity in the Galleria mellonella larval infection model. Experimental evidence indicates that BCAM1331 displays reduced tyrosine autophosphorylation activity compared to that of BceF. With the artificial substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate, the phosphatase activities of the three low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatases demonstrated similar kinetic parameters. However, only BCAM0208 and BceD could dephosphorylate BceF. Further, BCAL2200 became tyrosine phosphorylated in vivo and catalyzed its autodephosphorylation. Together, our data suggest that despite having similar biochemical activities, low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatases and tyrosine kinases have both overlapping and specific roles in the physiology of B. cenocepacia.
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31
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Manuse S, Fleurie A, Zucchini L, Lesterlin C, Grangeasse C. Role of eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinases in bacterial cell division and morphogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:41-56. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Topology of Streptococcus pneumoniae CpsC, a polysaccharide copolymerase and bacterial protein tyrosine kinase adaptor protein. J Bacteriol 2014; 197:120-7. [PMID: 25313397 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02106-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Gram-positive bacteria, tyrosine kinases are split into two proteins, the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase and a transmembrane adaptor protein. In Streptococcus pneumoniae, this transmembrane adaptor is CpsC, with the C terminus of CpsC critical for interaction and subsequent tyrosine kinase activity of CpsD. Topology predictions suggest that CpsC has two transmembrane domains, with the N and C termini present in the cytoplasm. In order to investigate CpsC topology, we used a chromosomal hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged Cps2C protein in S. pneumoniae strain D39. Incubation of both protoplasts and membranes with carboxypeptidase B (CP-B) resulted in complete degradation of HA-Cps2C in all cases, indicating that the C terminus of Cps2C was likely extracytoplasmic and hence that the protein's topology was not as predicted. Similar results were seen with membranes from S. pneumoniae strain TIGR4, indicating that Cps4C also showed similar topology. A chromosomally encoded fusion of HA-Cps2C and Cps2D was not degraded by CP-B, suggesting that the fusion fixed the C terminus within the cytoplasm. However, capsule synthesis was unaltered by this fusion. Detection of the CpsC C terminus by flow cytometry indicated that it was extracytoplasmic in approximately 30% of cells. Interestingly, a mutant in the protein tyrosine phosphatase CpsB had a significantly greater proportion of positive cells, although this effect was independent of its phosphatase activity. Our data indicate that CpsC possesses a varied topology, with the C terminus flipping across the cytoplasmic membrane, where it interacts with CpsD in order to regulate tyrosine kinase activity.
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Standish AJ, Whittall JJ, Morona R. Tyrosine phosphorylation enhances activity of pneumococcal autolysin LytA. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2745-2754. [PMID: 25288646 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.080747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation has long been recognized as a crucial post-translational regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. However, only in the past decade has recognition been given to the crucial importance of bacterial tyrosine phosphorylation as an important regulatory feature of pathogenesis. This study describes the effect of tyrosine phosphorylation on the activity of a major virulence factor of the pneumococcus, the autolysin LytA, and a possible connection to the Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule synthesis regulatory proteins (CpsB, CpsC and CpsD). We show that in vitro pneumococcal tyrosine kinase, CpsD, and the protein tyrosine phosphatase, CpsB, act to phosphorylate and dephosphorylate LytA. Furthermore, this modulates LytA function in vitro with phosphorylated LytA binding more strongly to the choline analogue DEAE. A phospho-mimetic (Y264E) mutation of the LytA phosphorylation site displayed similar phenotypes as well as an enhanced dimerization capacity. Similarly, tyrosine phosphorylation increased LytA amidase activity, as evidenced by a turbidometric amidase activity assay. Similarly, when the phospho-mimetic mutation was introduced in the chromosomal lytA of S. pneumoniae, autolysis occurred earlier and at an enhanced rate. This study thus describes, to our knowledge, the first functional regulatory effect of tyrosine phosphorylation on a non-capsule-related protein in the pneumococcus, and suggests a link between the regulation of LytA-dependent autolysis of the cell and the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Standish
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Whittall
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Renato Morona
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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